جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سده های نخست اسلامی » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

One of the burial methods in the Zoroastrian religion is the Xwaršēd Nigerišnand the placement of the corpse in the towers of silence. With reference to the classical sources and archeological findings, this burial tradition has been reported in the Zoroastrian religion from the beginning of the historical period until today. So far, few studies have been carried out on the tower of silence of Ray. These studies often focus on description of the site and its architectural features. It is not possible to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of this architectural structure and the construction history of the site by solely relying on these studies. This research tries to evaluate the evolution of the architecture of the tower of silence of Ray from the early to the late Islamic centuries. In addition, it seeks to obtain evidence regarding the relative construction dating of the site. As a result, this research tries to answer two questions: 1) how was the original architectural structure of the tower of silence of Ray and what architectural developments have taken place in it? 2) With reference to the literary sources and comparative studies, when was the tower of silence of Ray constructed? In order to find answers to the aforementioned questions, a descriptive-analytical method has been used. The library method, alongside with field and comparative studies were the most important information gathering means for this investigation. The results of this study indicates that the tower of silence of Ray belongs to the Early Islamic period and continued to be used up to the Late Islamic era. Furthermore, the comparative study of the architectural structure of the site, while confirming the proposed dating, places the tower of silence of Ray alongside with the tower of silence of the Yazd Mountain and the ancient Dakhma of Kerman in a particular generation of towers of silence. A generation that continued the tradition of the Pre-Islamic era towers of silence and represented the towers of silence of the early Islamic centuries.

An investigation of the Fotouh news indicates that the commanders of the Arab Muslim Corps in most cases preferred to gain control over the land of Iran through the conclusion of peaceful agreements instead of war. For this reason, in different ways, they gave immunity to the Iranian nobles and their subjects, despite having a history of war and even violation of the treaty and rebellion. They sat at the negotiating table with them. Considering the repetition of this policy, this question is raised, "what were the motivations in persuading the Arab political-military elites to adopt a strategy of reconciliation and compromise with the Iranian elites?" Although the great event of conquest of Iran by the Muslim Arabs has been discussed and analyzed by the historians from various angles, no comprehensive and independent research has been done to answer the question. Relying on the first-hand sources and using a historical approach and an analytical-descriptive method, the author tries to answer this question. The findings show that factors such as facilitating the advances of the Arab armies in Iran with the assistance of the local rulers, reducing resistances and protests in different areas of Iran by using the ethnic influence and prestige of the big local families, using the military force of the Iranian elites in the internal conflicts of Arab tribes, and using the knowledge and experiences of the Iranian bureaucrats and peasants in governing the occupied areas have been effective in concluding peaceful contracts. It was also the reason for the Arab political-military elites’ inclination to adopt the strategy of reconciliation and compromise with the Iranian nobles in conquering the land of Iran.

Following the rule of Muslim Arabs in Iran and some political, social and cultural developments resulting from this historical event, many uprisings of various natures took place in this land, which reached its peak in the second century AH. During these uprisings, which began almost with the Abbasid caliphate, it shook the foundations of Abbasid power for almost a century. Thus, this study seeks to answer the question of what social status the leaders of these uprising had in the Iranian society in the first centuries, who found great success in attracting followers and accompanying various members of society. However, many of these uprisings have been studied by historians from various political, religious, military, and economic perspectives; But the social standing of these leaders, who played a central role in the uprisings, has received little attention, or some have introduced them from the masses without a critical approach to what Islamic historians have written about the lineage and family of these leaders. While in this research, it has been tried to deal with the background of the leaders of these protests by using ancient historical sources and with a critical approach to the sources and in a descriptive and analytical manner. The findings of this research, based on a careful reading of historical texts, show that, contrary to popular belief, most of the leaders of these popular uprisings against Arab rule in Iran had aristocratic backgrounds and were often rooted in former Iranian families and agents.

