نشریه شناخت اجتماعی
پیاپی 23 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo is one of the new disorders that has been seriously considered in cognitive psychology and can be influenced by various factors. Hence, the purpose of this study was develop a structural model to explain Predicting Sluggish Cognitive Tempo based on cognitive-emotional regularity and cognitive ability with the mediating variable of cognitive load in children. The research method was correlational and structural equation modeling. For this purpose, from among the statistical population of elementary school students in Tabriz city in the academic year of 1400-1401,Number of 200 students by screening method and using the SCT Penny et al scale (2009) were selected as the sample group. The instruments used in this study was include scales of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Garnfsky et al (2009), Cognitive Ability Questionnaire (Nejati, 2013),Cognitive load Klepsch et al (2017). the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and SPSS 22 and SMART PLS software and Sobel test.The results showed that the conceptual model developed had a good fit with the data.The results of the structural relationships of the model showed that cognitive-emotional regularity and cognitive ability have a direct and significant effect on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (p˂0.01). Also, cognitive ability had a direct and significant effect on cognitive load (p˂0.01), but cognitive-emotional regulation did not have a direct and significant effect on cognitive load (p˂0.15). The results of indirect relationships showed that cognitive-emotional regularity and cognitive ability with the mediating variable of cognitive load have a significant effect on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (p˂0.01). Based on the results, the cognitive-emotional regularity and cognitive ability effect on cognitive load and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo.Therefore, by developing programs to educate and increase cognitive-emotional regularity and cognitive ability and reduce cognitive load in people with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo can be expected to improve Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in them.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation on social-informational conformity, considering the moderating role of gender.

Two groups (male and female), each group consisting of 24 people aged 18-30, were selected from Tabriz University students' society with a non-random and available sampling method. The current research design was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and a post-test. In the pre-test stage, the social-informational conformity computerized task was implemented. Then, two sessions (each, 20 minutes) of transcranial direct current stimulation were applied. In the post-test phase, the same social-informational conformity task was performed. Finally, the findings were analyzed with repeated measures variance analysis and covariance analysis in SPSS version 24 software.

The amount of social-informational conformity increased in both groups after applying transcranial direct current stimulation, and gender did not moderate the effect of this stimulation.

Transcranial direct current stimulation has the same effect on conformity in both men and women. Also, cathodal stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex significantly increases the tendency for social-informational conformity in women and men when the participants' initial decision is different from the majority. Since cathodal stimulation reduces neuronal firing, cortical excitability, and motor-evoked potentials, it is reasoned that the reduction of vmPFC stimulation enhances the conformity behavior in people.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of active/ deactive positive affect and active/deactive negative affect with social loafing and positive group interaction.

The research method that used in this study was to the correlation and structural equation modeling. the statistical sample was included all fifth and sixth grade female student in 1392 year, Bushehr city , that Have been selected 250 girl through a multi-stage randomly sampling . Instrument used in this study was included a Linnenbrink and Garcia، positive and negative affect questionnaire.

The results showed that the relationship between deactive positive affect and social loafing and positive group interaction was significant. Also, the relationship between active positive affect and social loafing was significant, the relationship between active positive affect and positive group interaction was not significant, and the relationship between active negative affect and positive group interaction was significant. Moreover, the relationship between deactive negative affect and social loafing and positive group interaction was not significant. In sum, the proposed research model was good fitness the data.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of compassion focused theory (CFT) on emotional awareness and interpersonal difficulties of aggressive women. This research method was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design. Using Rieffe and etall's emotional awareness, angles and etall's interpersonal diffialties and Buss-pervy aggression questionnaires, 30 women of aggressive women were purposive selected and were randomly assigned two experimental and control group (each group was 15). The experimental received & sessions of CFT based on Gillbert's instruction package and the control group did not receive any training in this field. After executing the CFT, emotional awareness, interpersonal difficulties and aggression of the members of two groups were measured again. Date were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) and univariate analysis (ANCOVA). Calculated F either in the mancova analysis and either in ancova analysis for variables of emotional awareness, interpersonal difficulties and aggression, showed significant differences in both groups. The results of this study which are in line with other studies that CFT has significant role in increasing emotional awareness and decreasing interpersonal difficulties and aggression with aggressive women,

Since there is a positive relationship between executive functions and theory of mind with moral judgment, in the current research, the aim is to investigate the relationship between executive functions and moral judgment with regard to the mediating role of theory of mind.

This descriptive-correlation study was based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research was 9 to 11-year-old children of Ilam City, and 370 of them were selected by convenience sampling method. Sinha and Verma's (1971) moral judgment questionnaire, Ghamrani et al.'s (2006) theory of mind, and Barkley's (2012) executive functions were used to collect information. The data were analyzed by Spearman's correlation and structural equation modeling using SPSS version 24 and Smart PLS version 3 software.

