جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « حیات اجتماعی » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Khark Island hosted exiles from the Tudeh Party of Iran during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. It was the most cohesive political organization in the country. Most of these exiles had never lived on an island in the Persian Gulf. Thus, their life on the island faced challenges. This research seeks to measure the social life of Tudeh Party exiles within an island environment between 1327 and 1337 A.H. To explain. This article is a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources, archival documents, publications, and data based on oral history.The results of this study show that the life of the exiles affiliated with the Tudeh Party on Khark Island at that time was a mixture of all the geographical deprivations of the island and the disciplinary and security restrictions of deportation. But they were able to overcome their problems by taking advantage of the diversity of their professional skills, staffing, and division of responsibilities - based on their ideology - and interacting with the small Kharkiv indigenous community. Their religion was able to alleviate some of the living problems in an island exile and make the island's environment more conducive to survival. Fear, however, was the most pervasive component of this social group's life in an island exile.

The Buyids, a dynasty of Iranians and Shiites, were attributed to Abu Shuja, who ruled over large parts of Iraq (Ajam and Arab), the island, the Levant, and various parts of Iran, including the mountains, between 322-488 AH. Iran and especially its west has long been the source of important changes in the history of Iran in terms of geographical and historical location. This region was especially prominent in the field of political, cultural and social developments in the fourth century AH during the rule of a branch of Al-Buwayh. The central question of the present study is what was the social situation of Iran during the rule of Al-Buwayh? The hypothesis is that in the shadow of the relative calm provided by the Buwayhid government, the groundwork was laid for social prosperity. However, social inequalities still prevailed in the region. According to the findings of this research, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical method and based on library studies, this region actually contains a kind of set of contradictions or even a historical paradox within itself. Because despite the fact that this region is not very politically stable in this century, the ancient traditions of Iranian history have been socially established in this region.

The Nizari Isma’ili community of Iran during the time of Hassan Sabbah was modeled on the universal Isma’ili invitation before the Nizari period (old invitation), which was composed of various social groups and had its own cultural identity with signs such as scientific center, educational system and popularity of Persian language and some knowledge. During this period, the Nizaris of Iran were able to manage the economic situation of their society with the help of the Nizaris, war booty, taxation, and some civil activities in areas under their control. The Question of the present study is about the social, cultural, and economic life of the Nizari Isma’ili of Iran during the time of Hassan Sabbah. This study aims to show the evolution of the Nizari community of Iran in its early period. The research method is descriptive-analytical based on library resources. The results indicated that during the time of Hassan Sabbah, followers of different social classes were attracted to the Nizari invitation and were able to flourish the Iranian Nizari community in cultural aspects and stabilize it in economical aspects.

The Persian Gulf has long been home to many ethnic groups due to its migratory nature. For a long time, because of shipping and trade, there has been a kind of interaction and cooperation between the population living there, regardless of any religious affiliation or prejudice. One of the groups with a long history in the region is the Jews. Despite their small number, they have played an important role in the tumultuous history of the Persian Gulf and its islands and port. The present study tries to analyze the history of the presence of Jews in the Persian Gulf using a descriptive-analytical method based on library documents, and to answer the question of why and how from the middle of the Safavid period the role and position of the Jews in the socio-economic relations of the ports and islands of the Persian Gulf has diminished.The results of the study show that the beginning of the decline of the socio-economic status of Jews in the Persian Gulf dates back to the presence of the Portuguese in the region and the Safavid domination of the Persian Gulf coast intensified this. Influenced by domestic religious polities and international trade relations, the Safavid government continued the same policy and paved the way for the decline of the Jewish community in the Persian Gulf.

Jews, as one of the religious minorities, have long played an active role in the social and economic life of Iran. This historical background continued in the Safavid era and during this period this group continued its social life in various fields. The shores of the Persian Gulf are one of the areas where Jews lived, traded, and worked. This study seeks to examine the impact of the policies of the Safavid government on the decline of their social and economic status as one of the oldest religious communities in the Persian Gulf. Obviously, due to the little information we have in this regard, not all funds and areas can be examined and evaluated. Therefore, we have to pay attention only to the areas and issues about which data are available.

The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method based on the main sources. The aim of this paper is to investigate the socio-economic life of Jews in the Persian Gulf in the Safavids period.

