جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « public policy making » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Interdisciplinary approaches have been one of the successful methods of solving chronic and old problems in scientific fields in recent years. Governments in the modern era face society's problems through public policy and try to solve them. The level of realization of public policies is indicative of the government's success in advancing its goals and solving society's problems. On the other hand, the failure of the policy maker means the failure of the public policy. Reducing policy failure rate is a leading research issue. For this purpose, the application of the behavioral economics approach has been used in public policy making. By describing and predicting the behavior of policy actors and key stakeholders, behavioral economics provides the possibility of improving policy quality. Therefore, according to the existing researches in this field, the meta combination method was put on the agenda. Finally, with the systematic selection and analysis of 20 valid and relevant researches from about 100 primary relevant researches, a four-step model for formulating public policies and a list of 17 effective behavioral components were obtained separately for each stage in the public policy process.

Having an integrated and coordinated policy-making system is one of the main axes of the country's progress. On the other hand, the effective implementation of policies depends on the participation and support of all stakeholders, especially specialized institutions. Therefore, participation has been considered as a basic tool for strengthening legitimacy, public trust and improving the transparency of decision-making processes in governance systems. The current research was carried out with the aim of designing the Iranian Islamic model of public policy with the approach of participation of specialized institutions. In terms of practical purpose, the research is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) with a sequential exploratory approach and in terms of the nature of data collection, 385 indicators have been counted in the form of 40 basic themes, 16 organizing themes and 6 overarching themes. The final model of the research is based on the findings in the form of 6 inclusive themes including recognition and understanding of the public problem, public policy agenda, design and formation of public policy, implementation of public policy, evaluation of public policy and change or termination of public policy. and related suggestions have been taken into consideration.

To improve public policies, investigating the causes of policy failures is essential. The policymakers' neglect of key actors' motivations can be one of the main reasons for policy failures, rooted in the policy formulation stage. In this research, by using the behavioral economics approach in the policy formulation process, an attempt has been made to provide a model for policy formulation that guarantees its implementation by aligning the motivation of key actors and stakeholders so that the failure rate of the policy is close to zero. For this purpose, initially, 22 researches were selected and systematically examined among about 100 related research works using a systematic literature review. In the second part, two cases of judicial policies were deeply investigated using multiple case study strategy. Finally, by comparing and summarizing the findings of the two stages, the final model of the research was presented with the title "behavioral organization model of policy".

Under its foreign policy and multi-faceted diplomacy, the Islamic Republic, despite the cooperation it has with many countries, including the peripheral countries and also the countries with Islamic Sharia law, so far - as it should and perhaps could not - from the point of view of public-cultural diplomacy in These countries and in the next stage, the countries that are capable of accepting the scientific and cultural components with the territorial origin of Iran, should be successful. Therefore, it seems that "public diplomacy" and strengthening the foundation of "scientific" and "cultural" interactions in the form of scientific discussions and think tanks can be effective in removing this weakness. It is also true that in today's turbulent world and in the face of extensive changes at the national and international levels, and in various fields, especially the turbulent and risky field of politics, culture, society and economy, managers and policy makers with They are facing a fundamental and undeniable challenge in the optimal, efficient and effective decision-making process, and this is in a situation where the general public of elites and experts, especially in think tanks, through decision-making in the public arena, over official decision-making and affect the government, and based on this, regarding the subject of the article, we will explain and redefine scientific-cultural diplomacy and present operational strategies at both national and transnational levels. But at the beginning of the matter, it seems that there should be assets and tools available and the existing platform to implement and realize the strategies and measures proposed in the practical development plan of think tanks in the field of public diplomacy and cultural diplomacy inside and outside the borders of Iran. Culturally read and reviewed.

