جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "political instability" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

The fall of the Safavid dynasty in 1135 AH, caused by simultaneous and related crises, opened the ground for the Afghans to seize power. The rule of Afghans over Iran was accompanied by unfortunate and negative consequences for the Iranian society and caused irreparable damage to all the country's pillars. Meanwhile, rural life in Iran was severely damaged. Based on the descriptive and explanatory method, this article examines the rural life of Iran during the Afghan period. The findings of the research show that the lack of political instability, the emergence of multiple power centers, the collection of heavy taxes, the insecurity of the roads, killings and looting, and the reduction of the country's active population have led to the stagnation and decline of rural life in Iran during the Afghan era.

Ghezelbash were an influential force in the formation and stabilization of the Safavid government.The gradual handing over of the states to the heads of Qezelbash clans, which was initially done in return for their military services, made the Safavid government aware of the danger of their rebellion. The Ghezelbash gradually increased their political and economic power by maintaining the military function, and this provided the ground for their intervention in political issues and as a result created problems for the Safavid government.Although the Safavid government was aware of the threat of increasing influence of Qezelbash from the beginning, but until the time of Shah Abbas (996-1038 AH), the policies implemented to reduce their influence and power did not have any results.Shah Abbas, while understanding the government’s need for the military services of the Qezelbash, sought to reduce and weaken their political and economic power. With a historical approach and a library method that relies on historical texts and analysis of source information, the present article aims to answer the following question, “With what measures did Shah Abbas reduce the growing power of Qezelbash”?

The divide between religion and government and the political instability of the constitutional era Political instability has been an enduring feature of Iranian political life in the contemporary era. One of the unstable periods in Iranian political history is the constitutional period. The constitutional revolution succeeded with the support of many people, but the events showed that not only security and law were not consolidated, but also a long period of chaos and political instability. Experts have cited various social divisions, such as the divide of religion and the state, generational divisions and ethnic divisions as important causes of instability during this period. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of religion and state in the political instability of the constitutional period. Does the question arise as to how the divide between religion and government has affected the political instability of the constitutional age? It is further hypothesized that the divide between religion and the state, reinforcing each other through generational divisions and ethnic divisions, will create political instability at this time. The paper intends to study the role of this gap in the constitutional period instability by using explanatory-analytical method and using historical data while referring to generational and ethnic divisions.

The military plays the main role in creating, stability and continuity of a government. The structure of Safavid's army had been formed by various groups such as Qizilbāsh amīrs, governors of province and Third Forces (Caucasian elements), etc. In the late Safavid's era (1677-1722), the conflict between different military groups in the pursuit of authorities, interests, superiority and military conquests broke out and in confrontation with political crisis, sprang from local and foreign events, caused to the weakness of performance and function of the military organization in a way that one can name it as a political factor of instability in the late safavids. This study seeks to analyze and explain the impact of the conflicts of the military forces on the political instability in the late Safavid era through a historical method and based on Historical sources.

In the second half of the ninth century AH, Iranian society left behind a period of political instability. The tribal and primitive mentality, at this time, dominated the politic structure and was changing its conditions constantly. Governments and rulers of this time, under the influence of the widespread crisis of succession and for numerous rivals, engaged in a nonstop struggle for power. Based on the kilometric method, this article intends to statistically study the instability of Iranian governments in the second half of the ninth century.
Statistical analysis shows that the governments of this time are in a state of instability in indicators such as life amount, average reign of rulers, death method and average of life. Regarding to the life of the government, the two Turkoman dynasties, the Qaraquyunlu and the Aqquyunlu, ruled for 63 and 36 years, respectively, which are low numbers for a government. In terms of the average monarchy, the average of the 8 Timurid rulers in the second half of the ninth century was 7 years, and the average reign of the rulers of Aghquyunlu was 4 years. In terms of the manner of death, it should be said that more than half of the rulers of these governments have been killed. Of the eight Timurid rulers in the second half of the ninth century, four were killed, three of the four Qaraquyunlu rulers, and six of the eight Aghquyunlu rulers were killed in civil struggles. In a correlated relationship with these characteristics, the average life of the rulers of these states, was also low.

Adjudication and Judiciary branch are one of the important institution in medieval history of Iran, especially in 14th century. Main task of the judiciary was review and settlement of people’s disputes according to Islamic jurisprudence, and appointments and removals in religious affairs. Duty of Judges alongside with governors was establishment of justice in society. In 14th century, Iran due to Moghol’s invasion, had no appropriate social and political conditions. In this Century, Local dynasties throughout Iran, were fighting against each other and created insecure situation. Economic infrastructures was broken down and moral and social abnormalities were increasing. We, in this research by causal approach, seek to find what were effects of political instability on social corruptions of judiciary in 14th Century? Findings of this research shows that insecurity had caused social contrast, retrogradation, and moral deviation among the judges. The political instability, induced in more social corruptions of judges and as we will see later, this led to appointment of illiterate, bribe taker, hypocrite and immoral judges.

