جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Reza Shah » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The re-establishment of Qom seminary by Ayatollah Sheikh Abd al-Karim Haeri made this jurist more famous and important. Based on this, during the last one hundred years, his personality, thoughts and political positions have been the focus of some reports, analyzes and historical studies. In this regard, Dr. Abdul Hadi Haeri (descendant of Sheikh Abdul Karim and historian) in one of his works, on the occasion, has expressed some things about Ayatollah Haeri. From these discussions, one can make a strong claim about Sheikh Abd al-Karim: (1) The claim of his inherently non-political personality; (2) Insinuating that he is ambitious of position. The present article has evaluated the two mentioned topics with the historical method (descriptive and analytical). The results of the research show that, firstly, the apparent distancing of the founder of the Qom area from politics and his lack of confrontation with Reza Shah does not mean that his personality is non-political, but it goes back to his understanding of the political environment of Iran at that time and had its roots in two things: (a) British domination of the country; (b) preservation of the newly established Qom seminary; Second, the existence of numerous and reliable reports that express the ambitious of position avoidance, asceticism and humility of Sheikh Abdul Karim Haeri clearly challenges Dr. Haeri's induction.

The history of the Pahlavi era is the transition period of Iran from the semi-colonial era to the neo-colonial era and dependence on the imperialist powers. The present research has studied Iran's foreign relations in the first Pahlavi period based on the theory of "dependency". In the circle of competition between the two top powers of that period (that is, Russia and England), Reza Shah practically turned into a dependent agent and lacked will. In the framework of this competition, he was the executor of the policies of the colonialists who sought their interests in the dependence of the Iranian government on them. Based on the "dependency" method, the current research has sought to examine the main problem of the research, i.e. the functioning of Iran's foreign relations during the first Pahlavi era. Based on the findings of this research, Reza Shah's love and fascination for Western culture and civilization led him to blindly imitate Western culture and try to implement that incongruous culture in the Islamic society of Iran. At the same time, his fear and concern about the western conspiracy against his government, made him to obey the foreigners more, which trapped Iran in the complex circuit of dependence in various dimensions.

In the 20th century, many cultural and social changes were made in Iraq and Iran in the direction of modernization and development. Modernization and reformations that were discussed in two countries intensified during the reign of Malek Faisal bin Hossein (1300-1312) and Reza Shah (1304-1320). The current research examines and compares the cultural reforms in Iraq and Iran during the reign of King Faisal and Reza Shah, and also to evaluate the level of those reforms and their commonalities and differences in two countries. This research results show that the most important shared aspects of modernization in Iraq and Iran were first the reforms in the field of education at the primary level and then paying attention to the necessity of social active language. The most important difference was based on preserving the religious and indigenous aspects of cultural fields such as education, associations and clothing in Iraq, while in Iran the religious and indigenous aspects of cultural fields were severely weakened and marginalized under the influence of Western modernism and antiquarianism. Also, the level of cultural changes in Iran was much wider than in Iraq.

To investigate the historical background of Tamartash (Timurtash) clan as the origin and ducational environment of Abdul Hossein Khan Timurtash, one of the influential figures of the first Pahlavi era.

Research method/approach: 

This research was done with historical method and with descriptive-analytical method and using archival documents and library resources. Historical data has been extracted from various documentary sources, such as reconciliation letters, local manuscripts, and court documents. These data are used in terms of structure, function and content in order to describe and explain the background of the tribe "Timurtash, Demerdash, Tamertash" and the educational environment of "Abdul Hossein Timurtash".

The results of this research show that the original origin of the Tamratash clan was Shamat, which moved to the northern areas of Khorasan. Before Fath Ali Shah Qajar, there is very little information about this clan, and Abdul Hossein Khan's ancestors were rulers in Nardin village, on behalf of Bojnoord broker. due to Abdul Hossein Khan's early departure from his clan to study; The effects of Ili's education did not last in him, the European education became stable in him.

Although the first Pahlavi is known for trying to create a new army and national bureaucratic institutions, as historical evidence shows, the structure and protection-security programs of Reza Shah to deal with the intelligence activities of foreign countries and especially England and Russia have not had favorable results. Based on this, the main question of the present article concerns the failure of the first Pahlavi intelligence organization to deal with England and Russia. The results of this study show that while dominating communication infrastructures, extensive and organized use of obvious sources and finally human espionage have been considered as the general strategy of England, the use of diplomatic institutions and people was the main strategy of Russia. Additionally, this document-oriented research shows that the prevalence of customary-cultural compulsions of the Qajar period in the center of modern institutions, the priority of Reza Shah's interests over national goals, and the lack of nationwide rules and laws in new structures, had destroyed the possibility of properly dealing with the intelligence activities of foreign countries.

