جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « عراق » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Shahrizor is a vast plain in the eastern part of Iraqi Kurdistan, located near the western borders of Iran, which had a good deal of importance during the Sassanian period because of its location in the middle of the road from the Sassanian capital of Ctesiphon to the famous fire temple of Azar Goshnasb in Shiz) present-day Takht-e Soleiman). The name of this place has been mentioned in the Sassanid contemporary sources, including the important inscription of Narseh in Paikuli, as well as the book of Karnameh-ye Ardeshir-e Babakan and Syriac texts. According to the bilingual inscription (Pahlavi and Parthian) of the Paikuli Tower, this place was called “Syārazūr” during the Sassanid period and was one of the areas whose inhabitants were present at the celebration of the Narseh victory in Paikuli. Despite the importance of this region in the studies of the Sassanid period, so far little attention has been paid to it, especially by Iranian researchers. This research, based on library studies, has studied Shahrizor in the Sassanid period based on historical sources and the results of the archaeological excavations. For this purpose, assuming that the Shahrizor plain was important during the Sassanian period due to various political, economic and religious aspects, we answer the questions about the reasons for the importance of this place, its appearance in the Sassanian period, and the location of its main settlement based on the historical texts and archaeological results of surveys and excavations. Some of the natural and geographical features of the Shahrizor plain are its average height (about 500-600 m above sea level), fertile soil and access to important water-rich rivers such as Tanjero, Little Zab and Sirwan, as well as numerous permanent springs. Based on the results of the archeological surveys and excavations, Bestansur, Gerd-i Kazhaw and Gird-I Qalrakh are the important sites of the Shahrizor plain which have an archaeological layer of Sasanian settlement. In addition, the site of Yasin tepe has been introduced as the main candidate for the Sassanid and early Islamic city of Shahrizor due to its large size. However, the site of Gird-I Qalrakh, which, according to the results of the excavations, has significant data from this period, can also be one of the proposed options for the main settlement of Shahrizor.

With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, a part of its territory was split among the Allies, leading to the formation of many countries, including Iraq. Iran regarded the territory of Iraq up to the Euphrates as a part of its territory since ancient time and had clashed with the Ottomans for centuries to achieve this goal and saw the Versailles Peace Congress to raise this demand after the conclusion of the war. However, the great powers, particularly Britain, had envisaged a different destiny for Iraq, and as a consequence, Iraq became Iran's western neighbor. Therefore, it is clear that, from this point on, Iran's stance toward the newly created Iraq was impacted by a historical backdrop which caused the Iranian government to refuse to recognize this country for years. This prompted the Iraqi government, fomented by the British Empire and seeking to consolidate its influence, to exert pressure on Iran through measures such as the deportation of Iranian religious scholars who criticized British trusteeship, canceling the capitulation of Iranian citizens in Iraq, as well as border disputes. Finally, this turmoil, combined with other national and international issues, compelled Iran to recognize Iraq. As a result, the problem of the present research is to know why and how the newly established Iraq was recognized by Iran after many years. Also, this research employs a descriptive approach, drawing on Persian and Arabic texts and sources from the historical era in question to study and explain the causes or factors impacting these relationships, as well as their shifts and evolutions.

The Arbaeen walk is a transnational, historical, multi-dimensional, trans-religious and interdisciplinary phenomenon with various functions and consequences, which has been of special importance and prestige for a long time and is considered a super event. Pilgrimage rituals with this size of population from different countries and cultures will definitely face damages. On this basis, it is necessary to have a sociological look at the harms that threaten it; So that we can prevent the consequences and destructive effects of damage by knowing them accurately and correctly and removing these damages. The damages that threaten the Arbaeen procession include "cultural differences and conflicts", "competition of Iranian processions" and "destruction of the traditional Iraqi Arbaeen pattern", "social damages", "customization", "extravagance and waste". , "environmental waste and pollution", "lack of attention to religious obligations", "existence of deviant sects", "Sunni-Shia divide" and "nationalization of Arbaeen".

Investigating the role of Arab tribes in the scientific and cultural events of the Islamic world is one of the important topics of Islamic history. In this research, the role of this tribe in historical events, political factions, intellectual and ideological currents, and cultural achievements of the Islamic society in the first two centuries of this Hijri has been studied, and the contexts, causes, and effects of this category have been analyzed. The Mazhaj tribe became Muslims during the lifetime of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and their tendency towards Islam was not unrelated to the cultural and religious records of this tribe on the verge of entering Islam, the internal developments of the Islamic society, and the influence of conquered areas. This tribe had different approaches to the important developments in the history of Islam due to having many clans, dispersion in the vast Islamic territory, and ethnic and local religious and political tendencies and prejudices. Due to the nature of this research, the research sources are library and documents, and the method used in that search is the study and analysis of data. Based on these authentic and authentic sources, it is necessary to use scientific research method to use modern research to achieve further analysis, and the way of expressing content is based on historical development and analysis.

