جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سیستان » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The Sistan plain in the north of Sistan and Baluchistan province in the southeast of Iran, with suitable biological conditions, including fertile soil, a series of permanent and seasonal rivers, and a communication and commercial position as one of the most important centers of human societie is known in ancient times. Based on this and despite the limited archaeological activities in this field and the lack of comprehensive archaeological information from the historical periods of the region, it is necessary to carry out a systematic study and survey on one of the most important Islamic castles of this plain. For this purpose, in July of 2015, during the survey and speculation project in order to determine the area and propose the boundaries of the Bibi Doost hill chain, a methodical survey of Madrish Castle, which is located in a part of the northern area of the Bibi Doost area It was done by using the method of "methodical sampling of classified indicators". In this sampling, 218 ancient findings such as: broken pieces of pottery, stone vessels, manganese (glass bangles) and broken pieces of glassware were collected. In line with the objectives of the research, 77 pieces of indicative pottery were selected and subjected to typological comparisons. In this research, the basic question is: What period or era is the age of Madrish Castle through classification, typology and comparative studies of pottery? The method of data collection in this research is field and document methods, and descriptive-comparative research method, and the results have been analyzed based on comparative studies. The results of the studies carried out in this site clearly indicate the settlement date of the middle centuries of 5th to 9th A.H. And it shows the cultural connection of this region with neighboring regions such as Greater Khorasan, Afghanistan, Kerman and Baluchistan. Also, the significant and abundant type of pottery in this area is the unglazed pottery with carved motifs and geometric motifs.

The competition between Russia and England in Iran for the purpose of developing possessions and concluding concession contracts started from the beginning of the Qajar period in the 19th century and gradually intensified. One of the factors that intensified the rivalry between Russia and England in Iran was the issue of India. British to protect India and Russians to disturb the British in India were applying many policies in parts of Iran. The issue of India and some other factors caused the rivalry between Russia and England in the last years of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century to be more concentrated in the eastern regions of Iran, especially Sistan. The competition of these two European countries in the east of Iran had reached such a height that they established a consulate in Sistan to achieve their goals. By establishing a consulate in Sistan, these two great colonial powers, on the one hand, wanted to know about the plans of the rivals and on the other hand, sought to advance their goals and interests. The confrontation between the Russian and British consulates in Sistan along with the positions of the central government of Iran and the local rulers of the region caused complex relations between these two consulates in Sistan. The most important issue of the present article is what was the relationship between the Russian and British consulates in Sistan? The assumption of this article is that the relations between the Russian and British consulates in Sistan were more competitive and confrontational. Of course, they interacted with each other regarding cultural issues and political issues in emergency situations. This writing has been done in a historical method with a descriptive-analytical method using library sources and documents

The palace of koh-e Khwajeh in Sistan is one of the most important archaeological sites on the east of the extensive territory of the Parthian and Sassanid rules. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the site of the Koh-e Khwajeh has attracted the attention of well-known and great archaeologists such as Stein and Herzfeld, and studies of this key site have been continued continuously to this day. One of the important and controversial issues in this area is the historical sequence and function of this magnificent monument. The purpose of this research is to achieve an accurate understanding of the chronology and function of this huge site based on the studies, surveys and excavations carried out so far as well as the logical conclusions made in this regard. The excerpt of the current research is focused on the stuccos, ceramics, paintings, and the coins obtained from this site and at the same time it is attempted to make the most use of architectural elements such as clay reliefs and also absolute dating experiments performed on this site. According to the research conducted, including the results of the absolute dating, clay reliefs and coins obtained from fieldwork suggest that this site has been of special value and importance in the Sassanid period. The site resembles the cities of the historical period in the Parthian-Sasanian eras in terms of physical and spatial structure; however, the space where was used was so limited that it could not have functioned as a city. This palace, according to the studies carried out, is very similar to Takht-e Suleiman monument in Azerbaijan and can be assumed to have functioned as a palace-temple.

