جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "economic situation" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

The documents of the inspection board (years 1309 to 1312 A.H.) are one of the most important and valuable collections that can be used to analyze the livelihood problems of the people of Azerbaijan during the first Pahlavi period. Although it is believed that the Iranian society witnessed the growth of administrative organizations, educational and health infrastructures and internal security during the first Pahlavi period, however, the available evidence indicates the continuation of various livelihood problems. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the causes and contexts of livelihood problems in Azerbaijan during the years 1309 to 1312 based on the unpublished reports of the school principals and heads of education of Azerbaijan addressed to the state inspection board in the above period. The question is, despite the reforms aimed at modernization in the economic field, what was the reason for the continuation of people's livelihood problems during this period? Due to the geographical extent that makes it impossible to study the whole country within the framework of one article, this review is focused on Azerbaijan. The method of descriptive-analytical study and data collection is based on the documents of the State Inspection Board. The results of this survey indicate the negative effects of factors such as the high cost of public necessities, brokering, the pressure of taxes and duties, smuggling, and the decline of local industries on people's livelihood in this period.

The newspaper “Yomiya Sobh Sadegh” was published by the franchise owner "Mortaza Qolikhan Moyed Al-Mamalek Fakhri" After the issuance of the constitutional decree and during the first assembly of the National Council. Due to his opposition to the tyranny of Mohammad Ali Shah, he started publishing the newspaper Youmiya Sobh Sadiq and abdicate ruling Mazandaran and Iraq Ajam. The following research aims to the economic situation and general livelihood of Iran in 1325 AH by content analysis of this newspaper. The newspaper has dealt in detail with the problems and common economic conditions in 1325 AH. By analyzing the content of Yomiyeh Sobh newspaper. It is possible to get a correct understanding of the living conditions and economic problems of the Iranian people at that time. In this newspaper, there are accurate and first-hand news about the negotiations and approvals of the first National Assembly, the price of public goods and services, and other economic indicators. The main question of the current research is what was the state of the economy and general livelihood of Iran in 1325 A.H., based on the data of Sobh Sadegh newspaper? The main claim is that the content analysis of this newspaper can lead to providing first-hand information about the Iran's economic situation at this important historical moment. By reviewing this newspaper, we can find the inflation of some goods, the problems of employee situations, and the failure of the plan to establish the National Bank and we get a great picture consistent with the problems of that era and it becomes clear that the economic situation was chaotic and people were suffering from many livelihood problems to the extent that the price of some basic goods increased. According to the nature of the subject, this research is in the field of theoretical fundamental research, and the method in this research is descriptive-analytical, and content analysis techniques have been used in the classification of topics and frequency of words. The method of data collection is library.

The Elymais, as a semi-autonomous and sometimes autonomous satrap, had a special place in southwestern, western, and southern Iran at the same time as the Seleucids and Parthians. Most of the Parthian monuments are located in the Elymais geographical region and many of the traditions that were manifested during the Sassanid period have been the main achievements of Elymais culture. Despite the wide range of artifacts identified during this period, many aspects of the Elymais rule are still unknown. Coins as useful and index data in archaeology, due to their durability and frequency, by studying motifs and texts, provide valuable information about different periods. In addition, the use of laboratory science on these findings provides useful supplementary information for researchers. In this article, a collection of bronze and silver coins belonging to the Elymais period were studied by the PIXE method, in order to answer the questions about the concentration or purity, the number of mines, the number of mints on these coins, and the appearance of these compounds in understanding the economic and political structure of the period. To achieve these purposes, 35 coins from the Elymais were analyzed. These coins ranged from 85 BC to the early third century AD. The results showed that the analyzed coins were minted in six mints and their raw material was different from the three mines. On the other hand, the ratio of the percentage of the main elements of coins in the three Elymais periods are different and the decreasing trend of silver and copper percentages and the increasing trend of lead percentage in the analyzed coins indicate a better coin minting situation in the first Elymais period than the second and third periods, and the better political and economic situation of the kings of this period; In addition, the domination of the Elymais over Susa had a direct effect on the purity and better quality of their coins

