جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « جنگ جهانی اول » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The massacre of 150,000 Qashqai’s during the occupation of Iran by the Allies would have erased the Qashqai clan from the scene of the times and put the Qashqai name on the pages of history. Time was passing quickly; military planes were full of explosives and the armed forces under the command of Marshal Jahanbani were ready to encircle the Qashqai’s. A moment of delay was enough to change the fate of one of the Turkish clans. To prevent the massacre, Jamal Hassanu Tarai suggested to the British ambassador in Tehran that we can settle the Qashqai’s in Turkey. But for some reason, this proposal was rejected, and a military attack was put on the agenda. The Turkish ambassador prevented this huge tragedy from happening due to his close relations with Marshal Jahanbani and some officials, as well as persuading Khosro Khan Qashqai to compromise with the British ambassador. In 1963, the Turkish ambassador wrote his memoirs under the title "Hidden Leaf of Contemporary History" in Cumhuriyet newspaper. What you will read ahead is an unknown page of Qashqai history and of course a brief description of the political situation in Iran in 1943. İranın müttəfiqlər tərəfindən işğalı zamanı 150 min qaşqayın qətlə yetirilməsi Qaşqay tayfasını zamanın səhnəsindən silib, Qaşqay adını tarix səhifələrinə yazdıra bilərdi. Vaxt sürətlə keçdi, hərbi təyyarələr partlayıcılarla dolu idi və general-leytenant Cahanbaninin komandanlığı altında olan silahlı qüvvələr qaşqayları mühasirəyə almağa hazır idi. Bir anlıq gecikmə türk tayfalarının birinin taleyini dəyişməyə kifayət edə bildi. Qətliamın qarşısını almaq üçün Camal Husnu Tarai İngiltərənin Tehrandakı səfirinə təklif etdi ki, biz qaşqayları Türkiyədə məskunlaşdıra bilərik. Amma bəzi səbəblərdən bu təklif rədd edildi və hərbi hücum gündəmə gətirildi. Türkiyə səfiri general-leytenant Cahanbani və bəzi məmurlarla yaxın münasibətləri, habelə Xosrov Xan Qaşqayı Britaniya səfiri ilə güzəştə getməyə razı salması sayəsində bu böyük faciənin qarşısını aldı. Türkiyə səfiri 1963-cü ildə “Cümhuriyyət” qəzetində “Yaxın tarixdən gizli qalmış bir yarpaq” adı ilə xatirələrini yazıb. Qarşıda oxuyacağınız yazı Qaşqay tarixinin naməlum səhifəsi və təbii ki, 1943-cü ildə İrandakı siyasi vəziyyətin qısa təsviridir.

 With the outbreak of the First World War, due to its geopolitical situation and the establishment of Russian forces since 1909/1288 AD, Azerbaijan was unintentionally involved in the conflicts and wars between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Before the war, Ottomans had strengthened their positions against the Russians because Azerbaijan, especially the western corridor of Lake Urmia, was considered a strategic and suitable route Tsarist Russia to reach Mesopotamia and the warm waters of the Persian Gulf. In the spring of 1295 AH, the whole region was gradually occupied by the Russians, and the last attempt of the Ottomans to capture the positions of the Russians in the West of Azerbaijan under the title of Dillman (Salmas) war between Russia and the Ottomans in May 1295 AH led to the defeat of the Ottomans. At the same time as the Dillman War, the Assyrians and Ottoman Armenians revolted in Anatolia. The return of the Ottoman forces to Eastern Anatolia led to the suppression of the Ottoman rebel Armenians. The consequences of this war were mass migration of Ottoman Assyrians to western Azerbaijan, including Urmia and Salmas. This article, written based on Ottoman documents and Iranian sources on a descriptive-analytical basis, tries to answer these questions: what was the cause of this war and the process of the incident, and finally, what were the consequences of this war for Azerbaijan and Eastern Anatolia?  It was concluded that following this war, the western region of Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia were captured by the joint Russian-Armenian forces. The subsequent events led to various incidents and events for both Muslims and Christians in Azerbaijan and Eastern Anatolia. It is clear that both the Ottoman countries and Tsarist Russia sought to gain more wealth and power in this region without considering the interests of the Iranian people and their partiality with these groups was temporary and based on their short-term and long-term hidden and overt interests.

