جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "multilevel analysis" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

The main goal of this paper is to present a multi-level model for analyzing the scores of the national entrance exam to universities and higher education institutions.Based on its objective, this research is an applied and a descriptive research for analyzing and explaining the factors influencing the total score of the candidates participating in the university entrance exam. We used data of the 2019 year exam which include information on socio-economic status of the candidates' including educational, health, cultural and economic variables at individual level as well as at the level of counties and provinces of the country and We used the HLM software to stimate the multilevel models.The estimation of the three-level model showed that 94.6% of the changes in the total test score were due to the differences in the individual and family characteristics of the candidates. 3.6% of the changes in the total score were related to the educational, health and cultural factors of the city and 1.8% to the economic participation rate of the province. Cosidering that 5.4% of the changes in the total score are related to the geographical location, it can be acknowledged that the difference in the total score of the candidates is not only rooted in their socio-economic status, but the simultaneous effect of this situation with the level of prosperity of the cities from the perspective of educational, health, economic and cultural factors also contributes to the intensification of the difference in the total score.

The purpose of this study is to enumerate a set of factors that affect students' participation in scientific olympiads. Turning to the above goal, the theoretical framework of the problem was explored at the micro and messo levels and their interaction with each other was examined.

In this research, survey method and questionnaire were used. The statistical technique used in this method was diagnostic analysis. In order to calculate the validity of the questionnaire tool, face validity was used and to calculate its reliability, Cronbach's alpha was used. The sample selection method was purposeful and in order to compare between the two sets of cases (participants and non-participants) the homogeneity statistical population was selected and 384 samples were studied based on the scientific method of sampling.

This study, which sought to obtain a function to determine the importance of each independent variable in distinguishing groups from each other, was able to identify significant differences between the two groups and, based on the distinction made in the independent variables, predict that Participants in the Olympiad are different from non-participants in independent variables.The results showed that the variables of school educational quality, parents' economic and social status, school olympiad atmosphere, student evaluation system, his ability and ability as well as parents' encouragement were able to predict students' membership in two groups of participants / non-participants

According to the obtained results, it can be said that the experimental findings are a kind of indicative of the theoretical framework of the research. In other words, several factors affect the participation / non-participation of students in this scientific competition at the micro and intermediate levels. Factors that start with the quality of the actors and include school and family support at the institutional level

One of the self-regulated learning strategies that are essential due to their executive role is the academic help-seeking strategy. Help-seeking is an active effort to use the opportunities available to achieve success. Students not only reduce academic problems when they need help and demand help but also acquire the knowledge and skills that help them solve problems. Help-seeking behavior has been studied in the research literature under the two headings of avoidance of help-seeking and acceptance of help-seeking. Avoidance of help-seeking refers to a behavior in which the student who needs help refuses to receive help. Conversely, acceptance of help-seeking refers to a behavior in which the student requests hints (clues) and explanations about the problem's solution, which will help the student solve the problems better. Based on classroom observations, help-seeking behavior is divided into three types: a) partial hints or clues, b) confirmation of previous performance, and c) receiving the answer to the problem from another person. Newman (2000) basically distinguishes between executive help-seeking and instrumental help-seeking (6). Individuals in executive help-seeking prefer that others solve the problem for them. In instrumental help-seeking, the requested assistance is in the field of clarifying problem-solving methods, which leads to mastery of the task and supports the individual's mastery in the future. Goal orientation is one of the motivational theories in which students' academic help-seeking is understood and conceptualized. Goal orientation means a coherent model of beliefs, attributions, and emotions that directs a person's behavior and shows different approaches, engaging and responding to tasks in progress situations. Midgley et al. (2000) considered three types of goal orientation, including mastery goal orientation, performance-approach goal orientation, and performance-avoid goal orientation (29). Mastery goal orientation is associated with academic self-efficacy, striving for success, problem assignment selection, perseverance in the face of difficulties, intrinsic interest in learning, application of deep processing strategies, and higher academic achievement. Such people believe that success can be achieved through effort. Performance-approach goal orientation reflects a focus on demonstrating competence and ability and how an individual's ability will be evaluated compared to others. This type of goal orientation is associated with trying to outdo normative performance, striving for the best, using social comparison criteria, and avoiding undesirable judgments about ability or low self-esteem. In performance-avoid goal, orientation is the fear of failure and seeming inadequacy that motivates people to strive. In other words, while the person does not want to be the best, he does not want to fail. In addition to the role of individual goal orientation on learning, the perception of parent goal orientation is also noteworthy. Research shows that when students think their parents emphasize new skills, deep learning, and personal growth, they are more likely to achieve these goals, and when faced with negative experiences, they use adaptive coping strategies. Conversely, when students feel that their parents emphasize scoring and displaying abilities, as well as avoid looking incapable, they are more likely to have a performance-approach goal orientation and use maladaptive coping strategies against negative academic experiences. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting students' help-seeking at two levels of student and parent goal orientation.

