جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "household" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

This article examines the peasant livelihood and income levels of farmers in Gilan from the end of the Naserid period to the constitutional period. The basis for this study is the evaluation of the prevailing idea put forward in the works generally written about the social history of Qajar Iran. It is assumed that the Iranian peasantry lived in sheer poverty and at subsistence level due to extreme oppression. This article first assesses the income level of Gilak peasants based on the ratio of landowners to peasants in Gilan. Then, considering the basic income, it has demonstrated that Gilak farmers enjoyed a higher quality of livelihood compared to other Iranian farmers. Based on the available evidence and statistics, it can be claimed that at least during the period in question, economic pressure did not cause a predicament in the daily necessities of Gilak farmers. Therefore, we must look elsewhere for the reasons for their discontent during this period.

Neolithic studies of the central plateau of Iran, especially based on technology and production organization of pottery, indicate the presence of household production organization among these societies. Raw materials, productions and tools, specialization levels, and exchanges all expose a household production organization and local trading. Also, technologies, manufacturing tools, variety of production, cultural interaction levels, and other characters reveal that Neolithic societies of the central plateau of Iran were small and simple communities and their products were only for their use. In this study, the authors have used and analyzed the data of important Neolithic sites of Central Plateau of Iran, including Sialk (Kashan plain), Chahar Boneh and EbrahimAbad (Qazvin plain) and Pardis and Cheshmeh Ali (Tehran plain); each of this sites has type of local pottery or potteries that indicate household production organization very well. But an exception occurs in this period in the region; common type pottery was present in almost all the region that is so-called Sialk I3-5 pottery. The distribution of this pottery, in the Late Neolithic II period, is inconsistent with what we definition of household production organization, exchanges goods, or technology in the Central Plateau of Iran. In this research, based on Ethnoarchaeology and the presence of full-time non-resident specialists (badgers), it is hypothesized that given that the presence of full-time professional experts requires a consumer community and may occur in densely populated settlements. Neolithic communities of Central Plateau of Iran, in the direction of specialization, can be considered as the first step of complex societies and the similarity of some artifacts such as the pottery, which is only discussed in this paper, due to the presence of specialists who are temporarily present in the settlement areas and provide their services. In this paper we step forward to known household industrial production based on Sialk I3-5 pottery.

The household of prophet was present in Medina around two and a half centuries. This era could be divided into four phases: prophetic era، the first four caliphs، Umayyads، and Abbasid first era. Medina was the first hometown of household of prophet and its people were aware of the excellence and virtue of them and the recommendations of prophet about them were evergreen. Hence، it is expected that the tendency of people of Medina towards them be more than that of the other cities. However، this tendency is of fall and rise in different phases. Relying on the historical reports، this article is to study the tendency of people of Medina in Umayyad time and to illustrate that this tendency has been of falling trend due to political، social، cultural as well as economical reasons.

Historical sociology prepares the ground for a better understanding of social structures of past societies in which particular historical events and actions have taken place. After the demise of the Prophet, the issue of his succession and SakifatBaniSiida became the most important issues in the new Muslim community. In addition to Imam Ali, as the outstanding figure of the Household, there were other groups and trends of thought that also laid a claim to the caliphate. To publicly overshadow Ali (A), they kept overemphasizing on points of disagreement over the intellectual leadership of the society and reinforcing them. To that end, they took advantage of measures such as creating diverse religions and sects, fabricating narrations (Hadith), etc. Such customs were continued, organized and strengthened more vigorously throughout the next centuries.The present research aims to briefly introduce Saudi Arabia prior to the advent of Islam. For this purpose, it draws attention to a quickly-formed social flow which could unbelievably succeed well, despite the expectations of its designers, and could establish a new structure within the power pyramid of the Islamic government.