 Qazvin is one of the cities that were occupied by the allies in both world wars. During the Second World War, the forces of all three countries, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were present in this city, and Qazvin was used as one of the command centers of the Soviet forces and their main base to control the capital. The presence of the allied forces in Qazvin caused many problems for its residents, the effects and signs of which can be seen in the documents and sources left from that era. The purpose of the current research, which is carried out with aanalytical method and relying on documents and library sources, is to investigate the situation of Qazvin during World War II and wants to answer the question of what consequences the occupation of Qazvin by the allied forces had for This city and its inhabitants have had. The result of the present research shows that the presence of the Allies in Qazvin, which continued from the first days of their arrival in Iran until the months after the end of the World War, caused insecurity, chaos, murder, looting, theft, famine, high prices, smuggling, There was hoarding, disease, conflict and conflict in Qazvin and its surroundings.

he invasion of British, Soviet, and American forces in September 1941 led to the abdication of Reza Shah, resulting in Iran’s involuntary entry into a war that had various implications in political, economic, and social aspects. According to Article B of the Tripartite Agreement, the Iranian government was obliged to place all its communication facilities, including telephone, telegraph, and wireless services, at the disposal of the Allies. Thus, throughout the war, the Allied powers took control of telegraph and postal services. Documents indicate that the unrestricted operation of the Allies in employing the postal and telegraph communication system facilitated their full-scale interference in Iranian domestic affairs, leading to the disruption of the economic system and incurring numerous damages in various sectors of the Iranian economy. This research evaluates and investigates foreign domination over the postal and telegraph systems as an example of these consequences.While in recent years, there has been a growing trend of examining World War II and investigating its causes, backgrounds, and outcomes, many documents and records related to Iran are still preserved in archival centers in the form of data, which can provide a clear narrative of Iran’s situation during and after the war. The present research aims to investigate the conditions of Iran in this period through the lens of the postal and telegraph situation, relying on the available documents in Iranian archival sources. This article seeks to answer the following questions: What were the effects of the Tripartite Agreement imposed on Iran, as a result of the occupation during World War II on the state of Iran's postal and telegraph services? What was the significance of interference in postal and telegraph services for the Allied governments? How did the Iranian government react to foreign interference? This research endeavors to provide clear answers to these questions by using documents and analyzing historical data.

This article uses a descriptive-analytical approach. The subject is initially described comprehensively and then a historical analysis is conducted by utilizing the documents available in Iranian archives.

Following the occupation of the country by foreign forces during World War II, internal affairs in Iran were severely disrupted, and as a result, key sectors of the economy such as agriculture, industry, railways, postal and telegraph services, and foreign trade suffered serious damage. These events took place due to the presence of Allied forces. The Allies, through interfering in various political, economic, and social spheres during the war, took control of the country's vital administrative arteries, not only causing disruptions but also inflicting significant financial losses. One of the important economic sectors of the country was the postal and telegraph communication system, which, albeit at great expense, arrived in Iran with British and Russian support and it was a significant source of government revenue. With the occupation of Iran, this source of income fell into the hands of the Allied powers, leading to a decrease in its revenue. Disruption in the operations of merchants and traders, who relied on the postal and telegraph system to conduct business within and outside Iran, resulted in their financial losses. Reduction in the level of services provided by ministries, departments, and organizations related to economic and financial matters, as well as the reduction in the government revenue due to people’s payments for postal and telegraph expenses, are among the consequences of Allied interference in this crucial communication sector. With the occupation of Iran, not only did the postal and telegraph lose its role as an income source, but significant financial burdens were also imposed on the Iranian people and government.