Open policy making represents an innovative and modern approach for governments to create and deliver policies that are effectively aligned with the rapid changes and evolving demands of a fast-paced, digital world. This approach is emerging as a vital and progressive methodology in the field of government administration, particularly in the era of information technology and global connectivity. The anticipated outcomes of adopting open policy making are manifold. They include achieving more optimal policy adoption through collaborative efforts, garnering robust stakeholder support for the implementation of desired policies, enhancing access to critical data for both elites and the general public, significantly increasing public participation in the policy-making process, and substantially boosting public trust in governing institutions, such as the Shura Council. Within this framework, the current research is specifically focused on developing a comprehensive open policy framework tailored for the Parliament of Iran, aiming to modernize and improve its policy-making processes

This research is grounded in the interpretative paradigm of the philosophical foundations of research and is applied in nature. It utilizes a mixed-methods approach for data collection. The target population encompasses all scientific experts in public policy (including faculty members of universities and research institutions with expertise in decision-making and public policy) and executive experts (including current and former members of the Parliament). Data collection tools included semi-structured interviews, library research, and literature review for the qualitative part, and questionnaires for the quantitative part. Using snowball sampling, 22 exploratory and in-depth interviews were conducted with scientific and executive public policy experts. In the quantitative phase, 44 individuals were selected through stratified probability sampling. Grounded theory and Maxqda10 software were used for data analysis in the qualitative part, while the structural equation modeling approach was applied in the quantitative part.

Data analysis identified the general dimensions and preconditions of the open policy model, along with the components and elements constituting its main dimensions, including understanding the problem, developing solutions, compiling, and evaluating. Quantitative findings demonstrate the positive and significant effect of transparency, a key dimension of open policy, on problem understanding, solution development, formulation, and evaluation. Similarly, public participation significantly impacts problem understanding, solution development, formulation, and evaluation. The results also highlight the direct and meaningful impact of cooperation, another general dimension of open policy, on these aspects. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that understanding the problem positively and significantly affects solution development, which in turn influences formulation and evaluation.

Given the fundamental principles of transparency, participation, and cooperation, the implementation of the open policy model is essential and highly beneficial for strengthening the overall performance of the Parliament. By embracing this model, the Parliament can significantly enhance its efficiency and effectiveness in fulfilling its legal roles, while also fostering a more inclusive and collaborative approach in its governance. This adoption not only aids in decision-making processes but also ensures greater accountability and public engagement.

Political actors are one of the main drivers of public policies. They direct the policies due to their beliefs. Studying their action has a long tradition in policy studies but recent changes known as “ideational turn” gave a new aim to the research. Following this changes this article tries to uncover the images undelaying in the discourses that political actor have presented to public and also identify their ideas, used to gain audience and improve policies. The data are collected from the political discourses of 8 different Presidential Honeymoon Periods from 1989 to 2017. The Framework used to conduct this research is argumentation theory of Isabela and Norman Fairclough’s (political discourse analysis framework). The findings highlight a specific image advocated by the political actors in each Presidential Honeymoon Periods for the cultural problems and also indicates a selective use of constant key ideas in addition to changing ideas based on society’s conditions.