This study was a correlational study. The statistical population of female students in the first round of high school (seventh and eighth grade) in the academic year of 2019-2020 was studying in Yazd. For this purpose, 400 students in 16 different school classes were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Students completed the Ryan and Pintrich (1997) Help-Seeking Questionnaire and the Student and Parental Achievement Goal Orientation Questionnaire Midgley et al. (2000). Data analysis was performed in HLM software using the multilevel analysis method.

Findings from multilevel analysis and according to the unconditional model revealed that 27% of the variance of help-seeking is explained by family-level factors and 73% by student-level factors, which indicates sufficient variability of the dependent variable between different levels and applications. The multilevel analysis method is necessary and valuable for the data, but with the entry of student and family-level predictors and examining their relationship with the dependent variable, the rate of explanation in the complete model for student-level variables to six and family-level to 18 changed. However, the significance of the width tests from the origin and variance between class and within the classroom showed that help-seeking both before the entry of variables and after the entry of two-level variables has sufficient variability. At the student level, the variables of mastery and performance-avoidance goal orientation significantly predicted help-seeking (P<0.001). Nevertheless, the relationship between the performance goal orientation variable and help-seeking was insignificant. Parents’ mastery and performance goal orientation at the family level was a significant predictor for help-seeking at this level (P<0.001).

The student goal orientation and student perception of the parents’ goal orientation affect the students' acceptance and avoidance of help-seeking. In mastery goal orientation, the emphasis is on developing new skills and improving the level of ability. Students who choose such a goal for themselves in the face of complex learning tasks while increasing their efforts are more likely to benefit from help-seeking. When students think their parents emphasize new skills, deep learning, and personal growth, they are more likely to achieve these goals.  Due to the positive significance of parents’ mastery goal orientation, it is appropriate to provide conditions in families for students to emphasize mastery goal orientation and help-seeking in the face of complex learning tasks.

Ethical Considerations

Compliance with ethical guidelines
In order to comply with ethical principles, participants were informed before conducting the research that participation in the research is voluntary and that there is no coercion for it. Participants were reassured that their private and personal information would be protected and that the results would be interpreted if they wished. In case of any disturbance, the necessary instructions were provided to the participants to follow up. Participation in the research will not incur any financial burden for the participants. This study did not contradict the religious and cultural norms of the subject and society. This research is taken from a research project with the number 01/3522. In addition, the research method has been approved by the Ethics Committee (Ethics ID: 1399.029IR.UT.PSYEDU.REC).

Authors' contributions

The first author did study design, data analysis, and manuscript preparation, and the second and third authors did data collection and preparation.

Funding

This article is written at personal expense.

We sincerely thank all those who helped us in conducting this research.

Conflict of interest

The authors declared no conflict of interest.

This paper uses a meta-analysis to comparatively evaluate the factors related to childbearing in Iran studies. The analysis is based on 26 studies, which 16 are about fertility desires and 10 are about childbearing attitudes. The results suggest that several factors have negative effect on fertility desires named: education, marriage age, and number of children, social-economic participation, and individualism, attitude to employment, foreign media and internet. As well as, age, rural living, income, religiosity, social protection, number of siblings, and life quality have positive effect on fertility desires, which among them individualism (-0/296) and number of children (-0/224) have the most effect sizes. The results also suggest that income and age difference between spouses have positive effect on childbearing attitude and cultural investment, education, social-economic status, age, and virtual networks have negative effect on childbearing attitudes, which income (0/272) and age (0/258) have the most effect sizes. Therefore there are a lot of social factors which have important role in determining childbearing in Iran and social planners should pay attention to them.

The purpose of this study was to explain the multilevel relationships of job motivation antecedents. The method of the present study was descriptive-correlation. Due to the multilevel nature of this research, its statistical population was examined at both organizational and individual levels. At the organizational level, twenty petrochemical companies located in Mahshahr Special Economic Zone were selected by census method, and at the individual level, the statistical population of the study was 17,000 employees of the mentioned companies, of which 384 were selected as a sample. SPSS  24, SMART PLS 3 and HLM software were used for data analysis. The results showed that at the individual level, psychological capital had a positive and significant effect on psychological health and job motivation. In addition, psychological health showed a positive and significant effect on job motivation. In addition, the mediating role of psychological health in the relationship between psychological capital and job motivation was confirmed. Moreover, the results of analysis at the organizational level showed that commitment-based human resource management had a positive and significant effect on psychological capital and job motivation, but the effect of commitment-based human resource management on psychological health in the study population was not confirmed.