Based on the research findings, the Allies, using the Tripartite Agreement, laid the groundwork for their direct interference in postal and telegraph services. This led to disruptions in trade, a reduction in the level of services provided by ministries, departments, and organizations related to economic and financial matters, a decrease in Iranian government revenue due to people’s payments for postal and telegraph expenses, and ultimately, a reduction in government revenue from this important economic source.

With the start of the First World War, both sides of Azerbaijan were involved in an unwanted war between the Ottoman and Russian states. With the defeat of the allies of the Ottoman government, it was forced to leave Azerbaijan on both sides of the Aras River, and the field became more open for the invasion of the Armenian armed forces.The Muslim Turks, in front of the invading Armenians, who attacked the Muslim areas to expand their borders, the government of "Araz Turk government" (Turkish Republic of Aras), "Daghlar government " (Republic of the Mountains) in Dagestan, "Qars Islam Shurasi" Kars Republic) in the Kars region in eastern Anatolia and "Akhiska Republic" in present-day Georgia and "Southwest Caucasus Government" (Southwest Caucasus Government) in the Caucasus and Eastern Anatolia and "Azerbaijan Republic" (Azerbaijan Republic / Equality State) ) set up.These states were dissolved after the attack of the Bolshevik Russians and their lands were merged into the states of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia and Turkey.

The city and state of Yerevan has been a part of the territory of Azerbaijan in history. This area was ruled by Qajar Khan until 1828, which became part of Russian lands based on the Treaty of Turkmenchai in 1828. With the collapse of the tsarist government of Russia, the Armenians wanted to occupy the entire province of Yerevan and were able to declare Yerevan as the center of the Republic of Armenia despite the majority of Turks in thıs regıon. Since its formation, this government was trying to cleanse the region from other nations for the benefit of Armenians. The passage of time showed that the Armenians were successful in this policy and Yerevan and its surrounding villages were cleared of Turks. This document is one of the thousands of documents that the oppressed residents of Yerevan and the elders of its 20 villages have requested for help from the newly established government of Azerbaijan by sending letters in the Azerbaijani Turkish language with the Arabic alphabet and dated September 8, 1919. This letter reached the government of Azerbaijan on November 18, 1919and was registered as number 171. In this letter, the elders of Yerevan, while describing the atrocities of Dashnak Armenians during the First World War, explained how the people of Surmeli, Akh Sakhli, Qirakh Bolaq, Echmiadzin, Kalpan and Chichek regions were deported. In the following, you can see the minutes of the signing of the request for assistance from the Azerbaijan cabinet of twenty villages of Yerevan. The original of this document is kept in the archives of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Kermanshah was one of the strategic places in Iran during the First World War (1914 - 1918). This state was damaged a lot economically and commercially during that war. The research question is how the First World War effected Kermanshah's economic and commercial situation to the end of Qajar dynasty. This research is based on a descriptive-analytic approach using library sources and especially documentaries depending on travelogues and memories. Findings of this research indicate that economy and trade of Kermanshah for owing to factors such as local competent rulers, the policy of the Iranian government, and the commercial allies of Iran was prosperous from the 19th century to the beginning of the First World War. However, with the beginning of the war and the occupation of Kermanshah by the allies and its consequences such as the destruction of agricultural and livestock products, looting and occupation of customs, disturbance in the post and telegraph process, circulation of hostile countries' currency, absence of safety and destruction of infrastructures, the great famine and prevalence of disease after the war made recession in the trade. However, after the end of the war the economy and business in Kermanshah, due to external and internal factors, became prosperous again to the extent that in 1924 it was the most important imported city in Iran.

On the eve of the first world war, the western borders and the Kurdish regions of Iran during the Qajar era were through a critical period due to the displacement of local rulers. Also deep-rooted historical differences with the Ottomans, the presence of various tribes and political differences made the region faced with new events. While the Ottomans had officially entered the war, the buffering of Kurdistan between Iran and the Ottomans could not keep Kurdistan away from its consequences. The study tries to explain the causes of the expansion and continuation of the war in Kurdistan, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the historical sources of documents, local and national newspapers. The investigations showed that the political and religious differences in Kurdistan and the confrontation of nomads with each other, along with the strategic importance of this region for foreign forces were the essancial factors behind the spread of the war to Kurdistan. Also, political instability in Kurdistan, intensification of tribal conflicts, presence of disaffected Sheikhs, competition of hostile governments and finally false promises of independence led to the continuation of the war in the region.