The findings showed that there is a relationship between executive functions and moral judgment (β=0/246 % & P<0/05), executive functions and theory of mind (β=0/545 % & P<0/05), and theory of mind and moral judgment (β=0/494 % & P<0/05). Also, the mediating role of the theory of mind in the relationship between executive functions and moral judgment (β=0/269 % & P<0/05) was confirmed.

Executive function is the underlying cognitive capacity that enables and facilitates higher level cognition such as reasoning and decision making in moral situations. Also, the executive function has an effect on improving the level of the theory of mind. Therefore, in order to improve moral judgment, intervention programs that target the development of executive functions should be given more attention; Because it is possible to provide a suitable platform for improving the level of the theory of mind through the improvement of executive functions, and the improvement of the theory of mind will affect the progress of moral judgments.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of uncertainty about others on conformity to prosocial behavior and the moderating role of gender and need for closure.

The statistical population of this study included men and women aged 20 to 40, which 120 subjects were selected through available sampling. A computer-based task in the form of a profitable game was designed using the Psychopy software to assess the prosocial behavior of the participants in different conditions of ambiguous stimulus exposure. Also, a short form of the Need for Closure Questionnaire by Reiss and Pilati (2020) was employed. The data were modeled using mixed models' methods in the R software.

In the modeling of the results of the research, the most favorable model showed that exposure to an ambiguous stimulus with a coefficient of 0.84 and the variable of the need to be closure with a coefficient of 0.54 led to an increase in conformity behavior in conformity of prosocial behavior. and the need to closure has a moderating role. Also, gender was not included in the optimal model and its effect was not significant.

The results of the current study showed that exposure to ambiguous conditions causes an increase in conformity of prosocial behavior and that the need for closure has a positive role in this effect; however, gender does not play a role in this effect.

This research was conducted to develop a structural model of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms based on intolerance of uncertainty with the mediating of negative orientation to the problem, repetitive negative thinking, anxiety sensitivity, and cognitive flexibility.

In this study, 208 students were selected from among all the students of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz as a sample by random cluster sampling method, to collect data from the short scale of generalized anxiety disorder, scale of intolerance of uncertainty, questionnaire for Negative attitude toward the problem, repetitive thoughts questionnaire, anxiety sensitivity questionnaire, and cognitive flexibility questionnaire were used.The method of the current research was a correlation of the structural equation modeling. Data analysis and model evaluation was done by AMOS and SPSS software.

The results indicated the confirmation of the general model of the relationship between the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and intolerance of uncertainty with the mediation of negative orientation to the problem, repetitive negative thinking, anxiety sensitivity, and cognitive flexibility. Also, the findings of the research, while confirming the direct effect of intolerance of uncertainty on the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, negative orientation to the problem, repetitive negative thinking, and anxiety sensitivity, showed that intolerance of uncertainty through the mediation of negative orientation to the problem, repetitive negative thinking, Cognitive flexibility is indirectly related to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.

The results of this research indicated that these relationships can predict the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder in the form of a model. Therefore, using interventions to improve these characteristics can be effective in reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between cognitive fusion and emotional processing with psychological distress in adolescents. This research is fundamental in nature and the present research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population was all male teenagers of Mahdasht, Karaj city in Alborz province. The statistical sample of this research was 280 people who were selected by available method. They completed Psychological Distress Questionnaire (Kessler et al., 2002), Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ; Gillanders et al., 2014) and Emotional Processing (Baker et al., 2010). The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between cognitive fusion and psychological distress and between emotional processing and psychological distress. Also, there is a significant positive relationship between subscales of emotional processing including suppression, the experience of unpleasant emotions, the experience of unprocessed emotions, avoidance and control with psychological distress. The results showed that 39% of the changes in psychological distress can be explained by cognitive fusion and emotional processing. These results can be used to reduce psychological distress in teenagers.

The purpose of this research was a comparison of emotional working memory capacity in monolingual (Persian) and bilingual (Armenian-Persian) girls aged 7 to 9 years and 11 months and 29 days.

The statistical population of the current study included elementary school girls aged 7 to 9 years and 11 months and 29 days in the second semester of the 1401-1402 school in Tehran. The statistical sample included 30 monolingual students (Persian) and 30 bilingual students (Armenian-Persian) who were selected among the first to third- grade students of public schools and the available sampling method. In this research, the information was processed by children's emotional working memory capacity test and number capacity test (reading forward and reverse digits). The data were analyzed by the Kolmogorov Smirnov, the Independent Samples test to compare two groups and logistic regression in IBM SPSS STATISTICS21 software.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between monolingual and bilingual children in the age groups between 7 years and 6 months and 8 years and 11 months and 29 days (p<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the other age groups (p>0.05). Also, the aging (by one unit) reduces by about 80.5% in the difference between the scores of monolingual and bilingual people (p>0.01).

According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that bilingualism is more effective than monolingualism in the capacity of emotional working memory and cognitive-emotional functions of children, and it should be taken into account in educational and business planning.