This study aims to investigate the multilevel analysis of social media impact strategies on employees' job performance because organizations are multilevel systems. Today, with the development of information and communication technology, social media has been used as one of the most important tools by organizations. Social media is widely used within organizations and they are used as a tool to communicate between employees, and given that the use of social media facilitates the transfer of information resources within the organization and also creates close and dynamic relationships in among employees, the organization's social media is very important. The sharing of rich information by social media within the organization has raised the level of measures related to knowledge sharing within organizations, and on the other hand, these media have tremendous effects on socialization and entertainment of employees. In fact, technological innovations such as social media strengthen organizations. And have enhanced their capabilities in a variety of areas, from creating business models and marketing techniques to improving demand forecasting, the possibility of new management and training applications, and improving creativity, knowledge sharing, collaboration, and communication. But despite all this, so far few studies have been done on the effects of social media on employees' job performance and how this impact has been done. On the other hand, human resources of any organization is considered as the most important element in achieving sustainable and effective competitive advantage for the organization. In such a situation, the human capital within any organization, which indicates the amount of knowledge, technical skills, creativity and experience of any organization, is very important. In this regard, social media as one of the tools that promotes the human capital of the organization they count. In fact, people who make the most of social media gain information and knowledge that they can use to solve problems that colleagues and others face, thereby improving their job performance and organizational performance.

The present study is descriptive-correlation in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection method, which is based on structural equation modeling. Gathering the information needed to conduct this research includes two sections: library and field. The study population consisted of 300 employees of Qazvin Agricultural Jihad Organization. The number of samples was determined based on Morgan table 169 people, in which 250 questionnaires were distributed and finally 194 questionnaires were collected. Also, for multi-level analysis of the second level questionnaire (organization), 20 managers of this organization were measured. Which is a whole number and the whole community of managers were examined

The total reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by calculating the number 0.88 and its validity was confirmed by content validity, convergent and divergent validity methods. The significance coefficient of the path among all research variables is more than 1.96, which indicates the significant effect of social media on human capital and social capital, as well as the significant effect of human and social capital on performance at the 95% confidence level and confirms this. It is hypothesized that social media has a significant effect on social capital, human capital and ultimately on performance. The standardized coefficient of path (β) between the social media and human capital variables (0.645) indicates that it explains 65% of the changes in human capital. While this coefficient is between human capital and performance (0.560), the standardized coefficient is the path between the social media variable and social capital (0.633), which means that social media determines 63% of the changes in the performance variable. And the standardized coefficient is the path between the social capital variable and job performance (0.442), which means that social capital determines 44% of the changes in the performance variable.

The results showed that social media has a positive and significant effect on human capital at the organizational level and finally on job performance at the individual level. Analysis and analysis of the impact of human capital (at the organizational level) on the individual level variable, ie job performance of employees Regression is impossible and therefore multi-level analysis was used to identify this effect at two different levels. The data are also analyzed using Hierarchical Linear Analysis (HLM) software. The output of the software confirms the multilevel relationships of the research variables. Also, the effect of mediating variables was measured using the Sobel test and its intensity was measured by the Waf test. The results show that human capital has a significant effect on job performance, also confirmed the results of the effect of mediating variables.

The increasing growth of space achievements, which is the result of the NPD and the increase in the level of exploitation of its findings, has made the space sector an effective role in economic development and increasing GDP and the space industry is also subject to this category. Structural actions in space have created problems in the field of rockets and satellites as a concern in space over the past decade. A review of the research background reveals the impact of three levels of industry, firm and process on NPD. In this research, the problematic situation in the space industry was identified, through interviews and documentation, and the results were validated by creating a focus group. 34 factors related to NPD at this level were identified by reviewing the research background. The extent of their impact on achieving the country's space goals was assessed by the SAW method of MADM and five factors affecting NPD were selected. Then, the interaction of factors was evaluated with Micmac software. Relationships between factors were prioritized by structural analysis of factors. It was found that the factor of structure and organizational relationships at the level of the space industry has a direct impact on the time of new product entry into the market. Therefore, the rulers of the space sector should pay special attention to them. Finally, priorities and suggestions for improving decisions for NPD were presented.

