جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « iraq » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Foreign policy refers to a set of innovative or reactive measures of a country in the external environment and international conditions, the purpose of which is to realize the goals and national interests of the country in relation to other societies, governments and international institutions. The political system of Iraq was changed from a monarchy to a republic in 1958 through a coup, and the three currents of communism, Arab nationalists, and Baath, as the main and ruling currents in the country, were able to take control of affairs until 2003. The present article answers the question that what are the main issues of Iraq's foreign policy in the period after the fall of the kingdom until the fall of the Baath Party (1958-2003)? It is assumed that despite the existence of border problems, war with two neighboring countries, water crisis, but they are not the main issues of Iraq's foreign policy, and the findings of the research conducted with the descriptive-analytical method indicate that, the Palestinian crisis, oil cartels, convergence of Arabs and projects of unity with the country of Syria are issues that have been continuously at the top of the policies of the ruling currents. Understanding these issues can be considered as a strategy for the current ruling trend (Islamism trend) and be effective in the micro and macro policy making of Iraq's foreign policy.

Ghatfan was a prominent Adenani-Qaysi Arab tribal confederation in northern Najd, encompassing tribes such as Abs, Dhubyan, (and particularly its renowned sub-tribes Fazara) Murra, and Ashdja. The expansion and endurance of the Umayyad dynasty were heavily reliant on the strength of Arab tribes. This paper seeks to investigate the nature of the relationships between the Ghatfan tribes and the Umayyad rulers and to determine the ultimate position of these tribes within the Umayyad power structure. After a comprehensive analysis of the Ghatfan personalities, families, and tribes, their reciprocal interactions with the Umayyad regime are examined. The findings reveal that the Ghatfan tribes, especially Abs and Fazara, served as crucial pillars for the Umayyad state. In addition to familial ties, the Umayyads entrusted sensitive positions in the bureaucracy and military, particularly in border and rebellious regions, to the Ghatfan, enabling them to suppress internal uprisings and external threats.

In the 20th century, many cultural and social changes were made in Iraq and Iran in the direction of modernization and development. Modernization and reformations that were discussed in two countries intensified during the reign of Malek Faisal bin Hossein (1300-1312) and Reza Shah (1304-1320). The current research examines and compares the cultural reforms in Iraq and Iran during the reign of King Faisal and Reza Shah, and also to evaluate the level of those reforms and their commonalities and differences in two countries. This research results show that the most important shared aspects of modernization in Iraq and Iran were first the reforms in the field of education at the primary level and then paying attention to the necessity of social active language. The most important difference was based on preserving the religious and indigenous aspects of cultural fields such as education, associations and clothing in Iraq, while in Iran the religious and indigenous aspects of cultural fields were severely weakened and marginalized under the influence of Western modernism and antiquarianism. Also, the level of cultural changes in Iran was much wider than in Iraq.

The Arbaeen walk is a transnational, historical, multi-dimensional, trans-religious and interdisciplinary phenomenon with various functions and consequences, which has been of special importance and prestige for a long time and is considered a super event. Pilgrimage rituals with this size of population from different countries and cultures will definitely face damages. On this basis, it is necessary to have a sociological look at the harms that threaten it; So that we can prevent the consequences and destructive effects of damage by knowing them accurately and correctly and removing these damages. The damages that threaten the Arbaeen procession include "cultural differences and conflicts", "competition of Iranian processions" and "destruction of the traditional Iraqi Arbaeen pattern", "social damages", "customization", "extravagance and waste". , "environmental waste and pollution", "lack of attention to religious obligations", "existence of deviant sects", "Sunni-Shia divide" and "nationalization of Arbaeen".

Investigating the role of Arab tribes in the scientific and cultural events of the Islamic world is one of the important topics of Islamic history. In this research, the role of this tribe in historical events, political factions, intellectual and ideological currents, and cultural achievements of the Islamic society in the first two centuries of this Hijri has been studied, and the contexts, causes, and effects of this category have been analyzed. The Mazhaj tribe became Muslims during the lifetime of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and their tendency towards Islam was not unrelated to the cultural and religious records of this tribe on the verge of entering Islam, the internal developments of the Islamic society, and the influence of conquered areas. This tribe had different approaches to the important developments in the history of Islam due to having many clans, dispersion in the vast Islamic territory, and ethnic and local religious and political tendencies and prejudices. Due to the nature of this research, the research sources are library and documents, and the method used in that search is the study and analysis of data. Based on these authentic and authentic sources, it is necessary to use scientific research method to use modern research to achieve further analysis, and the way of expressing content is based on historical development and analysis.

The mission of the Gendarmerie of the Islamic Republic of Iran was to maintain order and security in the field of protecting villages, roads and all non-urban areas, controlling and guarding the borders. At the beginning and during the imposed war, this organization was very effective in ensuring order and security in the war zones and dealing with illegal parties, apart from carrying out the assigned tasks and directly fighting with the invading Iraqi forces. The purpose of this research is to examine the structural changes of the Gendarmerie in the 8 years of war with the Baathist regime in Iraq.Using documents, library sources and interviews with gendarmerie commanders, this research seeks to answer the main question: what strategic and innovative changes did the gendarmerie of the Islamic Republic of Iran make in its organizational structure against the Iraqi border attacks? The findings of the research indicated that the Gendarmerie started the imposed war as the first force engaged against the Baathist enemy, relying on innovation and carrying out innovative measures in its organizational structure, such as the establishment of the Arvand base, the strengthening and expansion of the border battalions, as well as the creation of non-organizational combat units. Equipped with heavy weapons, he engaged with the Iraqi forces in the vast border area of Khuzestan, Kurdistan, West Azerbaijan, Ilam and Kermanshah, which before that time had no force and means to deal with border aggressions except border posts.