Iran enjoys a strategic and important position, and this issue has been one of the most important reasons that has caused it not to be spared from major world events throughout history. The World War I is one of the events that affected the history of Iran. In the meantime, the role of a large tribe such as the Sanjabi tribe in protecting the homeland is clearly evident. This clan, led by Ali Akbar Khan faced the Russian, British and Ottoman governments and was able to gain credit in order to preserve and prevent the disintegration of Iran. In this article, an attempt has been made to address the question of how Sardar Sinjabi played a role in mobilizing people against the Russian, British and Ottoman governments in World War I by using the descriptive-analytical method and using library sources. The findings of the research show that due to his authority and popularity in the tribe, Sardar Sinjabi played an important role in the formation and organization of the popular mobilization to confront the great governments of Russia, England and Ottoman in World War I.

At the beginning of World War I, Iran decided to adopt a policy of neutrality in foreign policy and international relations. Iran's statesmen thought that by adopting this policy, they could keep the war away from Iran's borders; however, this prediction did not occur and the war entered Iran's territory and caused huge losses to Iranians. Even though for the majority of statesmen, the policy of neutrality was an unquestionable matter and the best strategy to get rid of this devastating crisis, weak voices were reflected in that space, which did not consider this policy to ensure Iran's territorial integrity and national security. This study made an attempt to present some of these criticisms and doubts. The arguments and opinions of the opponents of the policy of neutrality were neglected at that time, but by investigating them, it may be possible to achieve results for Iran today.

In the age of modernism and women’s efforts to transfer their social position, created different characteristics in the type of women’s clothing. The adaptation of Qajar women’s clothing developments to women’s clothing developments in Europe has received less attention and, in this study, matching with British women clothing especially London has not been done. This research tries to answer the question that how much the social effect changes woman in Tehran and London in a period of time in their clothing style, and created a similar meaning of modern woman? The theory, shows the difference of the nature of social changes of two countries and the older history of modernism changes in Britain that revealed in Iran in the form of modernization. The present research is of qualitative type and descriptive method and its approach is comparative art studies. Findings show that developments in women’s clothing does not correspond to the expected social role of contemporary women in Iran. Developments in women’s clothing in Britain in pursuit of greater civil liberties made clothes easier, freer and more in a variety, but in Iran, the changes in women’s clothing were imitative and was not in proportion with social developments. In a way that most changes occurred in woman’s inner clothing that affected some factors like unregulated imports of different textiles and sometimes costs cheap, sewing machine import and etc. It changed to western style like dress, two pieces and etc. and Qajar woman’s outdoor clothing such as veil, mask, was in accordance with common social custom. In other Words, European Women changed their dress in accordance with social activities, but Qajar women were not able to change their social costume in contrast to the tradition of society.

Although Iran declared neutrality in World War II; But following the expansion of the war in the eastern fronts, Iran's neutrality was violated and this country was occupied by the Allies. Regarding the incident of Shahrivar 1320 and the foreign policy of Iran and its allies, many documents and research works have been published; However, it is necessary to investigate the unknown and obscure aspects of this important event. Considering such a vacuum, the purpose of this article is to analyze and explain the hidden angles of Iran's military policy against the occupation policy of the Allies in World War II. According to such a goal, the question that is raised is whether the Iranian government followed a specific military policy beyond its official policy against the occupation of Iran by the allies? What were the components of this policy and how successful was it? The findings of the research show that the government of Iran, in parallel with the abandonment of hostilities and the policy of military surrender imposed by the military superiority of the Allies on Iran, had also adopted a minimal military policy, the purpose of which was to preserve the structure of the army and the military achievements of the Reza Shah period in order to preserve Internal order and security and dealing with threats from foreign enemies and threats from neighbors; Because in case of resistance, the Allies would fear disbanding the army. The research method in this article is the post-objective method.