Beyond the central deserts of Iran, Sistān and Khorāsān formed the eastern states of the Sasanian Empire, which were considered rich and economically prosperous states at the time. On the other hand, although the neighborhood with the eastern nomadic tribes the dangers it posed to their inhabitants but had given them a strategic aspect. Besides, it affected the events of these states extremely. Hence, the Economic, Political, and social situation studies of this region, particularly in the last half-century of the Sasanian dynasty, which finally ended in the downfall of their dynasty, can be considered important. The present study intends to find out the effects that the Economic, Political, and social situation of the Sasanian eastern states had on the fall and conquest there by the Muslim Arabs based on library resources using a descriptive-analytical research method. The research findings suggested that the invasion of nomads and forced migrations to the eastern Sasanian states caused diversity in the demographic composition; there. This factor, along with their lack of political and economic dependence on the central government, doubled the incentive for achieving power among local rulers; Eventually, they caused the fall of the Sasanian dynasty.

The palace of koh-e Khwajeh in Sistan is one of the most important archaeological sites on the east of the extensive territory of the Parthian and Sassanid rules. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the site of the Koh-e Khwajeh has attracted the attention of well-known and great archaeologists such as Stein and Herzfeld, and studies of this key site have been continued continuously to this day. One of the important and controversial issues in this area is the historical sequence and function of this magnificent monument. The purpose of this research is to achieve an accurate understanding of the chronology and function of this huge site based on the studies, surveys and excavations carried out so far as well as the logical conclusions made in this regard. The excerpt of the current research is focused on the stuccos, ceramics, paintings, and the coins obtained from this site and at the same time it is attempted to make the most use of architectural elements such as clay reliefs and also absolute dating experiments performed on this site. According to the research conducted, including the results of the absolute dating, clay reliefs and coins obtained from fieldwork suggest that this site has been of special value and importance in the Sassanid period. The site resembles the cities of the historical period in the Parthian-Sasanian eras in terms of physical and spatial structure; however, the space where was used was so limited that it could not have functioned as a city. This palace, according to the studies carried out, is very similar to Takht-e Suleiman monument in Azerbaijan and can be assumed to have functioned as a palace-temple.

Throughout history, Sistan has had its ups and downs in the field of livelihood, economic and agricultural activities as a "cereal warehouses". In this article, researchers will "investigate the relationship between Mongol and Timurids invasion with the spread of insecurity in Sistan", using the library tools and historical-analytical research methods. The findings of the research based on the security theory of Copenhagen school show that types of insecurities by the Mongols and Timurids expressed in the five following dimensions, threatened and destroyed five dimensions of security: 1. Political insecurity: deportation of local rulers, appointment of incompetent people in charge of affairs, lack of life and job security, and destruction of all political lifes in the defeated cities2. Military insecurity by invaders: suppression of local governments and the destruction of military resources in devastated cities, creation of a human shield by prisoners, the forced conscription and determining the right of fodder for the troops passage 3. Environmental insecurity: destruction of the ecosystem, mass slaughter, genocide and burning of animals and plants, and destruction of dams by the Timurids4. Social Insecurity: forced Migration of human resources, prevalence of lies, usury, moral corruption, appointment of incompetent people in important matters of society, valuating the rabble and dunkey keepers5. Economic insecurity: destruction of farms, destruction of irrigation system, determination of taxes, slavery of citizens, confiscation of property and expansion of usury and usury taking by the Mongols and TimuridsVocabulary: Insecurity, Mongols and Timurids, Sistan, Copenhagen Theory.

Malek Mahmoud Sistani (Kiani) is one of the princes of Sistan who reached Mashhad in 1135 AH/ 1722 AD following the domination of Mahmoud Qaljaei over Isfahan. In order to gain legitimacy, he traces the roots of his family to the Saffarid dynasty and through them to the Sassanids, and then to the ancient and mythical Kianians through their lineage; A claim that was almost accepted at that time. The present study is dedicated to criticizing the authenticity of this claim and also determining the date of application of the title “property” to this family. The research question is presented as follows: what were the factors and reasons for attributing King Mahmoud Sistani to the Sassanids and Kianians? In response, the hypothesis was stated that the mythical or historical roots of the presence of the Kiani kings and the heroes of the Shahnameh in the Sistan region, and the existence of historical sources in confirmation of this issue, have given rise to such an idea. The research findings, which are based on the description and analysis of data and the application of historical research methods, indicate that the genealogy of this family has been supported and sometimes questioned by various historical sources over the years. Paying attention to the non-attribution of the Sassanids to the Kianians based on post-Saffavid sources makes it clear that this claim can be discussed until attributed to the Sassanids.

