جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "بحران اقتصادی" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

Most of the research conducted in the field of causes of revolutions has analyzed revolutions theoretically. The purpose of this research is to analyze the Egyptian revolution using World Values Survey (WVS) data. The research method is of the secondary analysis type and the data of the fourth and fifth wave surveys of Egypt were used with a sample size of 3000 people in each survey. To analyze the Egyptian revolution, Johnson's theory of institutional imbalance, Gere's theory of relative deprivation, and mass society theory were used. In order to measure the research hypotheses, the questions that measured the main variables of the theories were identified in the survey questionnaire. The findings show that in 2008, compared to 2000, the respondents chose economic values as the most important goal of the country. Also, the satisfaction with the financial status of the family and the feeling of happiness had decreased significantly. The findings support all the above theories. The occurrence of the economic crisis, the increase in relative deprivation, and the massiveness of Egyptian society provided the basis for the revolution.

With the beginning of relations between Iran and the West, the crisis covered all spheres of life in Iranian society. Among these, the economic crisis emerged as a significant concern. several enlightened thinkers made endeavors to provide a solution for this crisis based on their understanding and vision. However, more intellectuals should have paid more attention to its roots. Ahmad Matin-Daftari was one of those who seriously reflected on this issue and offered solutions.The main issue of the article is the rereading of Ahmad Matin-Daftari's opinions on Iran's economic crisis and the government's role in solving this issue. The article's question is, what role did Matin-Daftari consider for the government in solving the economic crisis? This article hypothesizes that, unlike most intellectuals, Matin-Daftari sought to limit the role of the government and establish a national economy in Iran.The findings of this article show that Matin-Daftari believed that the government should refrain from direct interference in economic affairs and leave the work to private institutions and individuals. He also believed that the corruption of Iran's social organizations and political institutions is caused by the economy's domination over the government.

This study examines the causes and factors of the formation of the Foreign Exchange Commission in 1929 in order to deal with the outflow of foreign currency from the country and the consequences of that policy in increasing the export of agricultural products. To advance this policy, the Ministry of National Economy and then the Economic Council were formed in the following year to oversee the country's liquidity. The most important strategy of the country's monetary program from this year onwards was to adopt an austerity policy, that is, the commission determined what products should bring into the country and how much of the allocated currency they could receive. At the same time, traders had to export domestic products at the rate of the currency they had exported, so that the currency could be returned to the country's treasury. To strengthen the value of the national currency, purity was the first priority of economic planning, as it prevented the export of foreign currency. So, the main question of this study is how did the government act to deal with the economic crisis and the shortage of its foreign exchange resources, and what was the result of those actions? This article analyzes the mentioned policy in a descriptive-analytical method and relies on reliable sources as well as statistics, and discusses its strengths and weaknesses.

Iran’s economy was in crisis in the decade leading up to the Constitutional Revolution. The crisis was characterized by a budget deficit, rising foreign debt, structural corruption, unemployment and labor migration to foreign countries, and a lack of economic infrastructure. The consequences of the crisis were more pronounced than any other sector in the increase in the price of essential goods. The present study tries to answer the question by studying the grounds for thr crisis of rising prices and its effects: whats actions did the Qajar government take during the reign of Mozaffar al-din Shah to curb the crisis of rising prices, and what were the results of the government’s actions? The hypothesis of the present article is that, in the Qajar government, there was no single economic policy to curb rising prices, and the measures taken were partial and based on the individual abilities of government officials. Therefore, as the research findings show, the formation of the regulatory Assembly of rates, tax exemptions and reductions, export bans, increase imports, payment of differences in prices of essential goods, tightening price controls, dismissal of some government officials and the use of force. In the short term, prices slowed, but in the medium term, to no avail, leading to social unrest and livelihood riots. The method of the present research is historical with a descriptive-analytical approach.

This paper reviews the social and economic conditions of Azerbaijan from 1921 to 1941. The data for this research is gathered by library methodology and documentary study. In library, the texts related to economic and social conditions of Azerbaijan have been studied and in the documentary section, the available documents of IRI Presidential Documents Center, Majlis Documentary Center and Documentary National Archive have been studies and analyzed. Based on the outcomes of the research, conducted policies during the reign of Reza Shah for the development of communications, railroad, security, education, justice and public health brought some changes to Azerbaijan. These changes in Azerbaijan were not fundamental and the other economic and cultural policies paved the way for dissatisfaction in this province.

The methodological studies of Muslim historians can represent part of the past’s inheritance and provide some patterns for the research in favor of historians.The present article tries to investigate the analysis by Taqieddin Ahmad e- Maqrizi (845 After Hijrah) related to the economic crises of Egypt to appreciate his methodology. The result of this research clarifies that Maqrizi could make a cause and effect relationship between the famine crisis in Egypt and the financial policies of government and present a theory related to the natural value of money based on a hypothesis, presentation of objective samples of his observations as well as the comparison and adjustment of historical samples with the ones similar to these crises in his era.This theory considers the position of Maqrizi higher than that of the other economists in relation to money.

Ghaznavids (360 -431) were from the middle ages with the origin of the Gholami who came to rule after the abduction of their believers in eastern Iran. Taxes were comon and traditional sources of this government›s economy, and since the iqtas due to political problems were never considered by the Ghaznavid sultans, the achievement of India›s spoils became the source of the livelihood of this dynasty, which, though financed by the government, The great army were kept active, but these spoils, elephants and slaves did not create the expected results in the production, development and economic prosperity of the Ghaznavids, and the abundance of problems caused a rise in liquidity, inflation and high prices. In this article, we have been examining the effect of military expedition to India on the financial strength of the armies, that caused transformed them from brave and agile warriors to wealthy class. This political and moral degeneration caused failing the Ghaznavids against the Turkmen movements in Khorasan, and losing their financial and military powers by plunder. The Ghaznavid peasantries that because of the campaign to India, had received a lot of tax pressure, with heavy taxes and the emersion of famine, they gradually found an impartial or even biased approach to the Turkmen, where the ultimate defeat of the Ghaznavids was in the battle of the Dandanghan.

Although until several decades ago, the separation of sciences and lack of interdisciplinary studies have been the mainstream in social sciences and humanities, especially economics, but in the recent decades, methodology has shown the weakness of this approach to some extent and it is replaced with interdisciplinary studies and education. Undoubtedly, economics and history are two fields that require interdisciplinary studies the most in order to be effective. These historical interdisciplinary studies can be considered as prerequisite and necessity in defining Islamic-Iranian progress pattern. It seems that First World War era is a part of security and economic history during which these factors had the most impact on each other. Defining the relationship between change in economic indices due to change in security indices is the main problem of the paper that attempted to be answered by library method and reference to historical resources – analytical and descriptive method. The findings indicate a strong relationship between these two sets of variables. It although shows that any sort of neglect or fault in security of the country and its policy-making will result in non-compensable losses.