فصلنامه تاریخ روابط خارجی
پیاپی 96 (پاییز 1402)

This research aims to examine the main principles of Iran's foreign policy during the reign of Shah Abbas I Safavid based on the view of Hafez Farman Farmaian in the book Historical Analysis of Iran's Foreign Policy from the beginning to today and to answer the question that what principles did Shah Abbas I Safavid follow in governing Iran's foreign policy? The method of data collection in this research is library and documentary, and the method of data analysis is descriptive-analytical. The findings show that the main principles of Iran's foreign policy during the reign of Shah Abbas I Safavid were the same principles that F Farman Farmaian mentioned as the traditional principles of foreign policy. According to the findings, the principles governing Iran's foreign policy in the era of Shah Abbas were expanding and guarding the borders of the government territory, developing and protecting trade routes, supporting neutral countries on Iran's borders, and the approach of cultural tolerance and religious tolerance in the realm of governing.

The Qajar era was the beginning of Iran's extensive interactions with the Western world and the gradual penetration of Western culture into this land. During the peak period of the affectability of Iranians from Western culture in the Qajar era, some Westerners present in Iran, contrary to expectations, were influenced by the culture and personality of Iranians. These people often encountered ambiguities in interacting with Iranians and showed a curious effort to understand the character of Iranians. By analyzing why Iranians' character attracted the attention of Western travel writers while criticizing their opinions about the psychological characteristics of Iranians, this research tries to answer the question of what was the reason for the deepening of Iranians' character for these orientalists. The most important factor in the complexity of the character of the Iranians for the westerners was the innate spirit of the Iranians. The present research has examined this issue using library data and descriptive-analytical method.

The development of freeways in recent years has removed many historical routes and smaller cities from the country's passenger transportation cycle and harmed their economy. The necessity of protecting and revitalizing these routes is to know the talents and attractions in them. Since most of the country's roads were formed in the last century on the basis of the road network during the Qajar period, the historical sources of this period provide a better understanding of these routes. These sources are divided into two main European and Iranian categories. The extraction of appropriate geographical data from Iranian sources cannot be compared to the reports of European agents equipped with modern knowledge and tools. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explain the role of the reports of the European agents in the understanding of Iran's routes during the Qajar period, focusing on the Malayer-Borujerd route, which has been carried out by the historical analysis method and using first-hand sources from libraries and archives. The results show that the detailed reports of the European agents, besides being very different in the quality of the introduction of this route, have introduced another route by crossing the telegraph line as the main route, which is not mentioned in Iranian sources and is the shortest in terms of the distance, and rich in terms of natural and historical attractions. This can apply to many other parts of the country and be the subject of future research.

Looking at the history of the last hundred years of Iraq, it is clear that Iraqi Kurds have not been in the right place in the political, economic, and social structure of this country. After the independence of Iraq and the establishment of the monarchy in this country, the Iraqi government sometimes ignored the demands of the Kurds. This created several military movements against the governments of Iraq at the time by the Kurds of this country, such as the Aylul movement on September 11, 1961, which became known as the September 11 movement or the Aylul movement and continued for 14 years. During this period, several different regimes came to power in Iraq, and several military coups took place, but none of these regimes could solve the problem of the Kurds and their demands. The September 11 movement experienced many strengths and weaknesses. At the end of this movement, the help and support of the Iranian government at the time to the Iraqi Kurds increased significantly, which, in a way, made the Iraqi government enter into the Algiers agreement. The present research has been done by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of investigating the position of Iraqi Kurds in the 1975 Algiers agreement and the effect of this agreement on their political destiny. The findings show that the 1975 Algiers agreement between Iran and Iraq, with the scapegoat being the Kurds by both sides, brought achievements for both countries in the short term. However, for the Iraqi Kurds, it led to the destruction of the September 11 front and the displacement of a large number of Iraqi Kurdistan residents to Iran and other neighboring countries. It also led to the division of Kurdish political parties inside Iraq. In addition, with the migration of Kurds and the Arabization of Kurdish areas, many problems arose for Kurds in this region.

One of the most up-to-date and complicated political and legal events in the western Persian Gulf region is the unresolved legal issues regarding the delimitation of maritime zones between Iran and Kuwait. As a semi-closed water area, the Persian Gulf has had a turbulent past in terms of legal regime. At present, some of the Persian Gulf countries have reached relatively specific agreements regarding the delimitation of maritime zones. However, the complex marathon of the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf in the area of the exclusive economic zone as well as the continental plateau of this sea has not been resolved until now. In this regard, if we have an overview of the positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, we will see that Iran invokes the principle of equity to divide or delimit its maritime borders and is seeking to claim its lost rights. The main purpose of this research is to achieve an acceptable, equitable, and provable method for delimiting the boundaries of maritime zones between the countries of Iran and Kuwait based on obtaining equity results which are based on the recent procedures of the International Court of Justice and specific procedures of other countries and are in clear contrast with the traditional procedures of delimitation. The research method is analytical-descriptive based on collecting data in a library and using scientific research publications, databases, and computer networks

The strategic and commercial importance of the Persian Gulf from the beginning of the 19th century AD provided the grounds for the attention and presence of European countries in this region. Since the end of this century, with the change in Germany's approach to the international system, this country paid attention to the Persian Gulf in its political map and tried to increase its influence in the West Asian region, including the Persian Gulf, against England. Therefore, this country sought to find new ways for economic influence through the establishment of German companies on the shores of the Persian Gulf. With the occurrence of the constitutional movement and the period after it, the Germans opened numerous shipping lines to transfer the commercial goods of the two countries between the port of Hamburg and the islands and ports of the Persian Gulf, and their commercial activity reached a peak compared to other powers. The main problem of this study is Germany's commercial strategy in the Persian Gulf with the aim of influencing and gaining points and how to face other European powers during the first Pahlavi period. Accordingly, the main question is how to adopt this strategy, its mechanism, and its results. The purpose of this study is to examine Germany's approach to Iran and the Persian Gulf in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing commercial activities. This study has been done with the method of historical research and descriptive-analytical type and benefits from historical sources and documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The findings show that the Germans used the strategy of establishing commercial companies in Iran during the first Pahlavi period for political influence by taking over a share of trade against other world powersl.The strategic and commercial importance of the Persian Gulf from the beginning of the 19th century AD provided the grounds for the attention and presence of European countries in this region. Since the end of this century, with the change in Germany's approach to the international system, this country paid attention to the Persian Gulf in its political map and tried to increase its influence in the West Asian region, including the Persian Gulf, against England. Therefore, this country sought to find new ways for economic influence through the establishment of German companies on the shores of the Persian Gulf. With the occurrence of the constitutional movement and the period after it, the Germans opened numerous shipping lines to transfer the commercial goods of the two countries between the port of Hamburg and the islands and ports of the Persian Gulf, and their commercial activity reached a peak compared to other powers. The main problem of this study is Germany's commercial strategy in the Persian Gulf with the aim of influencing and gaining points and how to face other European powers during the first Pahlavi period. Accordingly, the main question is how to adopt this strategy, its mechanism, and its results. The purpose of this study is to examine Germany's approach to Iran and the Persian Gulf in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing commercial activities. This study has been done with the method of historical research and descriptive-analytical type and benefits from historical sources and documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The findings show that the Germans used the strategy of establishing commercial companies in Iran during the first Pahlavi period for political influence by taking over a share of trade against other world powersl.