After the occupation of Iran in World War II, Lorestan was located in one of the main corridors of the railway and the routes of Shoseh north to Jeno, the location of Souq Al-Jishi (adjacent to Kermanshah, Iraq, Khuzestan, and the north of the country) and the presence of clans with capacity Dissatisfaction with the central government was noticed by the occupiers. The presence of foreign military forces in Lorestan quickly caused disturbances and unfortunate consequences from the economic and social points of view.In this review, we will discuss why and how the allied military forces entered the Lorestan region and also study the consequences of their presence from an economic and social point of view. The results of the research show that after the defeat of the Lorestan mixed brigade (subordinate to the 6th division of Khuzestan) and the occupation of Khuzestan, the allied forces entered the region from the south of Lorestan without resistance. The presence and operations of these forces gradually caused insecurity, lack of food, famine, inflation, and disruption in education in some areas of the region. These issues had long-term effects on the lives of cities and villages. 

The city of Qazvin was very important due to its location on the main roads of the west and north of the country, as well as its location on the road to Russia, both internally and externally. Having a privileged communication position and providing grain needed by the Russian forces through Qazvin caused the Allies to make Qazvin the base of their forces at the start of the First world war. Therefore, the most important issue during the war was the damage to the agricultural and population infrastructure and the loss of security and order in the city and villages of Qazvin. Present research tries to Descriptive and analytical method by relying on reliable sources answer this questions that how the presence of Russian forces fueled insecurity and disorder in the city? What were the security and law enforcement consequences of the presence of Russian forces in Qazvin? Present research aims to show how much the security and law enforcement consequences created by the Russians affected people's lives. information.Findings of present research show that the presence of Russians in Qazvin led to an increase in theft, beating of residents, murder, occupation of government offices and places, destruction of farms and gardens, and as a result, the escape of villagers, and the important factor in the losses of Russians is inefficiency and lack of opposition of the government against the Russians.

The occupation of Iran by the Allies in World War II and the forced resignation of Reza Shah caused many political, social, economic and security crises. In such a situation, the parliament and the government of Iran, with the advice and support of England and the United States and with the initial approval of the Soviet Union, considered hiring advisers from the United States to organize the situation and overcome the economic and administrative problems. In this regard, Arthur Millspaugh, who had already come to Iran once as the head of finance and, considering the conditions of the time, had left behind a relatively successful performance, was hired as the head of Iran's finance. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the performance of Millspaugh in reducing and stabilizing prices during the two years of its presence in Iran (1942-1944). The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting library and documentary information. The results of this research showed that Millspaugh had an unsuccessful performance in adjusting and stabilizing the prices of goods despite his broad authority and all-round support of the Allies so the price of many goods continued to increase during his presence in Iran, and if in goods such as Wheat, rice and some agricultural products show signs of price stabilization and reduction. It is not because of Millspaugh's actions, but  due to the abundance of agricultural products and the determination of the task of war on many fronts in 1944.

During World War I, Iran was hit by the deadly Spanish flu, which is considered the worst disease of the 20th century. Three to four waves of Spanish Flu from the spring of 1918 to the summer of 1919/ Rabi al-Thani 1336 to Rajab 1337 AH hit Iran and most countries in the world. The disease came from outside Iran's borders, and foreign factors such as the presence of British, Russian, and Ottoman forces played an important role in accelerating its spread. Domestically, political and economic disintegration and worn and inefficient health infrastructure contributed to the disaster. As a result of this disease, between 10 and 20 percent of Iran's population lost their lives, and its psychological and social effects will cast a shadow over Iranian society for years to come. The question of the article is: How did the Spanish flu spread in Iran and what impact did it have on Iranian society during the Qajar period?The present research was conducted using a library method. Historical sources, memoirs, travelogues of Europeans and archival documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were used in the research. The results of this research show that the deplorable conditions in Iran during World War I and the high mortality rate were not only due to famine, drought, and the occurrence of historical diseases, but that the three deadly waves of the Spanish flu brought the living conditions of Iranians to a very acute stage.