Palm cultivation and date production were considered as the main occupations of farmers and gardeners of the tropical regions of Fars Province during the early Islamic centuries. The present study was conducted from the perspective of historical geography based on human interaction with its surroundings. Therefore, palm cultivation, date production, and various areas depending on palm-related livelihoods were studied in Fars Province during the mentioned period. This research was a descriptive-analytical study performed by referring to library resources and conducting a field study in some areas of the province cultivating palm trees with palm irrigation structures. In the early Islamic centuries, various regions of the province were regarded as tropical regions where palm trees were of great importance. Some references have considered this province, especially Khark Island, as the origin of all palm trees in the world. Persian books have reported “palm” under the name of “khormabon,” but the southern Iranian people have used to call palm trees “Mokh”, “Mogh”, and “Mog”, which are some words rooted in the Pahlavi language. Resistance against drought, adaptation to warm climate, and high fruiting rate are the important natural features of this tree. Historical and geographical sources, as well as the remaining old palm gardens, suggested interaction of people living in Fars Province with their surrounding geography and their attempts to establish many palm gardens. In old Fars Province, there were settlements called “Moghistan”, “Mokhdan”, and “Moghdan”, indicating that people planted palm trees and had palm gardens. Moreover, the rise of gardens in this region mainly meant that palm trees were planted here as well.In the tropical regions of Fars Province, people used all parts of a palm tree in their lives. In fact, many of the livelihood patterns of people in this area were taken from the palm tree. Palm played an important role in the architecture of houses as the trunk of this tree was used in their ceilings. In some places, people built their houses with the foliage of this tree. In the tropical regions of Fars Province, the word “pish” (or pesh) meaning palm leaf was adopted from Pahlavi language. Palm leaves had an important impact on the emergence of handicrafts and supplies needed in the people’s lives in this area. Brooms, fans, ropes, and various containers were among the items made with palm leaves. A variety of instruments made from palm leaves indicated the vast extent of its use and its important role in the people’s lives in the tropical lands of Fars Province. This reflected people's creativity in using a natural phenomenon like a palm tree and making widely used tools from its leaves, thus indicating their interaction with the natural phenomena around them.Dates are the main product of palm trees. “Khorma” (Persian word for date) is again a Pahlavi word. Dates and fresh dates (Rotab) were important products produced in the tropical regions of the province. Since this region was always threatened by drought, dates played an important role in providing food for people due to their abundant energy and long durability. In some periods, they were considered as the only fruit for people. Their pureness and sweetness led to their abundant use in nutrition. Different products, such as date honey and date syrup, were produced from dates. Dates were widely used with dairy and Tahini. They were also used to make different dishes, sweets, and Halva, which were among the common traditional foods of the province. They were of medical importance and used as medicine for treating some diseases as well.Dates were important economically and were among the main export items of the tropical regions in this province and a source of income for a number of people. During the years of famine and pest attack, dates  were imported from Basra and Bahrain to be used in the province. Due to trade relations, dates were also exported from the Persian Gulf countries to India and China where such palm trees were not planted.One of the important effects of palm trees on the people’s lives in the tropical regions of Fars Province was coinage of a large number of words and terms related to them, indicating that palm trees had more influence on the lexical richness of literature and culture of this land compared to any other trees. The importance of palm trees led to preservation of many of these words in the folklore and traditions of these people throughout history. Therefore, it could be said that palm tree was the most important tropical tree in Fars Province and date was the major tree crop in this region.

Valuable monuments has remained from the historical and Islamic period in the South West of Loresstan Province. Despite the importance some of these monuments and theirs registration in the List of National Monuments, Have not been performed proper research about them. Have not been comprehensively studied and there is not enough knowledge of them. One of these monuments is the building known as “Tappe Zagheh” in the center of “Romashkan” plain. Despite doing archaeological studies in Romashkan and visiting foreign and Iranian archaeologists from the Tappe Zagheh, our only knowledge about this building limited to its position. Previous reports introduced this Mansion. These reports have made comments on the date of construction and fanction of this mansion without reference to archaeological and architecture evidence from the building. But the exact date of construction and the actual operation still is unknown. Therefore, it is necessary this building will be studied in an independent study and comprehensive manner and recognized its historical period of construction and actual functioning. The purpose of this article is to achieve this. The main research questions are: 1- What period was built the mansion known as “Tappe Zagheh” in Romashkan plain? 2- What function had? The research approach in this study is "historical" and the findings are gathered with documentary and field studies.The results of the research show that “Tappe Zagheh” was a caravanserai between historical city of Seimareh and Tarhan region. Architectural element, Materials used in construction of the building and scattered pottery around “Tappe Zagheh” show that it was built in late Sassanian period and it was used until the Middle Ages of Islamic period. Tappe Zagheh” was a caravanserai between historical city of Seimareh and Tarhan region. Architectural element, Materials used in construction of the building and scattered pottery around “Tappe Zagheh” show that it was built in late Sassanian period and it was used until the Middle Ages of Islamic period.