Jews are one of the oldest religious-ethnic minorities in the Iranian society. Their geographical dispersion indicates that a specific point cannot be considered as their main habitat. This group scattered throughout Iran from the west to the central regions and from the central regions to the south, including the main area of their geographical distribution. One of the areas with a large Jewish presence was the shores of the Persian Gulf. This presence was accompanied by socio-economic activities there. What provided a good ground for such activities was the social context and structure of the Persian Gulf. The Persian Gulf, as one of the major trade routes, has been the center of international trade and commerce throughout history. This characteristic created a special social context and structure, the main feature of which was religious tolerance and mutual respect for different religions and denominations. This feature was so deep and lasting that it also affected the political structure of the region. Naturally, various religious groups, including the Jews, benefited from this socio-political structure. They operated freely in the various commercial and economic spheres without the slightest fear and were able to settle or travel in different parts of the region with no restriction.
With the arrival of the Portuguese, the socio-political climate of the region changed. They were staunch supporters of the Catholic Church and the Pope and did not give dignity to other religious groups. With their arrival, religious segregation in Hormuz, as the most important center of commercial and social, began exchange. They imposed more restrictions, especially on Jews, and even prevented new Jewish groups from entering the island. The defeat of the Portuguese and their expulsion from Hormuz strengthened the Safavids' presence on all the northern coasts and parts of the southern areas of the Persian Gulf. Despite the centennial presence of the Portuguese, the social fabric was so strong that indigenous and local communities could withstand external pressures and abuses and maintain and perpetuate their own archetype. Perhaps one of the main reasons for this failure is the alienation of the Portuguese themselves. This does not mean that their existence in this field has not been ineffective; rather, its effects have been few and far between.The Safavids at the beginning of their presence could not or did not want to change this structure. But later, under the influence of the court atmosphere, they pursued the same policy of restricting the Jews; a policy that was in stark contrast to the attitude of local bureaucrats and the social fabric and structure of the region. The growing weakness of the central government, which led to a reduction in court oversight of the rulers' performance, paved the way for further extortion. They put pressure on most groups and classes and found different ways to make a profit. Jews, meanwhile, were more likely to be abused.The change in the policy of the Safavid state not only affected the attitude of the bureaucrats towards Jews and other religious minorities but also affected the behavior of the indigenous community towards other religious groups in the long run. Despite the pessimistic view of the Safavid government and its supporters in the interior of Iran towards the Jews, we have no reports that the local communities on the shores of the Persian Gulf have taken a similar position. However, in the Qajar period, sources mention the negative view of the local community towards non-Islamic religious minorities although the actions of these minorities in changing this attitude should not be ignored. It can be assumed that the change in bureaucratic policies has also played an important role in this regard.

Timurids extolled urban life and were diligent regarding making flourishing cities and reviving diverse facets of urban life. Cities were of a significant social function, and different social groups and classes were active within them. Therefore, Timurid's role turns into an essential issue in the social life of the city. The present study tries to answer this query: "How was a city's social life within the Timurids realm, and what factors played a role in forming them?" The current study's intended hypothesis is that the Timurids and some of social groups and classes besides social relationships made it possible to bring societal dynamism to the important cities within their realm. The study aims to historically analyze the city's societal life in the Timurids realm. Hence, it is tried to examine the Timurids' viewpoint regarding the city and urban life, introduce the most influential social groups and classes effective on the societal life of a city, and point out people's societal relationships. The study results suggest that the Timurids were influential in reviving the social life of cities. The important cities located in their realm bloomed and became essential loci of population, and different kinds of economic and cultural activities and societal relations developed within them. As a result, these cities achieved much social dynamism.

The Qajar period coincided with the great political and economic developments of the nineteenth century in Europe. Due to its important geographical and strategic location, Iran has become the focus of attention and competition among the great European powers, and various groups of political and military officials, followed by foreign travelers and tourists, have made this country their field of research. a group of scholars emerged as orientalists and Iranologists to be sent to the Orient to study various scientific fields. The of Shiraz, which at that time was an important center of urbanization and trade, and in addition due to its historical and cultural antiquity, has always been of interest to foreign tourists, in this period also the special attention of French and Russian travelers to some extent. It is noteworthy that almost all of them have recorded valuable information about this city; That's why travelogues left by these people are so important because of their social and cultural content. With a descriptive-analytical approach this study seeks to answer the question of what has been the social situation of Shiraz in the Qajar era from the perspective of Oriental studies? the accurate and valuable information of these travelogues about Shiraz, and their different narratives due to their job class or mission, all of them seek to portray a kind of self-optimism about their Western culture and the other. The east has collapsed, here Iran and especially Shiraz were the Qajar period.

Agricultural pests are reffered to any plants or living things the proliferation of which in the farm and the use of products directly or indirectly cause the yield reduction quantitatively and qualitatively and it has had a direct relationship with the topic of social _economic security during the history of Iran especially in Naseri period. This paper has been conducted based on historical method in a descriptive _analytical manner and it studies the topic of general public living and it's relevance to the agricultural disasters.  The research objective is to study the social _security consequences of agricultural disasters in Iran during Naseri period relying on resources and documents of Qajar period.  The research findings showed that agricultural pests and diseases such as: grasshopper invasions, age of wheat and silkworms  had a direct effective relationship with unsecured factors like: continuation of famine, many disorders, food stuff smuggling, growth of various types of social, cultural and living poverties, bread shortage cholera and plague outbreaks, increase in the good import from Europe, expansion of land and water conflicts among rural communities, rural migrations and leaving the habitats.

