جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « first pahlavi period » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Abol-Qassem Tafreshi was one of the intellectuals of the late Qajar period and the first Pahlavi era. Sahab's scientific and literary record includes a wide variety of works, such as technical and mathematical textbooks of the Dar al-Fonun, the first examples of new Iranian writings on the life history of Shiite Imams, and biographies of famous Islamic historians in Persian inspired by Sharh. Classical Arabic modes such as Tarikh al-Islam Zahabi, The French-Persian dictionary and the first leading examples for understanding the contemporary situation of Islamic countries, Sahab in historiography focuses more on the history of Islam, especially the history of the Imams It is writing. In selecting the sources of the Islamic era with the focus on Shiite books, he has also used Sunni sources in compiling these books among these various works, there are works with a more historical approach or nature. The main features of Sahab Historiography are the history of Islam and the history of Shiism. Sahab refers to the special devotion to the Imams in compiling the history books of the Imams (as). He is the son of a time when anti-Islamic, antiquarian and nationalist ideas and tendencies were prevalent in that period and were also supported by the government, but Sahab, despite having deep Islamic beliefs, has a great tendency to develop countries. It was European in the style of the Europeans. The main issue of the research is to examine the position of historiography and historiography of Abolghasem Sahab Tafreshi Using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on library documents and resources, the presentation examines the components of historiography and the characteristics of historiography.

Nationalism in the framework of new definitions and influenced by the West is one of the important discourses of contemporary Iranian political and social thought, which was considered by familiar Western thinkers during the 19th century and mainly from the Nasserite era onwards and became quite apparent in the Pahlavi era. Nationalism has various elements and forms in the period under discussion, including archeology, which is associated with a strong attachment to the heritage of the pre-Islamic Iran. Accordingly, the analysis of the relationship between archaism and nationalism and in the more general perspective of nationalism based on archaism and its differences with other forms of nationalism and its consequences is the main issue discussed in this article. Thus, the present study has tried to clarify the dimensions of the subject by analyzing the content of resources related to the library method, by answering the basic research questions in the field of the connection between archeology and nationalism. On the one hand, the research findings show that in addition to the elites of the familiar West, the Persians of India also played an important role in shaping the idea of ​​Archaism and combining it with nationalism. On the other hand, archaism has basically distinguished between the two discourses of nationalism focused on the present and the existing realities and relatively emotional and past nationalism in this period.

The present study intends to introduce the historical houses in Ardabil and analyze the typology, cultural, and social attitudes towards their construction. The research method is historical-analytical and data collection is based on library and field studies. The present study seeks to answer the following questions:How many types are the houses? What features have influenced the overall structure of the houses in this area? The results of the research on the classification of historical houses are as follows: The characteristics of the plan and shape of the courtyard, the orientation of the building and the main hall, the characteristics of the house entrances and how to enter different parts of the building, the importance of open parts and light ports and their size ratio, materials and structures they used. Typologically, they are divided into four categories: Qajar period with an introverted form, The first type of typology: houses with a cross-shaped courtyard design with a compact and nested texture, the second type: houses with porch design, with proportionality of a Large opening, the third type: multi-part houses with several courtyards with main view. Fourth type: In the period of first Pahlavi with form of extroversion, buildings whose space density is on one side above the level of the courtyard; emphasizing the importance of the exterior of the building. The results of this study also show that cultural and social patterns such as; paying attention to the principle of privacy in different parts of the building, the separation of building spaces on a large scale into public, private and crew space, and on a small scale, with lavish or simple decorations, shows the social ranking of homeowners. In the houses of the Pahlavi period, there were major changes in cultural and social patterns. Imitation of the West in cases such as the removal of the inner courtyard and the use of interior stairs can be clearly seen of the house.

First Pahlavi period (1304-1320 SH) sought to modernize all pillars and components of the society. The endowment considered as one of the components of society and the most important sources of income for the clergy. Reza Khan tried to dominate the endowments by changing the mastery of endowments, changing the managing methods, supervision, exploitation and in some cases, seizing endowments. By the rise of the second Pahlavi period (1320-1357 SH), domination over the endowments pursued to a greater level and with more acceleration. Therefore, Pahlavi dynasty weakened the clergy financially, and in return, the clergy also resisted politically, culturally and socially against the Pahlavi dynasty. The main question of the study is what effect the Pahlavi dynasty domination over the endowments had on relationships of the clergy with the government? The present study by using historical method and library and documentary approach tries to show a comprehensive picture from the challenges between Pahlavi dynasty and the clergy in economy and transformation of endowment functions due to modernization by examining the dependent variable of endowments. The results of this study indicate that the increase of government domination over endowments, reduction of annual incomes of the seminaries and the loss of lands of some of the clergy during the land reform, caused relative economic deprivation and dissatisfaction of the clergy. This policy of Pahlavi and the economic bottleneck of the clergy made them take a stand against the Pahlavi dynasty. Eventually, it seems that the union of different groups of the clergy with other social forces has led to the formation of the Islamic revolution under the leadership of Imam Khomeini in Iran.

What is studied in this article as the religion stance in elementary and secondary schools of First Pahlavi Period includes topics related to divine and non-divine regions’ stance in different textbooks such as history, civic science, literature, and theology. Considering that the governance in this period has tried to renovate the educational system based on west nationalism ideology and secularism, therefore the regime cultural system in treating religious topics especially Islam religion in textbooks has tried to impose limitations in this ground. It is noteworthy that the first Pahlavi educational system has had a different perspective about religions including Zoroastrianism considering the special look of the Ancient Persia to other religions. However, the author in this article has tried to study the intended topics based on some elementary and secondary school textbooks of First Pahlavi period. Given that the article topic is the religions stance in some textbooks of First Pahlavi period, therefore it is tried to study the Iranian and non-Iranian religions’ stance and other countries’ religion stance in the pre-Islamic and Islamic period.  Of course the article main criterion is related to demonstrating the Islam religion stance in textbooks based on above-mentioned theoretical foundations.

Since ancient times, Khorasan has been the focus of human activities and one of the most important Iranian population centers and prone to social changes. Demographic changes are seen as tangible changes in the history of this region. Due to the geographical location (border region) and more economic facilities than foreign neighbors, this region has played an important role in the process of foreign migration of Iran and the migration of the ethnic groups of neighboring countries to Iran. During the First Pahlavi Period, a large number of Khorasan residents Immigrated to Afghanistan. This article explains the cause of this. The results of the research indicate that, the forced migration of Iranian border residents to Afghanistan and the settlement of a group of Khavari’s peoples, due to the social conditions of the region (ethnic and cultural differences with the Afghan borderline and the refusal of the social reforms of the Iranian government), the geographical and natural conditions of the region (shortage of rain, famine) and the economic difficulties led to the increase in emigration in Khorasan borders. This research has been carried out by studying historical documents, including diplomatic documents of the first Pahlavi period, in the form of library and archives.