Ismaili and anti-Ismaili sources differ dramatically in how they depict the Ismaili “inviters” (dāʿīs). To Ismaili authors, the inviters were noble, kind, and pious believers who propagated the true message of Islam, while to their detractors the inviters were sinister, unscrupulous villains. However, all agreed on one feature: the inviters generally worked discreetly and anonymously, far from the prying eyes of hostile authorities. Thus, the 11th/17th-century poem of the Ismaili Khālū Maḥmūd ʿAlī, edited and analyzed in this article, is a rarity. The poet enumerates Ismaili notables in locations scattered throughout Khurāsān, Quhistān, Badakhshān, ʿIrāq, Turkistān, and Hindūstān in a period in which we know almost nothing about the Ismailis. The article discusses the existing manuscripts of the poem and its prosody. It continues by providing a critical edition, discusses elements in the poem that reflect the literary genre of “prayers of proximity” (duʿā-yi taqarrub), and analyzes what we can deduce about the poet himself.

The fall of the Sassanids changed the political, economical, social and cultural structures of Iran’s society. Changing land ownership was one of the consequences of this fall. Despite the importance of this issue, land ownership changes after the Muslim conquests of Savad (Iraq) have been less considered. The main question of this study is what kind of lands were in Savad and after the dominance of the Muslims, specifically during the period of the first three caliphs’ period, what were the changes of these lands’ ownership? Findings of the study indicate that land ownership of Savad was as Khaleseh (pure), Teuol, Endowment (Waqf), Private, Gift and Mavat (dead land). After the Muslim’s victory, the ownership of the lands that were conquered in peace did not change, but others did and became in the form of savafi, Endowment (waqf), Iqta' and tributary (Kharāj) lands. Although, the decisions of each of the Caliphs were different in this regard.

The analysis of primary religious sources displays the outstanding role of Iranian and Iraqi companions of Imam Hasan Askari (A.S) in explaining, compiling and perpetuating the thoughts of Imamieh. In this research, the scientific, social, intellectual and religious status of the Iranian and Iraqi companions of Imam Askari (A.S) has been comparatively investigated relying on the descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, after identifying the nationality of the Companions and providing statistics on their number, their scientific position, their compilations, their social status. Moreover, the intellectual and religious status of the Companions of that Holiness have been stated. The studies clarify that in terms of quantity, although the number of Iranian Companions was less, but their scientific works were more and the frequency of books related to the jurisprudence, theology and refutation written by them, shows the efforts of Iranian Companions in preserving the fundamentals of Shia beliefs and the correct transmission of religious instructions. In regard with the thought and belief, fewer Iranian Companions have deviated as a result of the efforts of Iranian Shiite sheikhs and the fight against the influence of deviant and exaggerated currents. Moreover, it seems that the greater number of Iranian lawyers and those who managed to see Imam Zaman (PBUH) compared to the Iraqi Companions, was due to the necessity of this matter and staying away from Imam and lack of access to him

Batayeh is the name of a land in south of Iraq which had changed into a mire through the passage of time due to the overflow of Tigris river and stoppage of water flow. At the beginning of the Buyid government in Iraq, Omran Ibn e- Shahin established Shahinid dynasty in this land. After the announcement of dependency of this dynasty, their enmity with the Buyids initiated and some wars happened among them which mostly led to the failure of Buyids. The present research based on descriptive-analytical method and taking advantage of the historical and geographical primary sources is to investigate the effect of the geography of Batayeh on the authority of Shahinids and their success in dealing with the Buyids. The findings of research clarify that the natural geography of Batayeh was considerably effective on the triumph of Shahinids. The geographical position of Batayeh and its natural phenomena including mires, canebrakes, canyons and use of them as a refuge led to the success and authority of this dynasty and finally, their change into a political pole in the center of the world of Islam

After being ousted from SAVAK, Timur Bakhtiar opposed Mohammad Reza Shah and established a base in Iraq for armed struggle, trying to attract the people of western Iran to his organization. The purpose of this study is to explain the role of the people of Ilam as one of the first groups that fought in the armed struggle against the Pahlavi regime in the late 1940s. The main question of the present study is what were the security reasons and consequences of the tendency of some groups from Ilam to Timur Bakhtiar? The findings of the study, which was conducted by descriptive-analytical method and based on unpublished documents of SAVAK, indicate that increasing the awareness of the people of Ilam about the situation in the country through interaction with the cities of Najaf and Karbala and the oppression of SAVAK and Pahlavi regime security forces in Ilam had prepared the ground for confronting the regime. During Bakhtiar's revolt against the Shah, the people of Ilam, who were not able to organize and equip their own forces, tried to seize the opportunity and confront the Pahlavi regime; However, due to the fact that Bakhtiar's revolt was devoid of theoretical and religious foundations and other components of a political and social movement, after a few guerrilla actions and insecurity of borders, his organization was finally disbanded with his assassination in August 1349. But in terms of security, SAVAK created a violent atmosphere in the region, and many people in Ilam who joined it were arrested, imprisoned and some were executed.