جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "orientation" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

Utilization of natural energies has been one of the most important features of building formation since ancient times.This issue has become very important in desert and semi-desert areas due to severe climatic conditions.Iranian Islamic architecture has always been formed in accordance with the climate in order to use natural energy, in which the two main components of orientation and form in the construction of the building have been greatly influenced by the climate.One of the important buildings in the past were caravanserais and ligaments, which due to their location and function, had to create suitable conditions for climatic conditions.Therefore, the use of natural energy in it has been important. caravanserais of the Seljuk period on the Khorasan highway had reached their peak of development due to political stability, cultural contexts, suitable social context, as well as the increase of trade and economic prosperity.One of the most valuable and significant ligaments in this period is the ligament of honor.This magnificent building is located next to the Silk Road on the way from Saraks to Mashhad and the semi-desert climate.The construction of the building, its orientation and form have been formed taking into account the climatic conditions of the region.Therefore, the question is expressed as follows:What has been the effect of the climatic conditions of the region on the orientation and form of the building of RobatSharaf in order to manage the energy of the interior space during the year?And what is the relationship between these building components and internal energy performance?

Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) sent letters to the kings in order to invite them and make them aware of his prophecy. These letters were sent when messenger of God was not dominant on Peninsula. William Montgomery Watt, the famous Islam scholar in the 20th century A.C, reflecting on this historical event and accepting its originality, believed that the content of these letters and the issue of their distribution are not consistent with the wisdom of Messenger of God and they have been distorted by the historian Muslims. Considering the reputation of Montgomery Watt as an outstanding writer of biographies in the West and his scientific research related to the events of early Islam as well as the biography of the Prophet, this research is to investigate Watt’s ideas concerning these letters and to recognize their accuracy and any probable errors via taking advantage of descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of this research indicate that Watt has investigated the ambiguous aspects of this event with a scientific but suspicious and intelligent view with the purpose of developing suspicion in the sources of history of Islam and verifying the Prophet’s prophecy as Arabic or local. Nonetheless, he has not found the documents required for his criticism and in some cases, he has analyzed this historical event based on his own views as well as the ideas presented by the orientalists before him.

Disruptions of Iranian Society ,So widespread, after the fallen of the Abbasid caliphat, and This society was finally degenerate, Hence, from the begnning some Iranian intellectuals and elites, sought to eliminate these abnormalities and attempted to do in various ways, In the meantime, Fazlullah Roozbahan Khonji, that One of the thinkers in Aq Qoyunlu periode, that Knowing this Situation, and using various tricks for inculcating a Shariah government, has explained, Established Aq Qoyunlu, based on the notion Mojadade Maae, In fact, Khonji, in pursuit of this goal, and by using other elements, such as persuasiveness, interpretation, and symbols of Iranshahrit,s thought, such as Divine wrongs, justice, and wisdom, introduce the legitimacy of the Aq Qoyunlu, Hence, these elements have been used in the Alam Araye Amini. Of course, this approach, of Khonji, during his visit to the Uzbek court, as the theorist of the advocate of this government, was reflect in the works, as Solouk Al molouk and Mehman Nameye Bukhara.

Shawāhid al-Nabuwwa of ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492) is among the books written by one of the Sunnī scholars who has authored it with a Sufi taste. In this book, Jāmī has addressed the life of the Prophet (S.A.W.), the twelve Imams (A.S.), and the companions (ṣaḥāba) with a miracle-oriented approach and has presented precisely the same reports about the Imams (A.S.) that are found in Shī‘ī sources. The approach of this book is “approximate” and has widely narrated the Imams’ miraculous acts and supernatural feats. The trend of the Imams’ hagiography, started since fourth/tenth century in early Sufi books, was perfected in ninth/fifteenth century by the compilation of such books as Shawāhid al-Nabuwwa, in a way that a similarity is noticed in the data concerning the life story of the Imams in both Sunnī and Shī‘ī sources. Examining the part of life story and miraculous acts of the twelve Imams (A.S.) in Shawāhid al -Nabuwwa and comparing it with the contents of Kashf al-Ghumma of ‘Alī b. ‘Īsā Irbalī (d. 692/1106), the seventh/thirteenth century Shī‘a scholar, the present article is intended to show the conformity and similarity of the Sunnī and Shī‘ī sources concerning their reports on the life story of the Imams (A.S.).