Analyzing the structure of Constitutional law in the Islamic Republic of Iran can be used to identify the capacities of amending the Constitution and redefining the Iranian governance system. This article, with an institutional-normative approach, seeks to show the theoretical capacities of the constitutional movement on the one hand and the capacities of Mantaghato-laugh (Free area of Islamic regulation) on the other hand to review the Constitution of the Islamic Republic. In Iranian governance, the distortion of the national division of institutional tasks in the form of bureaucratic-tribal monarchy has been widespread in the governance structure. As such, the structural differentiation of social spaces, which leads to the logical separation of religion from public policies, has been ignored. This is while the concept of a “Free area of Islamic regulation” gives general directions to public policies that can return powers and duties to the people, to the government, and the parliament without compromising the legitimacy of the political regime. This article has several theoretical pillars that are used synthetically in connection with the main finding of the article. 1) order and power, 2) separation of powers, 3) legitimacy, 4) unity of religion and politics, and 5) constitutional orientation of public policy making. The main point of the article is that the theoretical capacities of these 5 pillars can be useful for analyzing the structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran's Constitution and revising it. First, with a normative approach, we have discussed the right to exercise power and the separation of powers (the first and second theoretical pillars). The fact that the constitution guides the operation of political societies is born from the idea that the government must protect the fundamental rights of individuals. The fundamental rights have a technical dimension that organizes the exercise of power and therefore creates limitations for the exercise of power. That is why separation of powers is considered a tool against abuse of power, prevention of tyranny, and a factor of national self-actualization, and according to Montesquieu, there will be no freedom without separation of powers. In terms of the third theoretical pillar of this article, it has been discussed that the relation of legitimacy and efficiency are closely intertwined in Iranian governance. In the Constitution, there are several principles that not only determine the direction of the policy-making systems but also lay the foundations of an interventionist government with full responsibility for the welfare of the citizens. As a result, public policies take into account the legitimacy of the political system, and in practice, the legitimacy of the political regime depends on its efficiency. This phenomenon has found an ideological facet in the shadow of the theory of Unity of religion and politics. With regards to the relationship between religion and politics in the Islamic Republic (the fourth pillar of the article), we are facing two aspects of political jurisprudence theory and legal tradition, which appear to be aligned but at the same time can be contradictory. On the one hand, legitimacy refers to the divine sovereignty over the world, and it is embodied in the Islamic Republic's Constitution. On the other hand, for some “official” theorists of the last two decades, this divine sovereignty has led to the acceptance of an approach called the theory of “discovery” and “designation”, which we call "revelation legitimacy". This revolutionist approach, in its essence, makes the legal processes of the constitution irrelevant, which means that at first, it reduces the role of experts to a passive role in the designation of Leader.  The fifth pillar of the article deals with the "basic rules of public policies" and the issues of political structure related to public policies. The importance of this article is that it allows freedom of public policy-making to the citizens.

Novel technologies and social changes have transformed the media and their influences on different aspects of society. Although the role and effect of the media on public policies have been focused on by previous researchers, few studies have identified this role in relation to other policy actors and the role of emerging and technological trends. The public policy arena, as one of these societal aspects, has been revolutionized by novel media changes, so the interaction between public policy actors in the new circumstances should be scrutinized. The present paper deals with the issue of media's function regarding the relations among the public, policy-makers, and politicians. Extracting the required from the interviews, the research has applied the grounded theory method to deliberate the issue. The paper concludes with a theoretical development of its model and presents policy recommendations. The contribution of this research is to provide a theory respecting the actor’s relations and consider new technological changes in media

Given the increasing changes and transformations in various fields, including public policy-making, critics of public administration believe that hierarchical models are not efficient enough to address current challenges. For this reason, in pursuit of new solutions, the concept of networking has been entered the field of public administration issues and public policies. Networks make it possible to identify all stakeholders and involve them in the policy-making process. Regarding to the important fact that the digitalization of the economy and following that, the banking industry is one of the phenomena of the present age, the digital banking requires networking public policy-making with keeping actors, stakeholders and influencers in mind.The aim of this study has been the identification and validation of the dimensions and components of the digital banking network policy-making model in the Iran banking system. The research method is using qualitative (focusing on Thematic Analysis) and quantitative analysis techniques (based on the Confirmatory Factor Analysis - CFA).