In the last two decades, as a result of the significant increase in archaeological field activities in Iraqi Kurdistan, some important sites and artifacts from the Sassanid period have been discovered. Even though during the Sassanid period, the northern region of Mesopotamia was considered a part of the Sassanid Empire, many archaeological features of this region in the Sassanid period have remained unknown. In this research, which was carried out using a library method, we have studied 42 ancient sites or monuments in Iraqi Kurdistan belonging to the Sassanid period, which have mainly been identified in recent years. This research aims to find an answer to some questions about the location of the Sassanid settlements in the region and the geographical and environmental factors affecting their formation. The Sassanid remnants of Iraqi Kurdistan include settlements, monuments, government complexes, fortifications, water channels, cemeteries, and the local production centers of textiles and pottery. The results of this research show that Sassanid settlements in Iraqi Kurdistan have mainly concentrated in three areas: 1. Shahrizur plain and the area around Dukan Lake 2. Erbil plain, 3. Garmian region. These areas, which are in the form of open plains and vast inter-mountain valleys, had importance in the Sassanid period due to having characteristics such as suitable height, abundant water sources, fertile soil, and being located on the important communication routes and therefore they were as a place for the formation of the settlements in the mentioned period.

The mission of the Gendarmerie of the Islamic Republic of Iran was to maintain order and security in the field of protecting villages, roads and all non-urban areas, controlling and guarding the borders. At the beginning and during the imposed war, this organization was very effective in ensuring order and security in the war zones and dealing with illegal parties, apart from carrying out the assigned tasks and directly fighting with the invading Iraqi forces. The purpose of this research is to examine the structural changes of the Gendarmerie in the 8 years of war with the Baathist regime in Iraq.Using documents, library sources and interviews with gendarmerie commanders, this research seeks to answer the main question: what strategic and innovative changes did the gendarmerie of the Islamic Republic of Iran make in its organizational structure against the Iraqi border attacks? The findings of the research indicated that the Gendarmerie started the imposed war as the first force engaged against the Baathist enemy, relying on innovation and carrying out innovative measures in its organizational structure, such as the establishment of the Arvand base, the strengthening and expansion of the border battalions, as well as the creation of non-organizational combat units. Equipped with heavy weapons, he engaged with the Iraqi forces in the vast border area of Khuzestan, Kurdistan, West Azerbaijan, Ilam and Kermanshah, which before that time had no force and means to deal with border aggressions except border posts.

Ismaili and anti-Ismaili sources differ dramatically in how they depict the Ismaili “inviters” (dāʿīs). To Ismaili authors, the inviters were noble, kind, and pious believers who propagated the true message of Islam, while to their detractors the inviters were sinister, unscrupulous villains. However, all agreed on one feature: the inviters generally worked discreetly and anonymously, far from the prying eyes of hostile authorities. Thus, the 11th/17th-century poem of the Ismaili Khālū Maḥmūd ʿAlī, edited and analyzed in this article, is a rarity. The poet enumerates Ismaili notables in locations scattered throughout Khurāsān, Quhistān, Badakhshān, ʿIrāq, Turkistān, and Hindūstān in a period in which we know almost nothing about the Ismailis. The article discusses the existing manuscripts of the poem and its prosody. It continues by providing a critical edition, discusses elements in the poem that reflect the literary genre of “prayers of proximity” (duʿā-yi taqarrub), and analyzes what we can deduce about the poet himself.

The crisis in Iran-Iraq relations during the period of Baathist rule between the years 1971 to 1975 reached its highest point. Despite this, however, the tensions remained at the level of verbal conflicts and border clashes and never resulted in a full-scale war. In this regard, the following questions can be posed: Why despite the crisis in relations, these tensions never led to an incident like the imposed war? What factors effected Iran's success in the 1975 Al-Jazeera agreement hence imposing its will on the Iraqi side? The government of Iran gained a superior position due to its success in the material areas of the "state-nation building" process and the achievement of indicators. This importance brought success in diplomatic fields and battlefields. The presenent descriptive-analytical research tries to investigate this issue by relying on the information available in historical sources. The findings of this study show Iran's success in the relative implementation of these indicators changed the nature and fate of the relations between the two countries during these years. And this is one of the most important reasons for Iran's success in competing with Iraq.

