جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بررسی تطبیقی » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Great Khorasan, as one of the important regions of the Islamic world and Iran, experienced two different periods during the period of Timur Gourkani and his son Shahrukh. Timur relying on Alus Joghtaei’s support of the military commanders made extensive conquests in West Asia. Following these conquests, the cities of Khorasan, like most of the conquered places, faced with murder, looting and destruction. After Timur’s death and Shahrukh’s accession, prosperity returned to Khorasan and these areas came out from under the pressure of the Timurid period. This research aims to analyze Timur and Shahrokha’s actions in Khorasan with descriptive analytical method and using library sources. The findings indicate that Timur, considering his own interests and attachment to his capital, Samarkand, tried to use the economic resources and human and cultural capacities of the conquered regions, especially Khorasan, for the prosperity of Mavara- al- Nahr. Timur's discriminating view of Khorasan caused chaos in this province and repeated the calamities that the Mongols brought upon this region. On the other hand, Shahrukh made a significant effort to develop Khorasan due to his attachment to it, reliance on Iranian bureaucrats, and adherence to Islamic laws..

The autocratic regimes of France and Iran respectively in 1789 and 1906 changed to the constitutional governments. The revolutionaries in both countries demanded the imposition of unlimited powers of the king and the establishment of parliament. The establishment of a parliament in the structure of both the governments of Iran and France led to constitutional legislation. The present study seeks to make a comparative study of the process of legislation of constitutional constitution during the two Iranian and French revolutions. In each revolution, the process of legislation the constitution is carried out by the constituent assembly. The drafters of the constitution, the sources of adaptation of the laws, the spectrum opposed to the proposed constitution and finally the role played by the revolutionaries and people's actions are four important factors that affect the constitution. In the present article, the four factors mentioned compared in the two constitutional revolutions of Iran and France. The comparison result showed that In France, unlike Iran, the constituent editors represented a distinct social class and in their adopted laws the class interests of the makers were clearly achievable. The main source of the constitution of Iran was the translation of the laws of the western countries but the constituent assembly in France, in addition to the adoption of the laws of other countries, adopted most of its laws based on the needs and conditions of the French community.

This paper studies in a descriptive way Imam Khomeini’s ten-year views on economic policies as compared with related policies in the tenure of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and Imam Ali (pbuh). This study intends to find an answer to the question of “What similarities are there between Imam Khomeini’s ten-year leadership and the tenure of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and Imam Ali (pbuh) in terms of economic policies?”, claiming that the three governments resorted to settlement method. Findings of this paper indicate that Imam Khomeini, as the Founder and Leader of the Islamic Revolution, has set the model of Islamic Republic based on early Islamic government. In introducing the model of Islamic Revolution, Imam Khomeini points to the successful early Islamic government and underscores his entire objective behind establishment of the government as social justice. Therefore, based upon the studies, both governments have sought establishing social justice in the society, although the two governments are different in terms of time and pace, social fabric, structure and type of the government, ways for financing the government and their economic methods. However, the two governments have contextually followed one similar path. Resorting to its findings, the paper proves its hypothesis.

The decline of Islamic-Iranian civilization has long been considered by the thinkers. The present study, based on the published works of these two thinkers with the method of comparative study, seeks to compare their views on the causes of the decline of Islamic-Iranian civilization and ways out of it. The findings show that they have divided the degenerative factors into two categories: internal and external. They share in introducing elements such as authoritarian rule and colonialism as factors of degeneration, but in some cases they also have differences. In the section on internal factors, Shahid Motahari emphasizes on factors such as distorting the teachings of Islam, harmful support of religion, etc., and Nasr emphasizes on issues such as the decline of the institution of religion, the decline of institutions, and so on. In the section on external factors, Shahid Motahari mentions the role of non-Muslims, domination and political colonization, but Nasr mentions the influence of Western science and technology and cultural damage in the light of globalization. In the solutions section, each of them has their own opinions.

The development has always been a point of interest for people, especially in recent history. The historical review of the concept of development has been one of the approaches those interested in the issue of the causes of underdevelopment. We have also pay attention to it with this approach and analytical method and we have tried to answer to some of questions about the causes of undevelopment In the field of trade in Iran. Progress and development in every country there have had total cultural immersion with the culture of development. The safavids in Iran came to power coincided with the start of development in Europe and they were attempts to revive the ancient Iranian authority. The safavids welcomed political and military reasons from arrival of Europeans in Iran. But the Safavids never used from this opportunity for to know the material culture of develop in Europe. Iranians did not follow Europeans in the field of trade and its industries such as waterways and land roads, money, navigation, freedom of trade and commercial corporations. Safavids Despite extensive relations established with Europe and Europeans, they did not adopt No element of material culture of development in Europe .In this article we have tried to review the material culture development in Europe and to compare that with the situation of Iran in the Safavids period.

Despite public awareness about the Safavid era, mostly inferred from contemporary European writers and reports of the Safavid dynasty, a series evidence of social issues can be found in dynastic local histories. Concerning the historiography in the era of Shah Abbas, two types of sources had been written (local and dynastic histories) that in the present article a selection from the common social reports in these histories were studied comparatively. the approach of each of the historians about the issue of social classes, relationships of Shah and local governors and people, social consequences of military events such as the invasion of Uzbaks to the east of Iran or natural disasters such as famine, floods and earthquakes and its social consequences, superstition issues etc., are among the issues of the focus of this article that shows how they are reflected in local histories and dynastic era of Shah Abbas I. The type and amount of reflection of social phenomena in those works, as well as the impact of social and occupational status of their authors in the type of each of these reflections, is the essential issue of the present study. This article attempts to answer these questions that each of the histories on social issues, in what points has shown interest? What was the reason of the considerations? Research findings show that the amount of social reports contained in the local histories is more than dynastic histories and the type of those reports considering the occupational positions of their authors are different from each other.

It is under the conditions of religious tolerance and avoiding prejudices that different thoughts and sometimes the opposite ones could be appeared and accordingly، context of scientific and cultural efflorescence could be created. Tolerance is the factor of dynamism، development and growth of different thoughts and enhances the admission capacity and tolerance of different ideas of the societies subjected to conflicting ideas. Religious tolerance has a significant role in development of science، culture، and scientific and cultural centers and consequently، conditions of scholars in two Alebouyeh and Seljuk periods. Having a contrastive and comparative approach، the present paper analyzes، compares and evaluates religious tolerance in scientific and cultural affairs during two Alebouyeh and Seljuks periods.