Artificial intelligence is a rapidly emerging and crucial technology that has significantly impacted various fields, including public policy. This qualitative research aims to identify the potential applications of artificial intelligence in the public sector policy-making process. It involves extracting 339 basic themes that align with the research goal, creating 33 organizing themes from these basic themes, and classifying these concepts into four overarching themes that cover the applications, methods, advantages, and challenges of artificial intelligence in the public policy cycle. Based on the research findings, one critical application of this technology in public policy-making is prioritizing issues based on society's actual needs and demands. It also aids in diagnosing issues and problems by recognizing patterns in big data, leading to the formulation of evidence-based policies. Additionally, using methods such as machine learning algorithms, neural networks, and natural language processing has advantages such as increased intelligence and dynamism in the policy formulation process. As a result, this technology can be more efficiently applied in the public policy cycle, allowing policymakers to play a more effective role. However, several challenges require further investigation, such as ethical issues in data usage, human resource gaps, management biases, and security challenges.

In recent decades Iranian public education system faced enormous challenges and issues in the area of planning, performance, and interaction among stockholders. Nevertheless, little wonder that by gaining the trust of parents and attracting their efforts, there will be a novel approach to the issues. This research aims to address educational policy issues through public participation. First of all, a qualitative method, the meta-synthesis had been used to identify the main components of participation. Initial findings have been 9 main components which are: citizen’s empowerment and beliefs, justice, information flow, quality and quantity of information, executive agencies, legal support, social factors, and the impacts of previous policies. The qualitative-quantitative method, ISM, then, has been used to discover the final model. In the final model, a five-level shape appeared. This ladder-shaped model requires entering each stage by ensuring a certain level of confidence in the previous stage. At the bottom of the model, the result of previous policies and social factors are the primary forces of society to participate. On the next level, legal support is necessary to create a participatory culture in the atmosphere of public opinion and the administrative structure of the educational system. Justice is a manifestation of the realization of a participatory culture in society resulting in opening a special account on the trends of citizenship. The final model of research requires a balance action by causal view but with culturist approach that will enable us to have participation maturity in the education system.

In the implementation of public policy, there are many factors and obstacles, the identification of which will lead to the efficient way of implementing the policies.

The present research was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the obstacles to the implementation of Iran's social welfare policies. The research is of a meta-composite type, in the qualitative part, semi-structured interviews were used so as to collect the data with open coding, and finally the obstacles to the implementation of social welfare policies were identified. In the quantitative part, using the review of related literature and research studies, six fundamental research studies in the field of policymaking were selected according to the citations and the items affecting the implementation of policies having been extracted from other studies in the form of commonalities. Then, the 10 experts cooperated, and the three-step Delphi method was used.

Based on Friedman's test, ten priorities were identified, which are as follows: existence of opposing and supporting parties, technical difficulties, lack of use of new technologies, legitimacy of the country's political and governance system, lack of attention to the intellectual and political maturity of the target group, political factors, political conflicts, the welfare state of the target group, the lack of appropriate executive instructions, the lack of alignment of programs, and the lack of optimal allocation of the country's budget.

It was found that the influential factors are in the hands of the government and the role of the executives in the implementation of social welfare policies is weaker. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should pay more attention to the use of pro and opposition parties, the legitimacy of the ruling political system, and executive guidelines.