The fall of the Sassanids changed the political, economical, social and cultural structures of Iran’s society. Changing land ownership was one of the consequences of this fall. Despite the importance of this issue, land ownership changes after the Muslim conquests of Savad (Iraq) have been less considered. The main question of this study is what kind of lands were in Savad and after the dominance of the Muslims, specifically during the period of the first three caliphs’ period, what were the changes of these lands’ ownership? Findings of the study indicate that land ownership of Savad was as Khaleseh (pure), Teuol, Endowment (Waqf), Private, Gift and Mavat (dead land). After the Muslim’s victory, the ownership of the lands that were conquered in peace did not change, but others did and became in the form of savafi, Endowment (waqf), Iqta' and tributary (Kharāj) lands. Although, the decisions of each of the Caliphs were different in this regard.

The analysis of primary religious sources displays the outstanding role of Iranian and Iraqi companions of Imam Hasan Askari (A.S) in explaining, compiling and perpetuating the thoughts of Imamieh. In this research, the scientific, social, intellectual and religious status of the Iranian and Iraqi companions of Imam Askari (A.S) has been comparatively investigated relying on the descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, after identifying the nationality of the Companions and providing statistics on their number, their scientific position, their compilations, their social status. Moreover, the intellectual and religious status of the Companions of that Holiness have been stated. The studies clarify that in terms of quantity, although the number of Iranian Companions was less, but their scientific works were more and the frequency of books related to the jurisprudence, theology and refutation written by them, shows the efforts of Iranian Companions in preserving the fundamentals of Shia beliefs and the correct transmission of religious instructions. In regard with the thought and belief, fewer Iranian Companions have deviated as a result of the efforts of Iranian Shiite sheikhs and the fight against the influence of deviant and exaggerated currents. Moreover, it seems that the greater number of Iranian lawyers and those who managed to see Imam Zaman (PBUH) compared to the Iraqi Companions, was due to the necessity of this matter and staying away from Imam and lack of access to him

The emergence of the Shiite government of Al-Buwayh as one of the most significant historical events in the fourth and fifth century AH had profound effects on the society especially on the economic conditions. Given the relative political stability of Iraq during this period, as well as the Buyid emirs’ wise implementation of economic policies and measures, many of which were considered progressive and innovative in the world at that time, Iraq witnessed rapid economic growth and development. The main question of the research is what were the most important economic actions of Al-Buwayh in Iraq? This research is a qualitative research, that is done using  documentary analysis and historical and library documents. Findings revealed that with the efforts of emirs including Rokn al-Dawla, Imad al-Dawla, Adud al-Dawla, Mu'izz al-Dawla and others, the Buyid dynasty could rule over affluent areas like Jibal, Fars, Khuzistan, and Iraq, while enjoying natural conditions of economy, like agriculture, mine,  water wealth and industry, their economic growth was boosted by the emirs’ economic measures and policies, such as cities’ and bazaars’ development, reconstruction of dams, controlling commercial and non-commercial roads, taxation, and focus on business. However, some emirs, in contrast with first rulers, did not care about economic matters and people’s life by heavy taxations, neglecting business growth, dam construction and irrigation, all of which led to economic regression, destruction of cities and bazaars, and consequently to riots, economic crises, and the emergence of a group called Ayyaran in areas like Baghdad and Karkh, who brought insecurity and plundered businessmen’s properties  during the last years of the Buyid dynasty.

Batayeh is the name of a land in south of Iraq which had changed into a mire through the passage of time due to the overflow of Tigris river and stoppage of water flow. At the beginning of the Buyid government in Iraq, Omran Ibn e- Shahin established Shahinid dynasty in this land. After the announcement of dependency of this dynasty, their enmity with the Buyids initiated and some wars happened among them which mostly led to the failure of Buyids. The present research based on descriptive-analytical method and taking advantage of the historical and geographical primary sources is to investigate the effect of the geography of Batayeh on the authority of Shahinids and their success in dealing with the Buyids. The findings of research clarify that the natural geography of Batayeh was considerably effective on the triumph of Shahinids. The geographical position of Batayeh and its natural phenomena including mires, canebrakes, canyons and use of them as a refuge led to the success and authority of this dynasty and finally, their change into a political pole in the center of the world of Islam

