جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سیره پژوهی » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The historians and biographers were of different approaches in dealing with the statement of Erhasat (unusual events simultaneous with the birth of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH)). A group of authors have mentioned only one case of Erhasat, while some others have mentioned all of them, and some have contributed these issues to the time of Prophet’s mission. This article is to investigate the news of Erhasat and the reasons for its writing or non-writing in the Islamic and Iranian historical writings until the 7th century (A. H). The findings of this research indicate that the historians with the religious bias as well as the authors of the books of Dalael al-Nabowah have stated Erhasat, while the historians with the rationalist thoughts have refrained from its statement.

Siyyid Jaʿfar Murtiżā (A.H. 1364-1441/A.D. 1945-2020) is one of the authors who write about Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) and his manners of living. He has analysed a multitude of historical accounts in the book Al-ṣaḥīḥ min Sīrat-al-nabī al-aʿẓam. One of his methods of analysing historical narrations has only received scant attention from other scholars of the life of Prophet. The method focuses on the personality and psychological characteristics of the person who has been talked about.In the field of psychology, personality is defined as a set of physical, psycological, and behavioral characteristics distinguishing each person from others and enabling a prediction of each person’s behavior. ʿĀmilī has not analysed personality from a psyco-theoretical point of view, but has rather pointed out constant behavioral characteristics based on a set of historical accounts related to each person and as such evaluated the various accounts related to that person. The present study examines ʿĀmilī’s method of analysis by conducting research on Al-ṣaḥīḥ min Sīrat-al-nabī al-aʿẓam.

Imams’ seerah ‌, as the best lifestyle, have been welcomed in recent decades especially due to the need of religious government, and consequently, institutions and centers have been dedicated to this purpose. Despite the growing acceptance of religious rituals as manifestations of piety, Seerah and Seerah research still does not have an acceptable status for some reasons. In researches, theory-based innovations and proportionate to the issues, needs of the time are less visible and are often far from the up-to-date scientific literature. Why Seerah / Seerah research is less effective in the individual and social life of Iran Shiite community, especially the new generation? This article tries to consider the subject and think of a solution through a critical analytical method. The hypothesis is that the main cause of Seerah research inefficiency is being behind the rapid changes of today’s world or their inadequacy with stability avoidance, and the way to get rid of this situation is to know more about time and its needs, and finally to provide proportionate answers. Although, seerah, its nature and even its significance have been the subject of many types of research, it has been less considered from this point of view.

Ronald Victor Courtenay Bodley (1892-1970), the English Islamic studies scholar, has studied the life of the Prophet (PBUH) based on the social evolution theory and the environmental effects of Saudi Arabia on the prophet in the book of The Messenger: the life of Mohammad. He experienced living with the Arabs to understand the living conditions of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). This paper by using the descriptive-analytical method seeks to answer this question that what effect considering the Saudi Arabia environmental conditions approach had on Bodley’s view of the prophet? Findings of the research indicate that perceiving the prophet in the context of Saudi Arabia environmental conditions caused Bodley to present a more balanced perspective of the Prophet (PBUH). Although his views sometimes confirmed the same hostile middle ages’ perspectives, his tone wasn’t offensive. Bodley interpreted some of the prophet’s characteristics similar to the Arabs’ life. He also severely criticized the former views and emphasized the good attributes of the prophet, such as simple living.

Patricia Crone, Danish scholar of the 21st century, is one of the leaders of the skepticism movement in Western studies of the Prophet’s life. One of her most prominent works is " Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam." Using the descriptive-analytic method, this study seeks to investigate the role of Crone's skeptical approach in shaping her views and the strengths and weaknesses of this book. The research findings show that the views of Crone are formed solely based on her skeptical attitude towards Islamic sources. She considers Islamic sources on the early history of Islam as lacking in historical validity and regards that historical knowledge of this period is possible only through material evidence and non-Islamic historical texts. The methodology of Crone has been influenced by the origin of her philosophy of history, and postmodernism has had a great impact on her. Presenting a critique of Crone’s ideas and rejecting her reasons for the incredibility of Islamic resources, the paper explains the problem of relying solely on material evidence and non-Islamic texts and makes clear that they are only complementary to Islamic sources.