The imposition of power and security _military usage of the Caspian sea, particularly after the Soviet union collapse, has been a serious security challenge for countries around it such as the Islamic republic of Iran.  Due to the importance of military _security history of the Caspian sea to understand it's present position geopolitically and geostrategicaly, the present research aims to investigate the military _security evolution ruling on the Caspian sea from Safavi period to the conclusion of Aktau 2018 convention in a descriptive _analytical method using library sources. It also assesses the most important military _security aspects of the related convention. In this regard, the mentioned history will be divdied into 2 main parts based on which the paper will advance: from Safavid period to the collapse of Russia to Aktau convention in 2018. The study of this historical process showed that we are witnessing a shift from unilateralism  to multilateralism in military _security context in the scope of Caspian sea.  A movement based on and as a result of which Aktau 2018 convention was concluded between coastal states of Caspian sea.  This convention is a security _based document that potentially can be used in order to terminate  unilateralism of some countries in the region and military presence of non_Caspian states.

In the present study, it was attempted to re-examine the activities of Kurdish women in various social and economic fields, not only from the Kurdish language itself, but also from the language of neutral observers. And a comparative comparison between the social scene of Kurdish women and other women in Iran and Central Asia. The fundamental question of the research is whether the social status of Kurdish women can be compared to the surrounding areas? And what influenced the presence of Kurdish women in the social arena? The method used in this study is descriptive-analytical. The desired components were women's participation in special ceremonies and women's dresses. A library method has also been used for data collection. The above studies show that living environment, livelihood and tribal customs were effect on the presence of Kurdish women in the social realm in traditional Kurdish society. Also, based on historical evidence and in the eyes of European explorers, Kurdish women have a better social status than many other areas around.

Buwayhid government provided opportunities for the activities of all social classes such as the followers of the other major Devine religions scattering in most parts of Iran in three geographical areas which were different from the organization of the court and the government and in an atmosphere of tolerance. Buwayhid Rulers supported the religious minorities, especially the elite ones and hired them based on their expertise and efficiency in various social-political sectors as well as in the executive positions in the court and the government. Most of the Christians were engaged in academic activities like the scribes and medicine, Jews were involved in business and currency exchange, Zoroastrians were mostly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry and Sabeans were involved in the academic and practical professions. Despite the contribution of the religious minorities in various fields and the rulers’ attempt to uphold their rights, in some cases, the rights of minorities were violated in different forms of looting, confiscation of property and destruction of their houses and shops. Consequently like the other eras, they were gradually marginalized and deprived of social and political privileges due to some reasons. Based on what was mentioned earlier, the reactions and attitudes of the religious minorities towards Buwayhid tolerance needed to be investigated. The present study implements a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the social roles of the religious minorities in this era.

Genealogy has been among the sciences taken into consideration by Muslims and created to avoid making mistakes in recognizing the people’s lineage. In order to recognize the lineage of people and its legal consequences, recognition of lineage became important. Abbasids who came out based on ancestral reputation regarded genealogy important especially genealogy of the family of prophet (Bani Hashem). In this regard, they established the structure of a leadership in the 3rd century AH to preserve the Bani Hashem’s rights to settle the affairs of Sadats of Hashemi. Automatically, this issue led to the vital and basic need to expert genealogists and a ground for development of genealogy. The heyday of this science could be seek during Seljuk era i.e. a period in which Talebiyan (a branch of Bani Hashem) had a better social position and genealogy of Talebiyan received attention. Adopting an analytico-descriptive approach in this study and after explaining the position of Talebian in Seljuk era and genealogy works, the relation of genealogy with Talebiyan’s social life was analyzed and the effect of this science on development of the extent of their social influence has been discussed.

Social life of Transoxiansat the end of its declining process in the 19 AD/13 AH experienced another raid of alien tribes. Employing a descriptive research method، the present paper attempts to narrate the Muslims’ social life in Transoxiana. It particularly investigates the period in which this land had been colonized by Russians. Transformations in the ethnic and demographic composition made Russians in charge of seven million Muslims who were being dominated through adopting Russification policy. Considering such circumstances، the main issue addressed in this paper is the changes that occurred in the social life of the Muslims as a result of adopting such a policy. The findings of the study reveal that for practicing Russification—aimed at assimilating Transoxiana to Russian society and culture—the Russians established a new form of colonized society by becoming governors and citizens of the Muslim society. The results of study deepened the initial question and led to this idea that the Russian colonizers by changing ethnic composition of the society and penetrating into its religious authority and civil laws، as well as building Russian cities، established a new form of colonized cities.