The Allied occupation of Hamedan in World War II had several social, economic, and cultural consequences. The cultural-educational activities of the region underwent temporary and fleeting changes during this period, and the effects of the war caused conditions such as the fragmentation of cultural activists' programs, the stagnation of press activity, the stagnation in the performance of literary associations, and the decline of activity. Cinema and theater, the suspension of formal education in schools and the closure of some of them in Hamedan. The subject of this research is the study of the cultural consequences of World War II in Hamedan. The present study has a descriptive-analytical method and approach and the information has been collected in a library-documentary manner based on existing reports. This research seeks to answer the question of what were the consequences and effects of the outbreak of World War II and the occupation of Hamedan on the cultural situation in the region and what were the causes of these consequences? The findings of this study show; Most of the cultural-educational consequences were unstable and limited to the occupation of Hamedan, which was gradually revived with the evacuation of the city by the Allies. These negative consequences in the field of culture and education were among the short-term consequences of the war. During the war, the first priority of the people was to meet economic needs, and cultural and educational needs were not considered a priority of the people at that time.

In the past decades, archaeology has turned toward research on societies that lie temporally between the industrial age and the present, what can be considered a “late historical  archaeology.” The cultural materials for the study of this branch of archaeology include archival written sources, audio and video sources, and eyewitnesses, all of which are analysed together with the findings of archaeological excavations. Studies of the modern period in archaeology, which includes the industrial age and the era of globalization, document both individual and collective processes. Archaeology of modern times requires an interdisciplinary perspective, drawing on the disciplines of art history, history, sociology, anthropology, and even criminology in analysing and interpreting its findings. The present article is the result of a study in the archaeology of modernity, in which the authors investigated a World War II Nazi training camp in Wustrau, located in the German state of Brandenburg, about 70 km northwest of Berlin. The camp was built to “retrain” - or brainwash -non-Russian members of the Red Army such as Ukrainians, Muslim Tatar prisoners as part of a plan to send them into the territories of the Soviet Union as trained Nazi administrators. The archaeological excavation in Wustrau was conducted jointly by members of the Free University of Berlin, Isfahan Art University and the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Research Institute.

Despite taking a neutral stance, Iran heavily suffered from the First World War. Russian and Ottoman forces violated this neutrality and occupied a vast part of the country along the western frontier. This critical situation caused many calamities with deep and viable effects on the social life of Western Iran which missed scholarly attention. Bearing this in mind, and drawing on a bunch of unpublished archival material, this paper aims to shed new light on some unexplored dimensions of the subject. The central focus of this article is on the social and economic problems that ensued from the lasting occupation of the western provinces of Iran. At the same time, it seeks to prepare a descriptive explanation of the behavior of the local elite in confrontation with this crisis and what we can term center-peripheral policies. The findings show that the Ottoman invasion to western Iran and its occupation had certain social and economic consequences. These problems not only affected the local economy and social life but raised serious challenges for the central authority

At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States of America had the most advanced economy in the world. This issue did not escape the sharp eyes of the Iranian intellectuals and modernists of the Qajar period, and they followed with exemplary obsession how the economy of this new country flourished. The current research tries to answer these questions by using unpublished archival documents in Iran: How did the intellectuals and progressives introduce the economy and finance of America? What results did these findings have for Iran? And to what extent did the First World War play a role in increasing or decreasing commercial and financial exchanges between Iran and the United States? The findings of this study, which is based on the analytical descriptive method, show that the intellectuals, in order to show the importance of American trade, in the first step compared the exploitation of underground resources in America and Iran with a critical view, and in this way, the importance and necessity of expanding trade relations with this country. warned the officials of the Iranian government. Further, in their reports, they showed the desirable state of American trade during the First World War and the years after the war compared to other countries in the world.