The centrality of the Prophet sīra (biography) in Islamic culture and civilization, which includes the role of the intermediary of the Prophet in receiving the revelation and the human, social, and cultural-civilizational formation of it, requires that firstly, the various aspects of this sīra are known and secondly, its anthropological, moral and sociological principles, and, in general, its function in Islamic culture and civilization, are to be derived for making a culture and civilization. This will not be achieved except in the light of the requirements and identification of various kinds of the sources of the Prophet Sīra. The purpose of this article is by a holistic view and content analysis method to explain the religious-civilization requirements of the source's identification (based on the various aspects of his personality), the recognition of its varieties. Important and well-known books on Prophet life include three types of Sīra and Maghāzī, general Chronicles, and the local Chronicles of Mecca and Medina, which are excluded from this study. Instead, such types as the Quran and its interpretations, hadīth collections, biographical dictionaries, Futūḥ (conquests) and Kharādj (land taxation) books, as well as geographical and theological works by the seventh century AH, which have been less studied or neglected in SĪRA studies, are examined.

The critical analysis of Islamic sources in Europe during the nineteenth century led to a sense of suspicion and distrust toward the whole narrative and historical reference books among western scholars who studied Islamic history and sirah. In spite of the pessimistic consequences in the first half of twentieth century, several books about The Prophet were written in which their authors, although, admitted the suspicious validity and reliability of narrations on the Prophet’s life, they believed that through a critical evaluation, it is possible to compile a reliable account on The Prophet life. One of these critical biographies is the book “The problem of Muhammad” written by French orientalist Regis Blachere (1900 – 1973). Analysing Blachere’s views on The Prophet’s life before his prophetic mission shows that Blachere tried to provide an objective and scholarly biography of The Prophet, based on Koran (the only existing reference from The Prophet time), the valid documents, and some information in the field of linguistics, anthropology, and religion's heritage, etc. But the result of his efforts is a sīrah, in parts of which his hypothesis, as well as his personal interpretations based on his intellectual views observed.

In the last decades of 19th century، through the approach of the critical study of sources، it was done some researches concerning the biography of Prophet Mohammad which led to the uncertainty in the narrations of biography and mistrust in all the narrative and historical resources of Islam. In this atmosphere، Regis blachere in his work “Le Probleme de Muhomet”، “Mohammad’s issue” clarifies the present problems in utilizing Holy Quran as well as the information of biography books as the reliable resoures. Furthermore، he claims that in spite of the nonexistence of documents providing the possibility of writing the biography of Prophet Mohammad with a coherence and great detail، it is possible to recreate the atmosphere، in which the prophetic mission was developed، relying on Holy Quran as the mere contemporary resource. Blachere’s work، a critical study concerning the biography of Prophet Mohammad، is merely on the basis of Quranic evidences and in this regard he takes advantage of news and information of biography in order to prove the Quranic information.

The almighty God priories the holy prophet to other prophets and creatures with salient attributes, properties and particular priorities. The prophet's properties have been famous for khasayes al- Nabi. Khasayes al- Nabi is considered as one of the ancient and less surveyed issues of prophet's conduct some of which affected by dishonest and deceitful people due to sensitivity and not recognizing them. Around the necessity of considering this issue, there exists two approaches among Shiite and Sunnite scholars; some believe that these properties belong to the prophet and they will be expired by his farewell and there would be no need to be investigated. And some others believe that the investigation of these properties is essential due to the necessity of perfect recognition of holy prophet and defend of him. In this research, the precedent and later scholar's approach of Shiite and Sunnite and the properties of each of them will be investigated and finally, the necessity of considering the issue of Khasayes al- Nabi will be mentioned.