This paper is an introduction to the recognition of the cultural and social life of Arab tribes of Iraq, as one the most important constituent elements of demographic composition of this country, which has not experienced much changes despite the passage of many centuries. The main problem of the paper is about the cultural - social life of the tribe and its constituent units as a factor in the continuity and sustainability of the tribe identity by the default that some of Iraqi tribal customs are rooted in Arabian peninsula as the origin of the continuous migration of those tribes, that the passage of time also has not resulted to the removal of those customs. It should be noted that the adherence to the tribal structure has been continued in the life of Iraqi Arab tribes despite the many changes occurred in this country.The research achievements beside recognition of the Iraqi tribes’ cultural - social relations during 17-19 centuries, noted that the contemporary government of Iraq has been established and consolidated with such a tribal context. Paying attention to this matter will be very helpful to understand the function of Iraqi government.

Some of the Mazandaran Cities have developed economically, due to the Safavid Kings Economic Policies especially during the Shah Abbas kingship (996-1038 A.H.) Farah Abad of Sari and Ashraf Al-Belad cities are the most important examples of such policy for commercial splendor of given approach in the Eastern part of Mazandaran province. This research attempts to answer this question that, what are the key-factors of the formation, development and collapse of Farah Abad by applying the role and importance of the dominant pattern of the Safavid Urban-planning in Mazandaran, here the case study of Farah Abad. The research methodology is Historical Analysis Approach. Data-gathering method includes library and field studies. The result shows that Farah Abad city had three main evolutionary stages during the sixty years of its own dynamic life (1021-1078 A.H) in which, evolution of Urban Structure has been depended on various politico-economic factors.

The key point of local historiography focuses on the studies about a particular regional area. Thus local historians، based on their distraction on specific geographical places، have more time to look deeper into the details in different perspectives and introduce a geometrical viewpoint. Living in a certain geographical aria، gives a local historian the opportunity to obtain and record various issues; which no one else has had the chance to undertake. Therefore، local history is a broad field for different practices of mind and sight to be investigated like themes that over the decades and centuries have remained as beneficial heritage from yesterdays to the readers of today and the future. Different approaches to social، political and official circles at their local/regional level، and in general subjects on the rural and urban structure in details and the circumstances of city construction would be another range of topics for studies. This study tries to examine the following hypothesis: Qajar period is the last era in the field of traditional local historiography which has had a major variety of themes. Based on the historical sources، this article seeks to draw out the related themes and subjects and classify them for further study in the Qajar era.

After the advent of Islam, the clear terms of the Holy Quran determined to improve relations between Muslims and People of the Book. According to Sura Tawba (The Repentance), verse 29, people of the Book could remain loyal to their religion, if they would like, and pay per capita tax, called tribute, in return for having permission to live in the Islamic society. The Holy Prophet strengthened his relations with Christians in compliance with the aforementioned verse. The number of Dhemmi Christians increased after the conquest of Christian settlements during the reign of the first Caliphs. The increase of population caused new debates on how the religious and sociopolitical relationships between Muslims and Dhemmi Christians can be established. Therefore, it was necessary to pass and implement new rules to determine the religious and sociopolitical position of Dhemmi people in the Islamic society. The present paper tries to investigate the religious and sociopolitical rights of the Dhemmi people during the reign of the first Caliphs.

Taking Damascus as the capital of Caliphate during the Umayyad period prepared the ground for developing direct relations between Caliphs and Christians. Since most of the Syrians in those days were Christians, Caliphs had to follow a kind of permissive policy towards Christians. The permissive attitude of most Umayyad Caliphs towards Christians and not imposing social and religious restrictions on them lent the Christians high status in Umayyad period. Due to Muslim’s lack of knowledge of governmental affairs in subjugated territories. Christians dominated Muslim's administrative institutions in Umayyad period. Furthermore, due to their skill in medicine and proficiency in Greek and Syrian, Christians had an important role in developing sciences in medicine and translation of books in Umayyad period. The present paper reviews the social, economical, religious, and political conditions of Zimmi Christians in Umayyad period and investigates their role in developing Muslim's sciences.

With the rize of the Safavid power and establishment of Twelver Shiism as the only estate religion, Iran has experienced and withness a great religion changes like Renesance in Italy. To improve and widespred this change and demands, many learned, ministers and religious activists were involved such as Sari Taqi, the minister, killed in 1055 A.H. / 1645 A.D.). He was the minister of three Safavid Kings. (The present paper is a neutral and critical consideration about the political and social life of this minister who was responsiple for many death, strictness, disagreements, threats and intrigues in the court of these Safavids kings: Abbas I, Shah Safi and Abbas II) which caused his death in the end).