Helmand has long been the main artery of Sistan life and has always played a decisive role for it; However, since the unfair division of the region between Iran and Afghanistan and the lack of sufficient water (for various reasons) in the region, Helmand has gradually become an issue and crisis for the people of Sistan and the Iranian government and the source of differences between the two neighboring countries. This discrepancy has gradually become more pronounced and has taken on a national dimension, with frequent droughts, population growth, mismanagement of water resources, and increased demand for water.This article intends to provide a realistic solution to overcome this crisis and reduce its consequences, while reviewing the historical course of the Helmand issue and the consequences of water shortages and enumerating the existing challenges. Accordingly, the main question of the research is what is the cause of the persistence of the Helmand problem and what strategies and policies can be used to manage the negative effects and consequences of this historical problem in order to eliminate or mitigate it? According to the hypothesis of this study, preventing Afghanistan from entering the share of Helmand water, numerous droughts, especially during the last three decades, and short-term and sometimes ineffective solutions to the Helmand problem, has led to the sustainability of this problem that can be solved by Sentences of constructive diplomacy with the Afghan side, recourse to international law, proper management of water entering the country, observing the pattern of proper cultivation, mechanized irrigation and creating employment in other industries will reduce the negative effects of this issue. This research has tried to study this issue in order to achieve tangible and feasible solutions in a more comprehensive and wide-ranging way. The research has been done with an interdisciplinary approach and descriptive-explanatory method.

Iran-India relations in the Safavid period were of special importance due to internal, regional and global developments. These connections were made both by sea and by land. Since Sistan province was in the neighborhood of India during the Safavid period and Kandahar province was also a border province, one of the communication routes between Iran and India in the Safavid period was the Sistan and Kandahar road. The communication importance of the roads of this route was so great that it was not neglected by European cartographers at that time. One of the interesting maps about drawing the roads of Iran in the Safavid period is the map of Guillaume Delisle, France. Considering the importance of Iran-India relations in the Safavid period and the mapping of Iran-India communication routes in Guillaume Delisle's map, the question arises as to what role the Sistan and Kandahar routes mapped in Guillaume Delisle's map, what role in Iran-India relations they had? The findings of this study indicate that the use of ligaments and caravanserais provided security measures and facilities for the Sistan and Kandahar roads, and a major part of the political, military, economic and cultural relations between Iran and India through communication. These ways were done. The purpose of this article is to introduce the drawn roads of Sistan and Kandahar in the map of Guillaume Delisleand to explain the communication role of these roads in the relations between Iran and India in the Safavid period has been done in a historical way by describing and analyzing the collected data.

From the archaeological point of view, pottery contains valuable information about living conditions and economic, social and cultural interactions between peoples who live in a region or beyond in past. Identifying the pottery characteristics and its common styles in the region are the first steps for extracting and analyzing this information. Parthian-Sassanian pottery in the east of Iran consists of prominent features that show transregional interactions along with the persistence of local traditions. The collection of pottery sherds newly found in the Neh plain and the Chaharfarsakh Valley of the Nehbandan county provide indicative properties of the traditional pottery styles in eastern Iran during the Parthian and Sassanian periods. Comparative study of the diagnostic Parthian-Sasanian potteries of Sisatn and southern Khorasan demonstrates a close relationship between the pottery traditions of these two regions. Accordingly, the materials wich used as temper and the style of decorations bear an equal resemblance. This resemblance can be detected also in the form of the ceramics from Nehbandan with those from the historical sites of Sistan. Moreover, almost all of the potteries were manufactured using the wheel and only the sherds belonged to the handles, lids, or spouts are handmade. The study of potteries from the Nehbandan county shows that the historical processes in the Parthian and Sassanian periods and passing important roads such as the ancient Khorasan–Sistan route through the region have had a profound impact on the making and processing methods in the manufacturing of the potteries. This study shows that some styles in the Nehbandan region have indigenous and local traits, following the common pottery patterns in the east of Iran. A considerable number of studied cases are influenced by the prevalent designs in Iran which are comparable to the Parthian–Sassanian cultural centres. This is understandable in the context of historical events and cultural trends during the Parthian–Sassanian period

