جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « گورکانیان هند » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Assessing the religious policy of Muslim states in history is one of the most controversial points that some scholars have taken a critical look at. The Gurkhanid rule in India is one of the states that has attracted the attention of scholars and they have spoken about it in particular, considering the two different types of religious tolerance or religious confrontation during the reigns of Akber & Aurangzeb. Meanwhile, the transformation of religious politics over a period of one hundred years and its impact on the ruling process of the imperial dynasty is important because it is considered a criterion for the decline of the Gurkhans of India. Relying on a descriptive-analytical method and based on theoretical and library studies, this study examines the practice of the Aurangzeb government with the two main sections of the Indian Muslim community, namely Sunnis and Shiites. Although critics argue that Aurangzeb abandoned the multifaceted religious heritage of his predecessors, inciting the majority of Indian society against the Islamic system and destroying his dynasty by imposing taxes on non-Muslims and destroying Indian temples, it should not be forgotten. The shift in the balance in favor of the Muslims, through interaction with the Sunnis and confrontation with the Shiites, all ended to the detriment of India's Muslim minority. It made alliance between Shiites and Sunnis in India impossible and involved the majority of Indo-religions with Muslims. He incited Hindus and Sikhs against the Gurkhani government and rendered Shiites and Sunnis incapable of

The Inju Shirazi family was one of the prominent Iranian families of the Safavid era who after migrating to India, were able to become the source of significant influences in various areas of India. This research seeks to answer the main question using a desk study method and in a descriptive and analytical way: what role did the Inju Shirazi family play in the political and cultural arena in the south and north of India at that time? The findings of the study confirm that the Inju family during their presence in southern India, in addition to trying to spread Shiism, also played an important role in establishing relations between the governments of this region and the Safavid government. In addition to being the main advisers of the Gurkhanids in political affairs, especially in relation to the Deccan region, the Injus in northern India also played a significant role in promoting Iranian and Islamic culture, especially Persian language.

Medicine in India has a long history, as in the Sassanid and Islamic eras, Indian medical books were one of the scientific sources of that time. India and their occupation was in the court of the Gurkhanids of India. The reason for these migrations was the strict religious policies of the Safavid kings and the favorable situation in India due to the policy of religious tolerance of the Mongols of India. After the complete conquest of India during the reign of Akbar Shah, the Mongols continued to rule. India, which in terms of historical and religious geography includes a plurality of different ethnicities and religions, will not be easily accessible, and only with the help of religious policy can tolerance prevail in India's pluralistic society. Mongol court support and generous rewards Sean was an exciting factor in attracting Iranian Najkan. This article deals with the impact of Gurkhanian religious policy in attracting the Iranian medical community in the Safavid era. O preachers of religious freedom were the elite society Iranians were under pressure from the fanatical policies of the Safavid government, and for this reason India became a bulwark to attract this elite group from Iranian society.

The migration of Iranian elites to the Indian subcontinent and their decisive role in the development of civilizational manifestations of this land, especially medical knowledge is very important. These migrations were due to repulsive factors in Iran and gravity in India. Issues such as the religious policy of the Safavid kings, the Safavids' lack of attention to the scientific elite, the Uzbek invasions of eastern Iran, especially Khorasan, the emergence of movements such as Naqtawiyah and the Afghan invasion, and the fall of the Safavid government in Iran accelerated these migrations. On the other hand, the existence of geographical and political attractions in the Indian subcontinent, the political and cultural role of the Gurkhani sultans, the implementation of a policy of tolerance and creating suitable conditions for providing living facilities and job security and art and knowledge and friendship of Indian rulers attract Iranian elites. Provided. A number of medical scientists also achieved important military and political positions in the Gurkhanian court due to the scientific environment and comfort, influenced by the safe and comfortable environment, and provided civilized services in a worthy position. In fact, the term "position" referred to many military elites who were active in various scientific, political and artistic affairs and played a significant role in the development of the Gurkhani government. Immigrant Iranians who held positions in the military hierarchy also held political and administrative positions. Among the most famous Iranian immigrants to India are Abolfath Gilani, Hakim Ali Gilani, Hakim Najibuddin Hammam, Hakim Ain Al-Molk Shirazi, Asef Jah Tehrani, Jafar Beyg Qazvini and Amir Fathollah Shirazi, who in transmitting Iranian culture, development and Completion of medical knowledge and the invention of new methods of treatment played an important role in the Gurkanian court. In the field of medical knowledge, the main actions of Iranian officials were: Explaining the harms of tobacco by Hakim Ali Gilani, a thousandth official in the court of Akbar Shah Gurkhani; He also mentioned the harms of nicotine in tobacco smoke, pointing to the existence of an oil in hookah water, which adds to its harm. His most important work in medical science is Fattahi's book on the description of the law, which was effective in the development of medical knowledge in India. 2.Hakim Ain al-Mulk Shirazi, who held a five-hundredth position in the army, was considered the inventor of issuing medical certificates or medical certificates. This certificate was required to be presented by court agents who had been absent from work for some time due to illness, and in the time of Akbar Shah the method of Hakim Ain al-Mulk's medical certificate became common. He was also one of the leaders in treating chronic wounds. Healed well the deep wounds caused by the assassination attempt on Akbar Shah. He was also proficient in eye surgery and his most important book in this regard was Zia al-Oyun. In general pharmacology, the words al-Adawiyah and al-Fadhul al-Adawiyah were among his unique works. The book of Dara Shokouhi by Hakim Ain al-Mulk was qualitatively at the level of Ibn Sina's law and the Khwarazmshahi reserve of Seyyed Ismail Jorjani, which was a complete collection of Iranian, Indian and Arabic medical information. The name of the book was taken from Darashkooh, the son of Shah Jahan, who had many efforts and services in support of the Iranian immigrant doctors. This book is an encyclopedia of medicine that has descriptive images, comprehensive information and treatment methods as its most important features. 3.Ibn Sina's description of the law by Hakim Ali Gilani, a seven-hundred-year-old Gurkhani court official, was one of the valuable works of Iranian immigrants in the field of medicine. In another of his works, entitled Experience, he proposed his most important medical initiative, the manufacture of a diode oil or ointment, which was very useful in the treatment of bruises or muscle aches and osteoarthritis and is still widely used in India. 4.The establishment of an office was another innovation of Iranian officials, which was done by Mirza Mohammad Ali Shirazi. Opposition to taking blood from a vein was registered even in urgent cases by Hakim Jalaluddin Ardestani, a 200-year-old official of Akbar Shah. 6.The medical procedures of Hakim Daud Taqrib Khan, the son of Inayatullah, a 2500 official in the court of Shah Jahan, are also important. He mentioned the use of cumin to treat bloody diarrhea, the use of green chicory to treat dyspnea and the swelling caused by it, the use of milk thistle to treat constipation, and the use of cold diuretics to relieve urination and constipation. Compilation of medical systems by Hakim Yousefi Heravi had a great impact on the evolution of medical knowledge in Gurkhani court; Because in addition to facilitating medicine and speeding up treatment, it also played an important role in technicalizing and promoting its terms. The system of treatment of diseases in two hundred and eighty-nine quatrains in the symptoms of diseases and the treatment of each of them, the comprehensive system of benefits in the description of rabies and its treatment , The system of food and drink in medical measures for food and drink, the reasons of the pulse about the types of pulse and recognizing diseases through this, the treatise of the reasons of urination about urology and recognizing diseases from it and the treatise on maintaining the health of the body. Fifty-four verses named after Mohammad Babar, the king of Gurkhani, is one of the most important and important ones. Hakim Mohammad Hashem Shirazi, a position holder of 3000 Gurkhani court, by writing books such as Jame Al-Jame'e on the expression of kidney and urinary tract diseases, the condition of the respiratory organs in diseases of the respiratory system and the subject of plants and diseases. Provided. In general, it can be said that the prevalence of Persian and Arabic medical terms in the Indian medical system, ensuring the health of Indian rulers, the trust of the Gurkhani kings in Iranian physicians and the spread of Iranian culture in different parts of the Indian subcontinent were the most important achievements of Iranian officials in the Gurkhanid court.