In this paper, we tried to identify the social causes of political instability by using a comparative fuzzy qualitative analysis method. Considering that in the social sciences, on the one hand, most theories have a pedagogical aspect and seek the cause of social phenomena and, on the other hand, identification of the cause of social phenomena is not possible through statistical correlation tests. Therefore, in order to    overcome this problem, the fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis method to identify the cause of social phenomena was introduced in 2008. In this method, which has qualitative roots, the necessary cause and cause for social phenomenon are tested. Given that political instability has several causes, most of them rooted in development and social contradictions, this paper attempts to identify the social causes of political instability. To this end, a wide range of social variables affecting political instability have been counted from social science theories, then these variables were empirically tested in a cross-country study comparing 183 countries and the causes of social instability were identified. The results of this study showed that among the 31 social variables, the four variables of social globalization, government inefficiency, low life expectancy and difficulty in doing business are the causes of political instability.

In the present study, employing David Saunders's standpoints on political instability and its indicators, political instability at the period of Muhammad KhwarazmShah has been surveyed, based on two basic concepts of changes and challenges. The characteristics of political instability at the period mentioned have been identified in four categories of norm change, change of chief executive officers, change of boundaries, and violent challenges. Given the authoritarian nature of the sultanate of Muhammad KhwarazmShah and the key role of sultan in the structure of the Kharazmid government, the structural breakdown of the Kharazmid dynasty has been examined by investigating the central role of Sultan Muhammad's policies in political instability. Considering the weakness and the early collapse of the rule of Sultan Mohammad caused by such political instability, investigating and understanding the factors creating and exacerbating that political instability at that historical juncture is of great importance. With this in mind, the article seeks to answer the question that what the relationship between the policies of Sultan Muhammad KhwarazmShah and the emergence of political instability in that period is. The result of the author's analysis is that there has been a positive correlation between the policies of Sultan Muhammad and the emergence of political instability of his period

14th century is the century of establishment of local dynasties. In this century, various dynasties proliferated throughout Iran, hence, there was not a central and integrate government. In this research, lifespan of governments and average time of monarchies examined by Cliometrica as one of the components of instability. As a result, there is a correlation between lifespan of governments and monarchies with creation of unstable conditions. Average lives of five monarchies in these centuries are 51 years that is a low number. Among these five monarchies, no Dynasties has lived for over a hundred years, three ones had less than 50 years age. Average of monarchies was under 10 years. Dynasties in these two centuries had a short age of stability and there was one stable monarch. Some dynasties like Sarbedaran, Injuids and Chupanids did not have stability and they entered into decline period after establishment. Many Internal conflict in these monarchies caused that majority of monarchs had not opportunity to create stable and long term government.

Ghaznavids (360 -431) were from the middle ages with the origin of the Gholami who came to rule after the abduction of their believers in eastern Iran. Taxes were comon and traditional sources of this government›s economy, and since the iqtas due to political problems were never considered by the Ghaznavid sultans, the achievement of India›s spoils became the source of the livelihood of this dynasty, which, though financed by the government, The great army were kept active, but these spoils, elephants and slaves did not create the expected results in the production, development and economic prosperity of the Ghaznavids, and the abundance of problems caused a rise in liquidity, inflation and high prices. In this article, we have been examining the effect of military expedition to India on the financial strength of the armies, that caused transformed them from brave and agile warriors to wealthy class. This political and moral degeneration caused failing the Ghaznavids against the Turkmen movements in Khorasan, and losing their financial and military powers by plunder. The Ghaznavid peasantries that because of the campaign to India, had received a lot of tax pressure, with heavy taxes and the emersion of famine, they gradually found an impartial or even biased approach to the Turkmen, where the ultimate defeat of the Ghaznavids was in the battle of the Dandanghan.

The despotic nature of the government of Seljuk kings and the unparalleled status of the Sultan in the structure of this government are important in analyzing the causes of the Seljuk collapse. The weakness and decay of the successor of the Malikshah was also a result of such political instability. In this article, we seek to answer the question of what is the relationship between the policies of the successors of Malikshah, such as the struggle for succession, the lack of attention to people's welfare, the blowing up of religious wars, the conflict with the caliphate, and the rise of political instability in this period. The authors' theoretical framework is the theory of David Saunders about political instability. Accordingly, the political instability in the successor of Malikshah is based on two fundamental concepts of change and challenges, and its indicators have been identified through four categories of change of norms, the change in key executive positions, changing borders and violent challenges. The results of this study indicate that there has been a significant correlation between the policies of the successors of Malikshah and the emergence of political instability in this period.

The second half of the 5th A.H., the age of stability and authority Seljuk rule in Iran and escalates again The Caliphate in Baghdad and also the hallmarks of the state and the development of political ideas and jurisprudential debate in line with the Monarchy and Caliphate on behalf of the people because of Imām Mohammad Ghazzāli and Khwādjeh Nizām-al-Mulk decline and degeneration of intellectual and spreading religious conflicts between the Islamic sects. Doubtless, one of the factors that leads to the instability across the Seljuk rule, the Ismailia measures in this time. The Ismailia measures in Iran Seljuk evening in creating the internal chaos in the Ismailia new and different areas of Iran and the character assassination of different political, jurisprudence and intellectual and military and it showed his Ismailia of martyrs. From the very beginning until the end of Seljuk rule created many problems Seljuk many Thrones efforts to combat and clashes with the Ismailia and this led to instability and chaos, political and social insecurity.