After being ousted from SAVAK, Timur Bakhtiar opposed Mohammad Reza Shah and established a base in Iraq for armed struggle, trying to attract the people of western Iran to his organization. The purpose of this study is to explain the role of the people of Ilam as one of the first groups that fought in the armed struggle against the Pahlavi regime in the late 1940s. The main question of the present study is what were the security reasons and consequences of the tendency of some groups from Ilam to Timur Bakhtiar? The findings of the study, which was conducted by descriptive-analytical method and based on unpublished documents of SAVAK, indicate that increasing the awareness of the people of Ilam about the situation in the country through interaction with the cities of Najaf and Karbala and the oppression of SAVAK and Pahlavi regime security forces in Ilam had prepared the ground for confronting the regime. During Bakhtiar's revolt against the Shah, the people of Ilam, who were not able to organize and equip their own forces, tried to seize the opportunity and confront the Pahlavi regime; However, due to the fact that Bakhtiar's revolt was devoid of theoretical and religious foundations and other components of a political and social movement, after a few guerrilla actions and insecurity of borders, his organization was finally disbanded with his assassination in August 1349. But in terms of security, SAVAK created a violent atmosphere in the region, and many people in Ilam who joined it were arrested, imprisoned and some were executed.

There are various sayin gs about Sulaym ibn Qays al-Hilālī . Some consider this name imaginary or pseudonym. Some have adapted this name to other personalities such as Suleiman Ibn Banqis Yashkari or Qais Ibn Ibadah and some have considered Salim Ibn Banqis to be a real person and one of the companions of Hazrat Ali (AS). There is also disagreement about the attribution of the book of Hadith to Sulaym ibn Qays. Some have considered the writing of the book by Sulaym to be the work of his great-grandfather. Some believe that Sulaym had a book of hadith based on the existence of a hadith called Sulaym. According to new research, it has become clear that the existing books attributed to Salim were not available to Shiite Imami scholars in the first six centuries AH. Now, the fundamental question is, who were the authors and / or authors of the existing versions? The present study, using descriptive and analytical methods and citing library sources, by determining the age of the existing books attributed to Sulaym and examining other formal and contentual signs, has concluded that these books are the legacy of Ghaliyan Nusayriah Sham - mid-century It belongs to the fourth to the middle of the sixth century AH. Numerous researches have been done about Suleiman bin Qais and the book attributed to him. There is also a source on this subject (Ostadi, 1399). Apart from these articles and researches, there are many that have all been introduced in the bibliography of Salim Benghis. "Validation of the authenticity of Mahdavi narrations of the current book of Solim Ibn Qais and the validity of the book in the works of Sheikh Mofid" (Ostadi, 1399) and "Study of the attribution of the document of Sulaym's book to Sheikh Tusi" (Ostadi, 1400), And the attribution of existing books to him Both studies, apart from the lack of accurate and clear answers, have erred in not paying attention to the very important issue that will be raised. Now, we are faced with two categories of Hadiths attributed to Salim: First, the Hadiths are often short and with moral content and manaqibs, all of which have been quoted from "Umar ibn Uwzina" and have been narrated differently in Hadith works and ... the first centuries.Second, the long (historical) Hadiths in the current book attributed to Sulaym, the document of which is in all manuscripts from Mu'ammar bin Rashid and not from Umar ibn Uwzina (see: Ostadi, 1399). However, there is an exception to this, and that is about five Nomani hadiths in the book of Al-Ghaybah, which are not narrated from Umar ibn Uwzina and have been quoted from Mu'ammar bin Rashid, who wrote in another article about the authorship of these Hadiths. And we have mentioned their addition to the original version of Al-Ghaybah Nu'mani (see: Ostadi, 1400). Research based on archaeological evidence shows that the date of writing of the current books attributed to Sulaym ibn Qays was between the years 343 to 577 AH, and we still have original documents that show that these books are definitely attributed to Sulaym ibn Qays We do not have. Since in the Safavid period, many efforts were made to create collections of Shiite hadith, and the existence of financial, political and transportation facilities, as well as communication between Shiites in Iran, Iraq and the Levant, led to the collection of more Shiite manuscripts. And this situation created a new ground for the Imami scholars to get acquainted with some abandoned and forgotten works of other regions. It seems that during this period, copies of books attributed to Sulaim were made available to the Imami scholars of Iran. This means that perhaps a copy of these books from the Shamat region was given to the scholars of Jabal Amil and through them reached Iran and Iraq and the Shiite scholars of the Safavid period and accessed their books. This view is reinforced by the fact that old copies of books attributed to Sulaim that were written before the Safavid era are no longer available.