Sistan plain is the center of the formation of significant and important areasin the late fourth millennium and early third millennium BC that have played a Fundamental role in Formation of human communities.  Archaeological surveys and excavations in Sistan region have been conducted with the aim of studying the archaeological position of this region and political, social and cultural developments in the Bronze Age. One of the most important ancient areas in the southern parts of the Sistan plain is the Hozdar region with an area of about 40 square kilometers. The first season of the project to survey and determine the area and propose the boundaries of Hozdar area under the supervision of Mohammad Keikha was done in 2019 and the area was surveyed systematically. During this Survey, 12 sites from the Bronze Age were identified and recorded, one of its important results is to study the developments that occurred in the Bronze Age and determine the position of the region in the chronological table of southeastern Iran. The main question raised in this research is: Based on cultural materials collected from the Bronze Age sites of Hozdar region, how is the relative chronology and cultural relations of this region with neighboring areas evaluated? According to studies conducted in Hozdar region, this region has a cultural continuity in the Bronze Age (simultaneously with the first period of Shahr-e Sokhteh to the fourth period of Shahr-e Sokhteh). During this period, due to the strategic position of the region, which is located along communication highways and also according to archaeological data, we see extensive cultural connections of Hozdar region settlements with neighboring regions, including North Sistan, Baluchistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, the Indus Valley and the civilizations of the Halil River Basin. The present Research, based on field studies and relying on descriptive-analytical method, to determine the relative chronology of the region and cultural relations of the mentioned area, studied cultural material

Investigation of ancient pottery is considerably important in archaeological studies In addition, studying the ceramics; we can examine their different kinds of regional styles, types and techniques. Since according to Hernik’s classification the Parthian pottery has had a greater diversity and not the same styles were used during this period, investigation and study of the ceramics of this period is essential in order to better understand the local and regional styles of this period. Meanwhile, according to the surviving texts and inscriptions, South Khorasan or the ancient Qahestan has shown to be one of the important Parthian states in eastern Iran. Therefore, in this research, it has been attempted to study the pottery obtained from Mud B mound, one of the typical ancient hills of the Parthian period in South Khorasan. The purpose of the present research, which is conducted using a comparative-analytical method, The answer to the questions raised is: 1- What was the dominant pottery in this area? 2- Which regions have had the most cultural interactions?In this study, initially 85 typical pottery pieces were collected from the surface of Mud B mound during the educational excavation of Birjand University and then the ceramics gathered through this excavation were undergone a typological study according to which the following results were obtained: 1- This mound includes three pottery types, i.e. Lundo, Burnished War and non-glazed plain, among which the plain non-glazed pottery is one of the dominant pottery types of this hill. 2- Chronologically, the examined pottery exhibits a date from the Parthian to the early Sassanid period. 3- Mud B mound had the highest degree of cultural connection with neighboring regions such as Sistan, Baluchistan and the Greater Khorasan.

changed and new schools established in this area. The quality of developments in the education system in Sistan, especially in the transition from the Qajar to the Pahlavi period, is an issue that needs to be discussed. This article tries to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical approach and in a "documentary method" that what factors were influential in the formation and development of new schools in Sistan? It is assumed that the administration of Sistan under the supervision of Shawkat al-Molk, caused the transformation of the educational system in this region. This study shows that some operators of the traditional educational system such as teachers of seminaries and old traditional schools (Maktaḵānehhā) initially opposed the new educational system of Sistan. However, over time, new schools were formed in this area and, and due to the patternability from schools such as Shawkatīyeh in Birjand, enjoyed government support during the Pahlavi period.