Islamic conquests in the Khazar territory in comparison to other territories which invaded by Muslims, was faced with failure. Accordingly, the present research,by using the method of historical research, wants to answer the question of what factors had been impressive in failure of Islamic conquests in the Khazar lands? this research reaches to this conclusion that there are some important reason which leading to Muslimschr('39')s failure . this paper wants to say that Muslims couldnchr('39')t conquer khazars land because of  the Khazar military structure, especially its powerful strength in mobilizing forces, superior military equipment, having a defensive fortresses, and they were supported  from Khwarizmians and the Russians besides the possession of a powerful and dynamic economy and the existence of a relative social justice which leading to the general satisfaction of the khazarchr('39')s state and finally their remoteness from the caliphate centers, the existence of natural obstacles and the cold weather of this land were the effective factors On the failure of Islamic conquests in the land of the Khazaria.

Baghdad or Medina al-Salam is an Islamic metropolis that was able to maintain its position as the political, cultural and economic capital of the Islamic world throughout the era of the Abbasid Caliphate (132-656 AH).The aim of the present study is to examine the economic situation of Baghdad in the seventh century AH.The results of the research indicate that the situation of the Abbasid caliphs in the seventh century AH originated from the situation that when they faced the Buwayhi emirs, their absolute power was reduced and they became subject to the Buwayhi emirs, although at this time, Baghdad was flourishing. Subsequently, the Seljuk sultans, the Khwarezmshahi kings, and the Ismailis made matters worse.As the political situation became critical, the Abbasid caliphs were also economically affected and their agriculture, trade, and industry stagnated.After a great massacre in this city, the patriarchal rule was established and by the order of Holakokhan, Atamalek Jovini and his nephew ruled the city of Baghdad for twenty-four years, which influenced the development of this city and along with them Ghazan Khan, the Mongol ruler. It was not ineffective in reviving the glory of Baghdad.

The central government of Ghazni, despite the powerful empire, faced many problems at the end of its rule in Khorasan, and the danger of the Seljuk Turks being present for Ghaznavids was a very significant threat. The study of security, disciplinary, and economic dimensions of cities, including Khorasan, which is one of the central issues in history, is important in this period.Ghaznavids were unsuccessful in adapting their policies to the economic and political interests of Khorasan.The heavy cost of the Ghaznavi court caused extortion of huge sums of money from the peasant and confiscation of wealthyby the Ghaznavi tax collectors.On the other hand, the presence of pressure groups in the plains of the Transoxiana, which sought to reach suitable pasture lands and escape the looting of the Ghazans, placed Khorasan in their desires.Thenumerousbattles between the Ghaznavids and the Seljuks made Khorasan a ruin.The conditions of security, climate, environment, and geography of Khorasan were effective in defeating the Ghaznavids from the Seljuks. Famine, dehydration, the preferential attitude of merchants and landowners of Khorasan to the policies of the Ghaznavid government were one of the main factors in the defeat of Ghaznavids in the Battle of Dandanaqan.

In terms of commercial situations، Khorasan was deemed to be the connection path of west and east for many years. This region was connected to other regions such as India، China، Eastern Europe، and Tibet through commercial paths. In addition، existence of the thriving markets in various cities such as Balkh، Marv، and Neishbour has flourished its commercial situation. The paper intends to study the economic situation of Khorasan and its relations with the political acts of the region from the first century to rise of the first local government. It could be concluded that trade in this region had brought about important political and historical developments among which we can refer to formation of epic stories، entrance of Sasanid Yazdgerd to this region، presence of numerous Arab tribes، the fall of Umayyads and the rise of Abbasids as well as formation of the first local governments after the fall of Iranians by Muslims while its economic capacity had a significant impact in this regard.