Social media has a high potential to support two-way communication between organizations and their customers, at a relatively low cost and high levels of efficiency, so the present study aims to investigate the effects of social media use on the dimensions of customer knowledge management. The aim of the present research is practical application and the research method is descriptive-survey and the research data collection tool is a standard written questionnaire. The statistical population of this study includes all customers of the Entrepreneurship Bank in Tehran and 400 people were selected from the statistical population as a sample based on a possible random method and a research questionnaire was distributed among them. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS and Amos software. Finally, the research hypotheses were tested experimentally based on the results of structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. Based on these results, the use of social and hedonistic content of social media has had a significant direct impact on all aspects of knowledge management. But cognitive use of social media has had a significant direct effect only on the dimensions of knowledge of the customer and knowledge for the customer and its effect on the dimension of knowledge about the customer has been non-significant.

Iran has been among the countries with below replacement fertility levels since the 2000s. Fertility behaviors are determined by a broad variety of micro and macro factors. Thus, this study aims to examine the individual and provincial -level determinants of fertility in Iran using a multilevel approach. The 2016 micro-census data from Iran were analyzed for 7000 married women 15-49 years old using HLM software. Fertility behavior was measured as the number of children ever born (CEB). The results indicated that various individual-level variables, namely, education, employment, and rural-urban residence place were significantly associated with CEB. Provincial-level factors such as contraceptive use, internet coverage, and development level index were significantly correlated with fertility. The influence of individual-level factors (especially education) on fertility behavior appears stronger than that of provincial-level factors. We discuss the implications of our findings for the understanding of dynamics of fertility and new pronatalist policy in Iran.

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of students' competencies and organizational climate on their academic achievement using a multilevel approach. In this analysis, students’ competencies and the organizational climate were analyzed at the first and second levels, respectively. Given the purpose of study, this was an applied research that was categorized among descriptive correlational research in terms of data collection method. The research population was consisted of students (N = 13000) and faculty members as Heads of different academic departments (N = 57) at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. The research sample included 1140 students and 57 faculty members who were selected and analyzed using stratified random sampling method. The data collection tools included three questionnaires, including Interpersonal Competencies Questionnaire, Systemic and Applied Competencies (Ismaili, Mahani, et al., 2016) and Organizational Climate Questionnaire (Halpin and Kraft, 2000). Students’ total grade point averages were also evaluated for their overall academic achievement. The fluctuation range of Cranbach’s Alpha Coefficient for each of the four scales was between 0.55 and 0.84. The results indicated that academic climate at the second level affected the impact of students' competencies on their academic achievement at the first level.

This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the academic achievement of students at both school and student levels. Therefore, 600 high school students from 20 schools completed student efficacy scale of Jinks and Morgan's (1999) and personal achievement goal orientation and school goal structure scales of Midgley et al. (2000). Also, the school teachers answered teacher's sense of efficacy scale developed by Tschannen- Moran and Hoy (2004). The results of multilevel analysis revealed that at the student level, there is a positive and significant relationship between academic self-efficacy, mastery goal orientation, performance-approach goal orientation, amount of study time and academic achievement. This relationship was negative and significant for the performance-avoidance goal orientation. Girls were found to have higher academic achievement as compared to boys. At the school level, school type and mastery goal structure had a positive and significant relationship with students’ academic achievement. No significant relationship was found among performance-approach, performance-avoidance goal structure, teacher’s collective self-efficacy and academic achievement of students. The level-1 predictors accounted for 49% of the student-level variance and the level-2 predictors accounted for 79% of the school-level variance.

The main objective of this study was to find out the role of student-level and teacher-level on academic achievement. Research population included students and teachers of Tehran’s vocational and technical schools. 10 regions from 5 Tehran’s educational districts and 2 schools from each region were selected, with a total of 906 third-grade students (girls and boys) from these schools and from 39 classes using multi-stage sampling. 123 teachers from the same classes and schools were also chosen for this study. Standard AMS and MSLQ questionnaires were used for academic motivation and academic engagement, respectively, as well as researcher-made questionnaires for knowledge and professional skills of teachers and professional- contextual characteristics questionnair, peer-assisted learning and quality of education. Reliability and validity of the questionnaires were assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, content and construct validity (exploratory factor analysis). Academic achievement was calculated using the average of three grades including GPA (grade point average) of the previous year, GPA of three core courses and GPA of practical courses. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, confirmatory factor analysis, and multi-level analysis. Results of multilevel analysis showed the average academic achievement of students in different classes (i.e. different teachers) was significantly different. In addition, the effect of experience, gender and education level of teachers on students’ academic achievement were insignificant. However, there was a positive and significant effect of quality of education on the academic achievement. At the whole classroom model, 7.27%, and 22.28% (nearly30%) of the variance for academic achievement were related to the student-level and teacher-level, respectively. Findings of the research show the importance of teacher level factors -at higher level- influencing other variables in predicting academic. achievement.

