جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « geographical sources » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

From the beginning of the Islamic period to the seventh century, Tribe of Kuch (Qofs) played a pivotal role in Jiroft in the political, economic, military and cultural fields. During this period, the historical and geographical sources of Iran have paid special attention to the role of this people and their characteristics and introduced them as a violent and bandit people. For this reason, the present study has discussed the dominant theory of the Qofs people and by re-reading the reports of the sources of the first Islamic centuries, with a descriptive-analytical method and library books, seeks an answer to the question: why historical and geographical sources of the time often had a negative attitude towards violence and robbery towards the Kuch people?By studying the historical and geographical sources and testing the hypothesis that in the historical and geographical sources of the first Islamic centuries there is a one-sided and governmental view of society and Tribe of Kuch (Qofs), it was concluded that between two types of external and internal views of Tribe of Kuch (Qofs) made a distinction. The external view reflected in the sources considers the Kuch people to have characteristics such as rebellion, robbery and violence. This view of the Kuch people has been reflected in sources since the Ale-Buyeh era. From the second point of view, Kuch people can be examined from within their community and in empathetic ways. According to this view, Kuch people in the ethnic and racial debate had the characteristics of tribal life based on the spirit of individualism and independence and did not submit to obedience to governments. In addition, they did not pay taxes and were religiously at odds with the official and state religion. Hence, they were introduced by the opposition as a rebellious, violent and bandit ethnic group, and this attitude was reflected in the sources.

Geographic sources data is important because of less partiality. Large amount of this data is about Shiite sects that is written by geographic authors in the field approach. This kind of data is explored and classified by the analytical – historic method and considering the ruling discourse on the historical geography and is presented in the descriptive analytical form. The results show that the geographic authors discussed about the Shiite sects by the geographical – historical approach, so the represented sects in this kind of sources have objective aspects.

The famous route, today known as the Silk Road, was the longest and the most used trade road in the history of Eastern lands. A large part of this route which started from western region of China and reached eastern Mediterranean coasts, crossed through Grand Khorasan land, from Qums to Jayhoun. In 19th century researches of Europeans, the name the "Silk Road" became common and it became widespread afterwards. Nowadays everyone calls this route as the Silk Road. They have called this trade route as the Silk Road as they had thought Silk was the main and the most important product traded on this route. In the present paper, it will be analyzed whether the name was given correctly or not. Based on the findings of the present paper, naming this route as the Silk Road, could not have been true because of two fundamental reasons which are based on historical reports and actual realities. Firstly, prior to the 19th century, the name Silk Road did not appear in any Islamic and Iranian geographical sources and the larger part of this route was called the Khorasan Route. Secondly, after analyzing economic geography and traded products on the route, it was concluded that Silk was only one of the hundred products which were traded on that route while it was not superior to other products.

The subject variety of historical sources- as literary, geographical and religious books– is the one of the most important issues in historiography. This different source which used in compilation of history in every period, step by step, became as the historical sources of this period. In the Seljuk era “Iranshahri thought” dominated the minds of Iranian historians, and it makes the first change in historian's thought. During the Mughal-Ilkhanid‟s era, historians began writing global histories, and as result, the second major change occurred in historical thought. After the Establishment of the Timurid rule, historians of this period inherited the traditions of the former Persian historians. Historiography of this period, despite the fact that certain features are- that addressing it requires a separate article- three steps behind: Timur, Shahrokh and Soltan Hosein Baygar's period. The key focus of this paper is a cursory examination of different historiography sources in Timurid era and understanding the different orientation of the authors and historians in writing this content. Therefore attempted to use the sources of modern historical studies of the period and the historical analysis and by considering the new methods, subjects and data were collected and compiled.