The policy of centralization and the implementation of modernization programs were put on the agenda in the form of various programs and different forms during the Reza Shah period. During this period, the implementation of programs and laws such as the mandatory duty system, civil registry, the discovery of hijab, the Settlement of nomads, the new judicial system, the registration of documents and properties, tax affairs, and so on. It was necessary to organize the divisions of the country in a modern framework. Therefore, Reza Shah changed the structure of the country's divisions to implement his goals. This research is trying to answer the main question, what was the process of changes in the country's divisions during Reza Shah's period, and what was its relationship with the goals of modernization and centralization in this period? The research method in this study is the historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach and relies on archival documents, periodicals, and written sources. The findings of this research showed that the changes in the field of country divisions in this period greatly increased the political concentration and influence of the government from the provinces to the villages. After that, the modernist policies of the government gained more momentum in various economic, administrative, and educational fields especially the strengthening and development of the new army.

Hijab in the contemporary history of Iran has acquired complex dimensions with the introduction of western culture and ideas and the negative interference of governments. Certainly, any investigation and solution thinking about it requires a fundamental investigation of the form of public confrontation with the removal and discovery of the hijab, and of course, a study of the policies of the governments regarding that issue. The city of Qom, as a religious city with a concentration of clergy in it, can be considered as a suitable case study in this field. Regarding the research method, it should be said that in this research, with a descriptive-analytical method, during a library research and with the benefit of archival documents and documents available in them, the subject will be examined and of course analyzed, and besides that, the citation and persuasive aspect of the work will be added by using the memories of contemporary knowledgeable people of the event (oral history).The results and findings of the research can be expressed as follows: The policies and methods of Reza Shah's government in the field of implementation of the Hijab Removal Law in Qom can be divided into two dimensions, propaganda and implementation. Advertising dimensions; It was usually followed in the form of hijab unveiling ceremonies and celebrations, which mostly had a commanding and theatrical procedure, and its performance aspect, which gradually became more colorful, serious and violent, compared to the first aspect.

The multiplicity, diversity and universality of the endowment in all parts of Iran, along with the significant revenues, costs, functions and the effects, turned the endowment institution into one of the most important and influential institutions in Iran. During the reza shah era, this important institution had some problems in different regions of Iran, which forced the government to solve them. In responsing to this challenges, Reza Shah tried to revise the endowment laws, which finally led to the approval of the endowment law of 1313. One of the important goals of this research was the case study and analysis of the endowment challenges in one of Iran's regions. So that we can get a general picture of the issues and problems of the endowment by Inductive method in Iran during the first Pahlavi era. Therefore, this research tried to answer this question by historical research, descriptive-analytical model: What challenges has the Iranian endowment of the reza shah era been faced in the central areas of Mazandaran before the approval of the endowment law of 1313? The results of this research indicate that the most important challenges was: the destruction of endowment buildings, non-compliance of endowment trustees with the Ministry of Education and Endowment, treachery and inefficiency of trustees in managing endowments, including the greed of endowment properties, abuse of endowments and sale or appropriation of endowment properties, , the number of endowments without use and unprofitable.

One of the modernization programs of Reza Shah's era was health and its functions, which were widely reflected in the discourses of experts and policymakers of that period. Investigating the health status of public bathrooms concerning their function and connection with the daily life of the people of  Tehran is the topic of the present research. The main question is, what measures were taken to improve the hygiene of Tehran's baths during that period? What reactions did these actions cause and what were the results? The results of the review and analysis of the data show that equipping the bathrooms with showers was the most important achievement of the renovation of Tehran's bathrooms. These changes, without providing a platform for this work, i.e. nationwide plumbing, and without considering the beliefs of the people, created new challenges.

Although Iran declared neutrality in World War II; But following the expansion of the war in the eastern fronts, Iran's neutrality was violated and this country was occupied by the Allies. Regarding the incident of Shahrivar 1320 and the foreign policy of Iran and its allies, many documents and research works have been published; However, it is necessary to investigate the unknown and obscure aspects of this important event. Considering such a vacuum, the purpose of this article is to analyze and explain the hidden angles of Iran's military policy against the occupation policy of the Allies in World War II. According to such a goal, the question that is raised is whether the Iranian government followed a specific military policy beyond its official policy against the occupation of Iran by the allies? What were the components of this policy and how successful was it? The findings of the research show that the government of Iran, in parallel with the abandonment of hostilities and the policy of military surrender imposed by the military superiority of the Allies on Iran, had also adopted a minimal military policy, the purpose of which was to preserve the structure of the army and the military achievements of the Reza Shah period in order to preserve Internal order and security and dealing with threats from foreign enemies and threats from neighbors; Because in case of resistance, the Allies would fear disbanding the army. The research method in this article is the post-objective method.