The purpose of this study was to examine graduate studies private rate of return in Iran by using multilevel models. Using latest statistics, applying a multilevel analysis and Mincer earnings function, the effect of university graduate education on employed earnings was investigated. In multilevel analysis method used, major groups activities are considered as second level units. Meanwhile, by measuring the average years of individuals’ unemployment after completing education and adjusting the years after graduation, the estimates of the years of work experience considered to be closer to reality. The most important results of the study showed that the data have a hierarchical structure. In addition, graduate studies have a positive impact on job earnings and the rate of the impact for each additional year of education is 12.3% - a rate that exceeds the opportunity cost of education in developing countries (10%). The study also indicated that the effect of work experience on earnings is 2.6%. This goes beyond the other incentives to enter graduate studies. This result showed the individual's economic justification. Employees earnings with graduate degrees in urban areas was 21.4% more than the same group in rural areas, justifying the migration of labor force with graduate degrees to urban areas. Lastly, the return of each additional year of graduate studies is more than the return of each additional year of higher education

The organizational culture as an infrastructure, a key role in the implementation of knowledge management in organizations. In this regard, been done the present study we culture partnership organizational knowledge sharing as the independent variable and the dependent variable in Azad university of science and investigation of Tehran.
The population of this study is the administrative employees of Azad university of science and investigation of Tehran consisting of 700 people and the sample volume was considered 248 according to the Cocran model .We used a questionnaire which was measured in the sustainability and validity by the Cronbach alpha and reporter’s ideas to gather data .We used the cohesion method and regression model and spss software to analyze data. According to the analysis ,there is a positive and meaningful relationship between the organizational culture empowerment and the knowledge sharing.
The impact of organizational culture on a level of collaborative sharing On the other hand College variable number of employees at the organizational level using multilevel modeling and software HLM was approved.

It may be expected that the trend of industrialization in financial indus­try will still last a while. It is strongly connected to the developments in the IT industry. IT service providers increasingly offer complete services to banks – a trend that will probably grow in intensity within the next years (Lamberti & Buger, 2009). So the effect of the policies on coevolution between information technology and banking is one the most important challenges for researches and practitioners in this era. Applying multilevel analysis, this study tries to shed light on the causes of the policy failure in coevolution between banking and information technology. 12 open interviews with the industry and academic experts were conducted and different layers of problem were identified. Focus group conducted to validate and complete the results.

This article seeks to answer the question of "quality delivered" What role is the use services to the people. To answer these questions, reports and survey data were used; and finally using the software HLM, modeling and analysis was performed multilevel theories. The results showed that 25 factors are used to measure the quality of service delivery and; level of use infrastructure on the relationship between quantitative growth are affecting people.

Validity of the multilevel analyses with a focus on differences in learning theories (with both classis approach toward measurement and new approach toward measurement (IRT)) by means of various data has recently been studied. This study is aimed at determining the level of impact of schools on the scores gained by students involved in advanced TIMSS’s 2008 test. In order to achieve the chief goal of the study, the researchers adopted the data relating to administration of advanced TIMSS’s 2008 physics test, which assesses the course of teaching advanced physics to the high school seniors (pre-university students). The population and sample group of this study comprise the pre-university candidates of mathematics and physics taking advanced TIMSS physics test administered in the academic year 2007-2008. The sample size of Iranian students involved in this measurement equaled 2556 subjects. Results of the analyses generally suggest that firstly multilevel IRT (MLIRT) analyses are more powerful than multilevel true scores (MLTS) analyses in clarifying school differences. Secondly, the level of difference in the schools involved in advanced TIMSS math test reflected in intraclass correlation (ICC) is high in MLIRT analyses. Discussion and First, considering measurement error of each item in analyses within Bayesian framework and by means of Gibbs sampling can remarkably improve the power of multilevel analyses and lead to a significant rise in the ratio of the explicated variance. Second, there is too much educational difference and discrimination among schools which is largely due to school-level variables (such as those relating to teacher or school-related variables).

The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that can influence the marriage interval to first birth. Using the 2000 Iran Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) and survival analysis in combination with multilevel analysis, this paper examines determine macro and individual level factors associated with risk of first birth. According tofindings, the first birth timing has mostly been affected by individuallevel characteristics such as educational attainment and the age of marriage. The results of multilevel analysis confirm significant variation in risk of first birth within five years of marriage in provincial level. The observed difference between the provinces is not by the accident and it is a function of macro-level variables. However the macro level factors such as total fertility rate, prevalence of contraceptive use and female literacy rate do not explain differentials observed neither at the provincial level, nor individual level.