One of the most important cities in the west of Iran, which has received unique stuccoes from the early Islamic centuries, is the historic city of Saimarreh in Ilam province. In this city, a large number of stuccoes with geometric and plant motifs and a plaque with the human figure has been found. According to the results of archaeological excavations, these stuccoes were created while the city was being built in the first half of the second century AH. Among the prominent features of these stuccoes are the use of geometric nodes and geometric and plant motifs in combination. In this article, we try to identify the influential trends and sources of inspiration of the artists by examining the motifs used in these decorations. The research approach is historical-descriptive and the data were collected through the library and objective observation. The results show that the designs used in these stuccoes, in addition to borrowing from the art of the Sassanian era, have clearly been influenced by Islamic Art. Inspired by Sassanian art and influenced by the nature of the region, the artists of these stuccoes have put Sassanian art into the Islamic forms and instituted a new style of stucco decoration that has been used in all kinds of different art forms in later centuries. The results show that the designs used in these stuccoes, in addition to borrowing from the art of the Sassanian era, have clearly been influenced by Islamic Art. Inspired by Sassanian art and influenced by the nature of the region, the artists of these stuccoes have put Sassanian art into the Islamic forms and instituted a new style of stucco decoration that has been used in all kinds of different art forms in later centuries.

The historical center of the city of Bam, known as the Citadel of Bam, is located on the northeast side of the city. Despite the numerous and varied research done so far in the field of archeology and architecture in relation to the structure and landscape of this city in the first centuries of the Islamic era, there are still important and key questions to which appropriate and concise answers have been given. Not yet. In this research, which is based on the purpose of fundamental research and, by nature and method, a historical research, the main question: What was the landscape of Bam in the early centuries of Islam? The data has been collected in two ways: documentary and fieldwork. The results of this research show that the city of Bam in the early islamic centuries had three parts: Arg (Citadel), Sharestan (the main part of the city) and Rabaz (suburb(.During this period,Arg- e Bam (the citadel of Bam) was the central core of surrounded by a four-gate enclusure. The Rabaz, was not enclosed and two rivers to the north and south have physically separated a large part of it from thebody of Sharestan. The natural barriers that existed in the north and east of the city of Bam caused the city to expand in the south and west. The approximate area of Sharestan was 260 hectares and the total area of the city (Rabaz, gardens and farms) was over 900 hectares and the city had three mosques, one within Arg (the Citadel) and the other two in Sharestan

The construction of religious structures holds a particular place in the various branches of architecture. Upon the rise of Islam in Iran and the resulting changes in the ruling system and rituals, the functions and usage of buildings changed. Fars Province is one of the important regions in Iran which greatly benefitted from the arrival of Islam, and the Muslims living there employed many of the useful recommendations of Shar’ and the intellect in different aspects of their life. For example, they used the structure of fire temples to construct mosques and create a place for the gathering of Muslims. The present paper is intended to examine and analyze the process of changing the fire temples of Izadkhast and Estakhr into mosques during the early Islamic centuries in Fars with an emphasis on the architectural structure of the mosques and based on archeological proofs and documented evidence. This study was conducted following the descriptive-analytic and field methods. The required data were collected from library sources and also through field-based observation and investigation and use of maps and croquis. The results of this study indicate that the two mosques were the products of changing the functions of fire temples. Nevertheless, the space of the original structures underwent some qualitative and essential changes based on monotheistic beliefs. In fact, in the light of a minimum of physical alterations, a number of important qualitative changes were made to them in line with Islamic principles and beliefs. For example, the fire and hearth were removed from the center of the inner space of the building, and the Qibla angle was covered with a wall and the symbol of Qibla. Moreover, in order to make the spaces under the square domes more internal and exclude the attention to the outside, portals, porches, left-side corridors, inner yards, doors, and external walls were added to the main buildings,the main axes of whichwere in the direction of Qibla.

The arrival of Islam in Iranian territories led to the changes in architecture of Iranian cities of Sassanid period. The general feature of such cities was the expansion of its external part (Rabaz). The reports of Muslim geographers indicate that the structure of these cities, however, the information about the architecture of Iran's historical cities are incomplete and imprecise. Yazd city could be a good example of these cities. This study aims to indicate the structure of Yazd city based on the historical, architectural and archeological documents with analytical- descriptive approach. The outcome of this research demonstrates that the part of Sharestan, which was small, had a stable rampart with two gates. One of these gates, known as Darb Masjed (The door of mosque), was located in the south of Sharestan. The second gate, known as Darb Izad or Andaru, was situated in the north of this part. The market and one of the central mosques were located in Rabaz and another mosque was situated in Sharestan. The important issue about this city was the expansion of this city in south, south _ west and south _ east. It is assumed that the market had influence on this expansion of this part in the next period.