The warm and arid climate of the Sistan area has given the people of Sistan valuable experiences to adapt to the environment through various historical periods. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize and use historical experiences such as the “Kharkhaneh Machi Castle” as one of the Safavid antiquities in adaptation to the environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the conformity of the Kharkhaneh Machi Castle architecture with 120-day wind speed of Sistan. The present research question is how did the chamber of Kharkhaneh Machi Castle perform Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in terms of structural adaptation to the 120-day winds of Sistan at an average velocity of 6.5 m/s? The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on documentary, library and field studies in the ancient city of Howzdar Sistan and Machi castle. CFD software has been used to simulate the wind. Due to the complexity of the architecture, the geometrical volume of the Machi castle was produced in Ansys and 3D Max software. Production of network independence was performed with Ansys Meshing software. Meteorological data and WRPLOT View software were used to identify the wind parameters. The CFD simulation results show that the “wind speed” in the valve and interior part of the Kharkhaneh chamber covers a numerical range between 4/93e+00 to 9/87e-01. Also, when facing the exit door (southwest room door) it has the largest numerical range between 2/96e+00 to 1/97e+00. In addition, the “direction of the wind” hits the south wall as soon as it enters the Kharkhaneh directly and slightly to the right. The wind direction in the north porch is rotated, causing air circulation and air conditioning in the north porch room and Kharkhaneh chamber. CFD results and archaeological data confirm the favorable operation and use of the 120-day Sistan winds during the warm months of the year in the Kharkhaneh chamber of Machi Castle.

Sistan region in eastern Iran has unique features. The area is known as the “Land of the Wind” due to the long and various winds, “especially 120-day winds”, and the persistence of these winds throughout the year, with significant strength and speed. Therefore, it differs from many other windy regions of Iran. The 120-day winds of Sistan are mostly flowing from north and northwest. On the other hand, the climate of this region, with the maximum annual temperature above 40 ’C and the long summer season, has created difficult natural conditions. This has led to people’s initiatives in understanding the process and mechanism of wind flow and the ways in which it can be used in architecture. In this respect, the “Kharkhaneh” are the architectural structures that are admirably built to suit the environmental and climatic conditions of the area. The ingenuity of this architecture demonstrates their clever use of nature. Understanding how the wind flows, functions, and adaptation of Kharkhaneh to 120-day winds will help archaeologists discover and present a relevant and scientific analysis of living conditions in hot and dry areas. Accordingly, the use of appropriate techniques and techniques for archaeologists is essential for the analysis of wind conditions in difficult climates. One of the most valuable examples in the field of architecture is the “Kharkhaneh Room of Machi Castle”, which is used as a model of ancient architecture to refine modern architecture. Since the average 120-day wind speed, recorded by Zabol Meteorological Station in June, July, August, and September, is about 6.5 m/s, therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the compatibility of the Kharkhaneh Room of Machi Castle (Safavid period) with the average speed of these types of winds under normal conditions. In this study, the most powerful Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is used to analyze the wind flow condition of Machi Castle. So, the most important research question is: How did the Sistan Kharkhaneh Room of Machi Castle perform in terms of building compliance with the 120-day wind direction of Sistan and an average speed of 6.5 m/s?

