جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "انقلاب مشروطه ایران" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

The theory of "Uneven and Combined Development" was first proposed by Leon Trotsky to explain the particular form of capitalist growth and the experience of modernity in Russia and, consequently, the unique shape of social change and revolution in Tsarist Russia. One of the significant results of Trotsky for the idea of uneven and combined development is that "backward" countries can achieve some of the achievements of advanced countries without taking the initial path, a factor that Trotsky calls the "backwardness privilege." The present study attempts to explain and analyze the conceptual foundations of this theory, to read the political thought of Mirza Malkam Khan, one of the significant intellectual figures of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, from the perspective of the theory of uneven and combined development. Hence, the present study specifically seeks to answer the question, "How can uneven and combined development principle in Mirza Malkam khan's thought be traced?" In this regard, I will argue that he, in his critical confrontation with the backwardness of Iran during the Qajar period and in his views on eliminating backwardness and establishing a constitutional system, always emphasizes the coexistence of societies and leaps in development which are essential elements of the theory of UCD. Furthermore, this study, relying on the analytical-explanatory method, attempts to analyze this thinker's intellectual and political processes through the above theory to explain why Malkam Khan indirectly supports Iran's "backwardness privilege" as an exceptional opportunity for a revolution.

The autocratic regimes of France and Iran respectively in 1789 and 1906 changed to the constitutional governments. The revolutionaries in both countries demanded the imposition of unlimited powers of the king and the establishment of parliament. The establishment of a parliament in the structure of both the governments of Iran and France led to constitutional legislation. The present study seeks to make a comparative study of the process of legislation of constitutional constitution during the two Iranian and French revolutions. In each revolution, the process of legislation the constitution is carried out by the constituent assembly. The drafters of the constitution, the sources of adaptation of the laws, the spectrum opposed to the proposed constitution and finally the role played by the revolutionaries and people's actions are four important factors that affect the constitution. In the present article, the four factors mentioned compared in the two constitutional revolutions of Iran and France. The comparison result showed that In France, unlike Iran, the constituent editors represented a distinct social class and in their adopted laws the class interests of the makers were clearly achievable. The main source of the constitution of Iran was the translation of the laws of the western countries but the constituent assembly in France, in addition to the adoption of the laws of other countries, adopted most of its laws based on the needs and conditions of the French community.

After Iranians protest against tobacco monopoly and canceling the concession of Tobacco in 1892, two foreign companies bought Iran’s tobacco for exporting to other countries. The most part of Iran’s tobacco was bought by Tobacco Company of Ottoman "Kompani-ye Enhesar-e Edkhal-e Tanbako dar Khak-e Osmani" in Ottoman Empire. Iranian government came to an agreement with an Egyptian, named "Khalil Kayat Pacha" in 1894, and gave him the monopoly of tobacco exporting to Egypt. It was arranged that "Khalil Kayat" had to begin his activities in 1897 and thus another part of Iran’s tobacco was exported for 22 years (1897-1919) to Egypt. This article explains the second part (1906-1919) of tobacco trade between Iran and Egypt, while the first decade (1897-1906) of that period has been written in an exclusive article.Concerning the main question, we are researching about competencies of structure of Iranian state in the Constitutional Revolution era, whether has been secured Iranian national profits from tobacco trade. Though in this business, "Khalil Kayat" has won much more than Iran, nevertheless he only paid Iran’s share of the profits under judicial pressure. During Constitutional era and in comparison with the past, Iranian governments acted against "Khalil Kayat", with more competence and seriously.