The theory and practice of policy making in today's world has found a very vital role because the legitimacy of governments which is measured by the ability to solve public problems through public policy. If the government lacks the ability to solve public problems, no other element can legitimize its continued rule. From perspective of public policy making discipline, there is no achievement for any public policy unless policy makers and citizens have active and intense participation in the policy making process as well as policy implementation. Because in a public policy making relationship, one side as a policy maker is obliged to solve the problem of the other side. This relationship, as one of the most influential relationships on people's life quality, needs to be carefully regulated and guaranteed. The law, as a normative discipline is supposed to regulate relations between these two agents. In the initial conception of representative democracy, as a legal and political frame work of governing society, people were completely removed from political and policy-making processes by electing representatives and were only subject to the decisions of their representatives. In other words, in classic version of representative democracy, almost all of political power is in the representative bodies’ hands. It is possible that minority and pressure groups try to present their issues as public problems by influencing such institutions. In democratic age there is a political and legal tendency to maximizing the role of citizens in policy making process in order to prevent any legitimation's crisis which may be raised from representative democracy shortcomings. The mentioned weakness can be considered as systematic and deep corruption in a decision-making system. In order to fix this weakness, the basic step is to redistribute powers and jurisdictions between different actors of the process of policy making, because studies on current democracies demonstrate that, the first step in policy making process, i.e., recognizing the public problem, is the most important, critical and crucial one. In other words, if the people do not have any role or influence in the first step of public policy making, the whole process will be at a very serious risk. This paper, using descriptive and analytic approach, criticized legal framework of recognizing the public problem in Iran. In Iran, due to the great legal authority and authority of the legislative body, such mechanisms have not been foreseen for the people and even other institutions. Even a powerful institution like the presidency cannot resist the decisions of the legislative body. So, it seems democracy in Iran is still very similar to the classical type of representative democracy and needs to be revised and accompanied by recent developments in the knowledge of politics and law. By distinguishing between representative-centered and citizen-centered approach to policy making, the author, proposed a shift from former approach to latter, in interpretation of legal documents specially Iran's constitutional law. The shift will lead to participatory democracy and multi-level policy making. This new approach, by emphasizing the role of people as diagnosers of public problems, reduces the risk of semi-public problems being included in government programs and policies. The proposed approach says no problem is a public problem unless it affects the ordinary life of reasonable number of citizens. Before reaching to this stage, the government should not allocate any budget to solve it. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran has provided the possibility of interpretation in favor of the proposed approach in many parts considering the decisive role of the people, including in Article No.: 59. Creating mechanisms to realize such a role for the people is one of the necessities of Iran's current decision-making system. By considering the countries experiences such as Italy and USA, suggestions such as veto rights for the people regarding the issues raised in the policy-making institutions, and the right to raise the issue for them to be discussed in the same institutions can be proposed as necessary mechanisms. In these countries, at the request of the people and upon reaching a certain number, the legislative assembly will be required to remove an issue (a semipublic-problem) from the agenda, or put an issue on its agenda.

Zayandeh-Roud basin has been one of the most challenging basin in the country in recent years. Challenges that cover various fields of political, social, economic, security, etc and has focused attention on how water governance in this basin. Based on this, in the present study, the structure of water governance in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province has been investigated using the network analysis method. The current research, while counting the activists in the form of 21 groups, has tried to answer the question that each of the activists of the water governance network in the Zayandeh-Roud basin, what position and role do they have in the water governance system?. Because governance requires the participation of all stakeholders. To answer this question, the research data was analyzed using the value components index in the UCINET software to identify two networks of influence and information exchange. The results of the research indicate that the position of each of the actors counted in the mentioned networks is not proportional to the concept of water governance in its network form. And on the other hand, it draws an opaque and inefficient structure, the output of which is weakness in the management of water resources and dissatisfactions and social, political and security challenges. An overview of the research findings has also been drawn using Netdraw software.

As one of the aspects of tourism, medical tourism contributes to the sustainable development and dynamism of countries. This research was carried for identifying the themes of network governance in the direction of medical tourism, and the validation of the model was done with first and second order factor analysis. The current research is applied, qualitative and quantitative in terms of the implementation process, descriptive in terms of exploratory purpose, and cross-sectional in terms of time. The statistical population in the qualitative section was conducted purposefully and with the maximum diversity sampling method, and after reaching the category saturation limit, 31 experts were finally used. And in the quantitative part of the research, it includes medical tourists referring to medical centers in Tabriz, the sample size was 384 people. In the quantitative part of the questionnaire made by the researcher based on extracted codes, the analysis and coding of interviews was done in the qualitative part with the help of MAXQDA software, in this regard, 79 codes were identified in line with open coding, 3 codes were identified in line with axial coding, and the validity of the model It was confirmed by factor analysis

In recent years with revolutionary spread of Information and Communications Technology has become particularly important. This subject has been paid attention by the policy-makers in Iran. However, there may be ambiguities regarding public participation in policy making, and in this way, the use of international experience will be very helpful. For this purpose, Switzerland as a country that has long-standing experience in the field of direct participation has been studied.