In Reza Shah’s period, tax income was one of the key sources for implementing the government’s renovation projects. Therefore, regulating the financial and tax affairs turned into a primary concern for the National Council Assembly. After the demands of guilds and government were raised together, the per-capita taxation on guilds and businesses was abolished and replaced by tax on income. As tax has always been one of the most prominent and challenging issues in the government–guilds relationships, the Council played a significant role in setting the new regulations while also accounting for guild demands as the nation’s legislative institution. This subject is the main focus of this study. This study relies on relevant literature and sources, as well as historical research method combined with an analytical-descriptive approach. It investigates the role of National Council Assembly in compiling and ratifying the most important tax regulations concerning guilds to assess the council’s performance regarding the government’s tax programs for guilds and relevant acts and regulations. This study assumes that the Council acted in tandem with the government to ratify the new regulations. The findings indicate that the Council attempted toward regulating tax and financial affairs including guild taxation as a key government project. Accordingly, the council abolished one of the oldest taxes on guilds and passed new regulations to pave the way for government oversight on taxation quantity and method of tax collection from guilds. However, the Council’s efforts to meet the demands of guilds and direct regulations toward a fair and balanced taxation policy—at least so long it did not conflict with higher government policies—are not negligible.

Reza Shah's reign is considered a milestone in Iran's foreign developments. Reza Shah always wanted to create a balance between foreign powers and he considered modernization as one of the requirements of this path. Reza Shah's modernization programs targeted women as half of the society and reforms were made in this field. Hence, the West became the best model for women, and relations with other countries received the attention of the government and women activists. The main issue of the research is, what achievements have the presence of women in international arenas brought to women and the government? What effect has this communication had on the position of Iranian women? The current research, using descriptive and analytical methods and relying on documents and publications, aims to explain women's relations with other countries the holding of international women's congresses, and the impact of these interactions. The findings of the research show that the presence of women in the international arena helped to change the Westerners' view of Iranian women while achieving a suitable model for their own development. Also, the relationship of Iranian women with the women of other countries and the laws passed in the congresses were influential in improving the status of women, and Iranian women were influenced by the actions of Western women in their interaction with these countries in order to gain their individual and social rights.

Since the British government's colonial policy in the Middle East was to preserve the interests of the East India Company and Iran was recognized as a gateway to India, it led to the government to change the Qajar government that was weak and create a powerful central government. That was the product of Reza Shah. Among the actions of Reza Shah during the monarchy were the seizure of high -profile property and people, which in the present article, with descriptive and analytical research to identify Reza Shah's motives in the occupation of real estate by ruling power, applying different policies to seize these real estate in general. Iran, and especially in the north and the Caspian coast. Now the key question is how the seizure of the real estate by Reza Shah what impact on the degeneration or development of the social classes of Iran of that day and theoretically and methodological using historical documents that lead to deep class divisions (between the poor and the rich. At the country level, as well as the oppression and acts of violence against ordinary people to use and harvest real estate products that led to pessimism and opposition to the Pahlavi government.Asaresult, Reza Shah somehow created the spread of feudalism and wealth in a limited part of the dominant and prosperous classes in the classes of society.

During the first Pahlavi era, Iran’s administrative structure underwent a fundamental change. Reza Shah attempted to creat a modern centralized government in a different way, Reza Shah, following the example of the West and with the help of some intellectuals disillusioned with the constitution, tried to establish a modern and centralized government in a new style.. Due to its strategic significance, Lorestan, received special attention from his government. Lorestan was in a very chaotic state, during the rise of the first Pahlavi, it was almost completely traditional and Illyrian, and orders from the central government had no bearing there. From the time military forces first arived in 1302 until Reza Shah’s reign came to an end, The central government’s initiatives to establish government departments This research seeks to answer the question of how new government departments were established in Lorestan during the Reza Shah period . A descriptive and analytical approach was used to prepared this research, which was based on  library sources, newspapers, and documents. The results of this study show that in the first step, the central government gradually relocated tribes and nomads through the use of military force, and through reforms such as land division and road construction, laying the foundation for the establishment of various government departments. In the second step, departments such as the municipality, judiciary, roads and streets, and document registration were established based on wisdom of civilian rulers.

Establishing order in the society is one of the central issues of the Reza Shahi period (1925-1940). After reaching the kingdom, Reza Shah brought about fundamental changes in Shahrbani. One of the ways to know the contemporary history of Iran, besides using official chronicles, is to examine literary texts. The purpose of this article is to show the value and importance of research in literary texts and sources for historical researches by relying and emphasizing on a specific example, Shahrbani of Rezashah. Let it be discussed and explored and also turn it into a question in historical researches and clarify the corners and strains of the subject of the case study - that is Shahrbani Rezashahi - as much as possible. In this research, to represent the performance of Shahrbani in Persian fiction, the approach of people's history was inspired. People's history is a type of history writing that examines and narrates history and events based on the role and position of people. Twelve literary works were selected to examine the subject. The findings of the research show that fiction literature, along with public documents, is one of the sources that can be used to shed light on corners and strains of history. In this article, it was shown that the performance of police forces is significantly represented in the literary texts related to the period of Rezashahi. Examining the works in question showed that during the period of Rezashahi, the writers' attention was mostly on issues related to the treatment of prisoners and the way to identify criminals, but the writers of the later periods focused more on issues such as how to pursue crimes and censorship.

