جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "the united kingdom" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

balance of power in Europe began with coagulation of Peace of Westphalia Contract in 1648. With the formation of the balance of power, competition between European countries intensified to penetrate other regions of the world. From Fath Ali Shah Qajar era, that, Iran established Regular relations diplomatic with European countries, was impressed of International political processes and fight of major world powers. Since then Iran's foreign policy was particularly influenced by competition between the two countries, Russia and the England. By following this process during the First Pahlavi period, Reza Shah tried to reduce of volume of intervention of the two countries to internal affairs with open the "third force" in Iran. The development and deepening of relations with Germany was done for this purpose. In order to examine the present issue, the question arises as to What effect has the balance of power in Europe had on Reza Shah's foreign policy? It is further hypothesized that Iran's foreign policy during the reign of Reza Shah was practically a function of the policy of power and balance of power between European countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of these developments on Iran's foreign policy in the era of Reza Shah by descriptive-analytical method and by providing explanations related to the balance of power and European developments.

Currently, in order to understand Europe's attitude towards the 2020 United States Presidential Elections, we should, as a matter of course, gain a complete and accurate knowledge of the transatlantic relations, principally the approaches of the Germany and France (in the absence of the United Kingdom) as the driving forces of the European Union for arranging the relationships. Unlike France, Germany lacks the historical experience of non-cooperation with the NATO and therefore, we can see the difference of outlook in German officials' opinions about the quality of the transatlantic relations and also their hesitation and desperation in the decisions they make regarding their relations with the US. Emmanuel Macron is now dealing with some domestic problems and therefore prefers to maintain the current state of cooperation with the NATO despite the commercial disagreements with the US and not create another conflict in his foreign policies; he would rather advance the two ideas of "the army and the European security council" and the continuity of "Russian-French Security Cooperation Council". Germany has also explicitly expressed the it will present the plan of "the framework of the European security council" in the second half of 2021 with the presence of the United Kingdom. In the years to come, Germany would worry more about the NATO's internal conflicts but would eventually be closer to France that before. It seems that Europe's security interactions with the US in a mid-term time span would be a combination of these two factors: first, the quality of German-French cooperation, and the European Union's new team's approach.

The term ‘special relationship’ is used to describe the United Kingdom–United States relations and their extensive economic, military, and diplomatic cooperation since World War II. The nationalization of the Iranian oil industry is one of the first, and the JCPOA nuclear deal is one of the most important issues Britain and the United States have faced since establishing the special relationship; events that can be studied for a deeper understanding of this phenomenon. In this regard, the central question of the present study was how the United Kingdom and the United States have sought to maintain and boost the special relationship, even in a situation of conflict of interest. In response to this question, and using the documentary method and studying the two strategic allies’ relations during the nationalization of Iranian oil and the JCPOA in the theoretical framework of the alliance theory, the main hypothesis was that the United States' support for British anti-Iranian policies during the nationalization of Iranian oil, and reciprocally, lack of serious British opposition to the United States’ withdrawal from the JCPOA, showed that there is nothing more special and important than a special relationship in both the British and American foreign policies.

World War II led Iran to engage in global events unwittingly and occupied by the three powers; but with the end of the war and the non-evacuation of the Soviet forces from Iran, the Cold War first sparkles were struck between the two ideological poles, the Soviet Union and the United States. While the USSR sought to obtain Iranian north petroleum, by pressure, stood in front of the United States with the policy of preserving Iran on the front of the Western countries, against the Soviet Union. Though in many researches United States ultimatum has been referred, as the main source, to the Soviet Union for evacuation of Iran, but the study shows that such ultimatum has no historical validity; Therefore, the question is that the US with using what tools and tactics, were able to carry out its goal of expelling the Soviet Union from Iran and maintain Iran on the liberalism front. To answer this question, using a historical method based on description and analysis, tried to answer by examining US State Department documents. The findings show that US by using two types of international instruments, such as the Security Council and the alliance with the UK, and domestic instruments such as cooperation with the Shah and the National Parliament, tried to restrict USSR in Containment policy.

The use of the ban on exile during the Qajar period was used to dispose of the influential person from the center. The princes and dwinnians were from this group of exiles. Meanwhile, the exile of the constitutional era is an exception. Because on both sides of the constitutional and oppositional constitutional movements they were seeking change in political construction, therefore, the purpose of their exile was to punish them, and not just to escape from Tehran. Meanwhile, the exile of the transition from the Qajar to Pahlavi, which included the exiles of the World War, the 1919 opposition and the 1299 coup opponents. The aim of the article is to examine the issue of exile during the transition from Qajar to Pahlavi and also to compare the state of exile in this period with the first period of Qajar. The method used in this research is the historical analysis method and the tools used are archival documents and main sources. The findings of this study indicate that exile is during the transition from the Qajar to the other side of the Qajar era. The exile climate, remoteness from the center, the control of the exiles, the exodus of the exile group and the diversity of the social groups of the exiles, as well as preventive exile, are specific elements of exile in this period that are not seen in the previous period. Deportation abroad as well as the interference of Russian and British governments in the exile of Iranian nationals will begin in this period.