Along with the development of political relations between Iran and the Mughals of India, trade relations started off with difficulty as Shah Abbas prevented the presence of Indian merchants in Iran, therefore, the amount of goods traded between the two countries was insignificant. However, in spite of border disputes after the demise of Shah Abbas trade expanded to the extent that Indian Mughals became one of the largest trade partners of Safavid Iran. As Merchants and active agents of the two countries found a firm foothold in ports, cities, and trade centers of the other country, Iran-India trade developed considerably under Shah Abbas II compared to the previous periods. In regard to the prominent role of Indian merchants in Iranian economy under Shah Abbas II, an analysis of trade relations between the two countries become all the more important. The question remains as to what the implications of political relations were for Iran-India trade during Shah Abbas II. The author has sought to study Iran-India trade relations during the reign of Shah Abbas II and analyze the amount and type of traded commodities and goods and trade routes, and also has tried to assess the impact of political relations on trade between the two countries.

Cultural transformations at the time of Indian Timurid rulers are marked a turning point in the history of this land. Such transformations occurred in various spheres including authorship of rich written works. Among these works, the Quranic works, which are mainly quintessential either in the Islamic world or in the history of the Quranic studies in the Indian Subcontinent, hold an outstanding status. The authors of these works were Indian political figures or immigrant Iranians at the Indian Gurkanid court, who were also playing influential roles in the political and social domains. The present study benefited from interdisciplinary studies of History of Islam and Quranic sciences. Through describing and analyzing historical documents, it attempts to introduce political and historical figures involved in the Quranic studies in Timurid era, and reviews a number of their commentaries.

From the beginning of the seventh century, because of the political, economic, and social problems induced by Mongols’ invasion to Iran, Iranians’ massive immigration to India was begun. With the rise of the Safavid government and strength-gaining of Gurakani Empire in India, a large number of Iranian people (including Shiite judges) immigrated to India who were appointed to important (judicial) positions by Gurkani kings. The question to which we are going to seek an answer is investigation of the role of Iranian judges in promotion of Twelve Imami Shi’ism in Gurkani period of India. The geographical scope of the study is the northern region of the Indian subcontinent including the cities such as Delhi, Kashmir, Lucknow and Lahore in today Pakistan in which some Shiite people are settled now. It seems that these immigrants were successful in their mission in different ways such as being occupied for key positions and applying the received authority out of them, training apprentices, and writing various works in jurisprudential, theological fields. The result of this analytic-descriptive research indicates that entrance of Shia religion to India has been carried out by some Shia scholars.

Possessing the same ethnic and historical roots, Iranians and Indians have held relations with each other since ancient times. Towards the beginning of the 10th century A.H. and along with the rising power of Safavids in Persia, the successors of Timur the Lame with aid from the Safavid kings took over most of India. Throughout the larger part of their reigns, these two dynasties maintained close friendly relations with each other and had mutual influence on developments in one another’s domains.This paper deals with the depth and expanse of these relations in the political, cultural and economic areas.