The Machi Castle is located in a Howzdar area, 60 km southwest of Zabol city, between the Shahr-e Sukhteh and Tasuki towns. According to meteorological data, with the onset of the prevailing winds (120-day wind of Sistan) in May to September, the average of these winds has been determined. Due to the large volume of simulation operations and the variety of output scenarios, the average wind speed of 6.5 m/s was performed on the Kharkhaneh Room of Machi Castle by Ansys Fluent software.
Wind current simulation with average speed of 6.5 m/s and effects and direction of 120-day winds speed has been analyzed once with the hypothesis of “opening the valve of the Kharkhaneh and the door of the room” and again with the hypothesis of “closing the valve of the Kharkhaneh and the door of the room” in the outer and inner space of the Kharkhaneh. CFD simulation results in the northern part of the Machi Castle, “wind speed”, show numerical ranges with the highest range of 9/86e+00 to the lowest range of 1/16e-03. In addition, the wind speed in the valve and interior part of the Kharkhaneh Room ranges from 3/95e+00 to 5/92e+00. The “direction of the wind” also indicates that as soon as the wind enters the Kharkhaneh Room, it hits the south wall directly and slightly bent to the right. After collisions and lateral disturbances, the wind flows to the northern porch of the castle because of the cabinet door in the southwest, and then enters the central courtyard of the castle via the northern porch.
 

CFD simulation with an average wind speed of 6.5 m/s, in the north side of the Machi castle, shows the wind speed and direction in the valve and interior part of the Kharkhaneh. Since there is an interior wall opposite the direct current wind at the end of the Kharkhaneh room, after the wind has hit the wall, it flows to the west or to the door of the Kharkhaneh room and then enters the north porch. Also, the simulation results of the “wind direction” show that the wind direction has found its way out to the north porch of the castle due to the Kharkhaneh door in the southwest. Based on the different results and outputs, understanding how the function of Kharkhaneh Room of Machi Castle and adapting its architecture to the north and northwest directions, the average 120-day wind speeds of Sistan during the warm months of the year are confirmed in the Safavid period. The present study is the first archaeological research into the impact of wind on the architecture of the castle.

probably The Shahr-I Sokhta in the third millennium BC has been used as a coma for producing pottery. Among these sites two sites for the production of pottery on the Rud-i-Biyaban and the Tepe Dasht are a mentioned. The Tepe Dasht is located 3kilometers south west of the Shahr-I Sokhta and has been used as a pottery work shop for the Shahr-I Sokhta c Although many studies have been carried out in connection with the Shahr-I Sokhta, but less research has been done on the type of fuel and amount temperature in the pottery shop kiln of the Sistan regional Bronze Age, There fore, The discovery of the kiln in The Tepe Dasht caused Two questions: 1- What is The fuel of The kiln of The Tepe Dasht? 2- How much fuel has of The Tepe Dasht temperature been? The hypotheses of these questions are: 1- probably from wood and animal dung has been used in The same way as fuels for The Tepe Dasht. 2- It seems That wood and animal dung have temperatures between 600-900 degrees Celsius. the present study aimed to investigate the type of fuel and the temperature of the kiln of pottery in the Tepe Dasht in three ways: 1-Experimental archaeology: Based on this method, kiln with different dimensions and shapes were constructed and kiln temperature measurement the Thermocouple was made and finally the temperature and pressurein these kiln were analyzed by Solid works software 2- Ethno Archaeology: in this method, interviews were conducted with residents of villages in sistan, inconnection with the use of animal dung, and to Collect evidence of the use of animal dung in the villages of Sistan .3- Laboratory studies: XRF test for todays animal dung ash samples tested in a laboratory at 900 ° C and excavation ash of the second Tepe Dasht. Animal dung generates constant and abundant heat.

The province of Sistan was the scene of perpetual turmoil following its conquest by Arabs, which lasted until the rise of the Safarids. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to explore the root causes of this turmoil and the incompetence of caliphs’ administration in this province. This study shows that Sistan's instability and decline was not merely provoked by activities of Khawārij, as the most influential factor in this regard was Bedouin Arabs. Upon conquering this land, they settled in this province, engaging in acts of plundering and looting, which further engendered divisions, tragic conflicts and internecine tribal clashes. It also prepared the ground for the entrance of Khawārij sect, which was known for its warmongering policies Zonbil and the rebellion of indigenous irregular forces against other sources of instability also contributed to the escalation of turmoil in Sistan. The caliphs’ policy to change this situation was unsuccessful as they narrowed down their focus on one of the above factors. Eventually, their recurring failures in politics resulted in the rise of Ayārān among the same native forces, which finally ended the caliphs’ rule and the tumult in Sistan.