The research method is a case study, and the following steps were considered in the design of the research: 1) selection of the study, 2) access to the study environment, 3) systematic data collection, 4) data collection management, 5) data analysis and 6) leaving the studied field.

The Swiss study shows that direct participation is a bottom-up process. The most important shortcoming of direct participation is the unequal participation of social classes, and to avoid it, the procedures of direct democracy and the formulation of proposed topics for voting should be simple. Among the mechanisms of direct participation, two mechanisms of popular initiatives and referendum are used. Direct participation is most concentrated in the stage of public policy formulation. Direct participation is used in all three levels, national, cantonal and local, and on all subjects. What makes direct participation meaningful are the tools of democracy. And finally, the participatory mechanism used and the policy stage determine the balance between elite views and public views, However, the role of the political elite is very important.

The political culture of direct participation is a collective learning process that requires time to develop and also possibilities to correct errors. Also, the design of its mechanisms should be designed considering the national culture and the type of government of the countries.

Policy implementation evaluation is a process to improve and modify the implementation of public policies. This study aims to identify the key factors in evaluating the implementation of the Sustainable Urban Development Policy in the framework of the Sixth Plan.

This descriptive survey was carried out in Alborz Municipality in 2022. 20 experts and 152 senior managers from the organization participated in the study. Experts were interviewed in order to extract the influential factors and relevant indicators. The questionnaire's validity was evaluated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Fornell & Larcker criterion in Smart PLS2 software.

Evaluating the interviews and the experts' opinions, 51 items in 6 groups of indices were extracted. Considering the factor loading, all items' importance and their classification in 6 groups of indices were approved. The questionnaire's indices were all reliable. As the average variance extracted for each index was bigger than the pooled variance between the considered index and others, divergent validity was approved.

Policy goals and standards, tools and literature, enforcer, organization's out-of-control factors (intra-organizational factors) and the consequences are of great importance in the evaluation of the urban sustainable development policy implementation in the sixth development plan of Iran.

Governments and experts are always in pursuit of effective policy-making and policy-making models that are less considered in Iran. Exploratory, sampling in the qualitative part of the research was done purposefully and in the quantitative part was done by simple random sampling. In the qualitative phase with 12 experts, mostly academic experts who dominated the discussion of academic centers in public policy-making, the interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, and the sample of the quantitative section consisted of 196 people selected according to the Cochran's formula. Based on the research findings, in the qualitative part, the analysis of the experts' interviews was performed using the content analysis method, and in the quantitative part, the confirmatory factor analysis was used to analyze the data. And during it, the most important indicators of the role of university centers in the public policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 6 main indicators (economic factors, legal factors, socio-political factors, cultural factors, internationalization of universities, scientific and technological factors) and 38 categories were evaluated. According to the research results, this model has a good quality and can provide a suitable framework for developing a vision policy document for the public policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and it is necessary for officials and policy makers of the university community to achieve appropriate strategies and programs to achieve this. Make the goal your goal.

The implementation of the policy of the Entrepreneurial University is one of the important concerns of the country's higher education system, and it has also been emphasized in the science and technology policies announced by the Supreme Leader.

The research method is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive survey in terms of method, and qualitative and quantitative (mixed) in terms of data type. The statistical population of Islamic Azad University, and sampling was done until reaching information saturation with 15 people. The quantitative statistical population included 252 152 people were selected based on simple random sampling. The data collection tool included a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and the reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha coefficient higher than 0.7.

The results showed that the policy implementation model of the entrepreneurial university based on science and technology policies includes three dimensions of support, requirements, and interactions with 20 components and 96 indicators.

The results of the research can be useful in the implementation of the policy of the Entrepreneurial University and provide a suitable field for other researches.