The relations between Europe and the United States during the presidency of Donald Trump and, in the main, the relationship with the countries of England, France and Germany as the main powers of this continent, has become one of the most challenging issues in academic and research circles. In fact, the unusual practices of Trump have raised the transformation of the relationship between the United States and the international community as an important issue. So the question is that "the process of relations between Britain, France and Germany with America in the era of Donald Trump experienced what transformations and what future will it take?" In general, with taking power by trump, what challenges and frictions have been created between the three countries with the United States? Germany, headed by Angela Merkel, has a serious opposition to Trump's stances and called for the independence of Europe's position against the United States. In contrast, Britain, led by Teresa May, is forced to cooperate with Trump because of the exit from the European Union. With the Macroon administration, France also has an intersectional approach conflict and cooperation, and we will see the continuation of this approach in the relations between Paris and Washington in the future.

The holding of free elections is one of the most prominent characteristics of democracy in today's world. The third paragraph of Article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that, “the will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections". Hence, the parliament and the way of conducting the elections of the parliament in one country play a decisive role in the will of the people of a country. The main purpose of the present study is to comparatively examine the methods of holding and monitoring parliamentary elections in Iran and in the United Kingdom. The other objective of the present study is to consider the types of monitoring in Iran and the interpretation of the Guardian Council of the concept of monitoring. The findings of the present study show that the characteristics upon which the organizers of Iran’s elections rely are general, vague, and entirely controversial features which are interpreted differently in each term, and always leave room for ‘buts’ and ‘ifs’. In the UK legal system, however, contrary to Iran, the United Kingdom's jurisdiction and monitoring authority does not, in view of the objective nature of the criteria, create the problems that govern the Iranian electoral system.

After the death of Nadir Shah there was a great disturbance. Karim Khan was successful to dominate most areas after several years of tension over Iran.Mir Mohanna could be the ruler of Bandar Reeg by using the the status quo. Unlike the other rulers who were united with Karim Khan Zand, he revolted against Karim Khan. Zand troops attacked Bandar Reeg to suppres him and captured Mir Mohanna. After freedom and coming back to Bandar Reeg, Mir Mahna destroyed commercial office and England Castle and expel all English from Bandar Reeg. This event led forces to attack Bandar Reeg again. Karim Khan failure in repression of Mir Mahna caused him to sign a contract with England. According to this contract, Kharg Island was awarded to England if Mir Mahna failed.This study deals with issues of conflict between Karim Khan and Mir Mohanna. It also studies the conflicts between Mir Mohana and foreign companies and the role of foreign governments, particularly England, in repression of Mir Mahna.

Having reviewed the history of the Islamic banking development in the United Kingdom, this paper tries to evaluate the processes, rules and operational techniques used to regulate and supervise Islamic banks and financial institutions in this non-Islamic country. In addition, it tries to go over the Iranian Islamic banking system and compare it with that of England. The results of the paper show that the Shairah governance model used in the United Kingdom to conduct Islamic banking in a country with minimum Islamic environment and laws has special and important characteristics. Understanding these characteristics may have specific implications for enhancing the Shariah supervision in Iran. This research emphasizes some of them.

The first two decades of the nineteenth century and especially 1820 A.D/ 1235 A. H are quite important in the political history of Persian Gulf. During this time, the Great Britain’s government with the excuse of fighting pirates attacked the southern coast of the Persian Gulf. This act eventually led to signing a contract ,”A General Peace Agreement” , between the communities of the southern coast of Persian Gulf sheikhs and England. As a result of this contract, the British gained dominance over the region and consequently the rights and sovereignty of Iran in the area were ignored. The Great Britain created a political base in the coast and such organizations led to the development of new Islamic countries in Persian Gulf. The present study attempts to investigate the grounds upon which the General Peace Contract (1820 ) came to existence; as well as the aims followed by the British government and how Iranian government reacted on the issue and its consequences.

The aim of the International Study on the Impact of Copyright Law on Digital Preservation was to review current copyright and related laws and their impact on digital preservation, as well as to make recommendations to help libraries, archives and other preservation institutions sustain digital works. Study partners are based in Australia, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. The study found that, in many cases, digital works are not being preserved in a systematic way. This is partly because digital preservation entails more difficult copyright issues than preservation of non-digital material. All the surveyed countries have some form of exception for preservation activities. However, there is inconsistency in the details between the countries’ laws and uncertainty in how they apply in the digital environment. None of the countries surveyed have a uniform national system yet for collecting digital materials. Technological protection measures and licensing arrangements may, in some cases, present significant practical barriers to preservation. Current approaches to address these barriers are ad hoc and include requesting permissions from individual rights holders and some use of model licence terms that permit preservation. Moreover, as yet, there are no effective solutions to the general issue of orphan works. Recommendations of the study include suggestions for drafting national policies and adapting laws to allow digital preservation to be undertaken as necessary, in accordance with international best practice standards, and for promoting national systems for the collection of digital materials by relevant state and national collecting institutions.