This research intends to use the combined research method to look at the pattern of “Besmellah" (in the name of Allah) as one of the Qur'anic phrases and to answer the question that basically “Is it possible to imagine a model for quoting this phrase in the minutes of the 24th sessions of the National Assembly (Parliament)?” In the first stage, a quantitative method was used, with the statistical method in the software environment SPSS25 and we analyzed quantitative data. Quantitative results show that: from the first to the sixth parliament, there were thirty- four cases (6.9 percent), from the seventh to the twelfth, eighteen cases (3.6 percent), from the thirteenth to the eighteenth, three hundred and twenty cases (8.8 percent) and the 19th to 24th Majlis in the number of 122 cases (24.7 percent), the Quranic phrase “Besmellah” is used . In the second step, we explained these data with a qualitative method and obtained the following results. The most citation of the “Besmellah” was in the 13th to 18th Majlis, which included the period of political openness from Reza Shah's exile to 1956 and the lowest between 1926 and 1941, i.e. the period of Reza Shah's autocratic rule. In other words, the pattern of citation of this phrase in the minutes of the National Assembly was such that during periods of political openness, the number of citations and people quoting was more than the period of dictatorship.

Assembly and parliament are considered to be the most important pillars of democracy in any government, all over the world, which acts as a procedure to increase people's participation in determining their destiny. But Reza Khan's power was the end of the constitutional dream and his successor continued his father's path. However, in the early period of Mohammad Reza Shah's rule, the position of the Majlis improved to some extent.who did not have much desire or ability to exercise power in a completely dictatorial manner, what has he benefited from this situation? Also, according to these cases, a better understanding and analysis of the Qawam al-Sultaneh Democratic Party and its political role in this period is the main concern of the present research.The findings of the research indicate that Qavam's activities in the Democratic Party had an important result. And that was that for the first time in the history of Iran, after the constitution, the doors of the government and the parliament were opened to new and younger figures, and many senior and old figures were rejected from the government, and on the contrary, the new forces entered the cabinet by joining parties and They finally managed to sit on the seat of the parliament. Also, Qavam's actions caused the 15th Parliament to reject the agreement between Qavam and Sadchikov regarding the establishment of a mixed company of Iranian oil and Russia.

Tange Tamoradi battle in 1309 SH occurred between the government of Reza Shah and the tribe of Boyer-Ahmad over the modernization programs of the Pahlavi government towards the nomads and the violent behavior of the Pahlavi soldiers towards the heads of the tribe and the common people, which ended with the military success of the Boyer-Ahmadis against the government forces in a place called Tange Tamoradi, located 50 kilometers from the modern city of Yasouj. The Boyer-Ahmadis were in favor of non-war, but the Pahlavi government considered the repression of tribes as part of the necessities of a powerful central government and a modern society. Therefore, the current research with a descriptive-analytical historical approach answers the question of the consequences of the aforementioned battle on the social life of Boyer-Ahmad people. The research findings show revenge of the defeat of the 1307 SH battle of Do Rag Mado, the economic benefits of southern oil fields and suspicion of nomads in the historical experience of the conquest of Tehran in 1288 SH as well as the constitutional revival has played a role in Reza Shah's military attacks on Boyer-Ahmad region. Therefore, there are many social consequences, including the forced-gradual transition from nomadic life to settlement, weakening of livestock economy, establishment of the military rule, intensification of mental and physical pressures on ordinary people, execution of some chiefs of Boyer-Ahmadi tribes of nomads, the forced migration of the nomads to neighboring areas, poverty, theft and social damages on the social life of the affected areas, that can be counted.

With the establishment of the Pahlavi government by Reza Shah in 1304 A.H. Various aspects of the government changed and found a new organization. The management system of the country's divisions was one of these dimensions, which received a new organization according to the nature of the new government. Therefore, this research is trying to answer the question by using the historical research method and archival documents, publications, and other historical sources, that the organization of the management system of country divisions in the first Pahlavi era before the drafting of the Law of Country Divisions in 1316 A.H. How was it done and what were its goals? The findings of the research show that the first Pahlavi government during a twelve-year process and before the drafting of the law of country divisions in 1316 AH. By establishing new regulations, changing the structure of the Ministry of Interior, changing the names of cities, annexing or separating cities, districts, and villages, and changing the executive elements of the country's divisions, he succeeded in organizing the management system of the country's divisions and making changes in that area to concentrate affairs in the country's capital and support for the government's modernist programs.