جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آزادی خواهی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

The Last Pomegranate of the World, is a novel by Bakhtiar Ali, a Kurdish writer, which incorporates many philosophical aspects through the theme of "war". It is evident that in the context of war, artists often convey a message of peace through their works.  The author of this novel appears to in addition to present a message of peace along with a critique of the content of war, within one of the most comprehensive philosophical structures of war: Hegel's discourse on "Lordship and Bondage" and its logical consequence, self-awareness, and freedom. This research, employing an analytical-descriptive approach, examines the dialectic of "Lordship and Bondage" in this novel during the encounters and dialogues between two main characters, Ya'qub Sanobar, and Mozaffar Sobhdam, in three stages. The results of the analysis indicate that while this dialectic ultimately progresses for the story's protagonist as a "bondage" towards mental freedom and reaches its conclusion without any tangible realization, this tragic freedom ultimately leads to a tragic insight and action in terms of seeking meaning, escapism, and resistance to external achievement and appearance, which can be referred to as "tragic freedom."

One of the fields of study in comparative literature is the study of subject matter, position, literary expression and the like in the works of poets. The main aspects of comparative study are subject and thought and feeling. The aim of this research is to compare the human belief in freedom in Blake and Rumi's poems with a descriptive-analytical method. To understand the connection between world and Iranian literature and the extent to which different writers are influenced by each other, it is necessary to conduct global comparative studies. In this research, the thought of Rumi and Blake in poetry is important and is examined. In this study, it has been concluded that Blake's calm spirit is not completely compatible with the situation of the society of his time and shows his attitude towards the freedom of these spirits. Kingdom, materialism and scientism, unity of existence and attention to the inner world of man and imagination are among the signs of the Iraqi style that exist in Rumi's poems, and these signs can also be seen in Blake's poems. Rumi's freedom is mystical and individual and is expressed by leaving worldly belongings and spiritual and personal attachments. In contrast, Blake's freedom is social and political.

In the last two decades, self-translators’ agency and their freedom in translation have attracted many scholars’ attention in translation studies. However, how their self-freedom is represented has been under-researched. To this end, the present study intends to investigate how self-translators’ freedom is manifested in their self-translation. Employing a qualitative approach assisted by corpus linguistic techniques, the original English version of the book Modern Persian Prose Literature together with its Persian translation were selected as the corpus of the study. Close examination of the books at paratextual as well as textual levels revealed that self-translators’ freedom can be represented as five translatorial behaviours, namely, addition, deletion and shortening at textual and paratextual levels, domestication, granularity and specification, and modification. It seems that what lie behind such translatorial behavior is the ownership of the authored and translated texts by the same person and a deep appreciation of the readers and their knowledge. As the author and translator of his book, Kamshad enjoys and applies his agency and freedom to grab his readers’ attention to the content he is creating. It can be suggested that self-translators’ considerable freedom in recreating their self-translation may move the border of loyalty in translation.

Literature has always been one of the most important tools of criticism in societies and writers have enjoyed it indirectly and symbolically. One of the methods that writers use to express social problems and empathize with people is humor. Black humor is a laugh mixed with pain that comes from the rebellious person’s heart to confront common and incorrect political and social beliefs and behaviors. Abolghasem Halat and Mohammad Maghut’s poetries are full of this kind of humor, which they have applied to express problems such as poverty, foreign interference and so on. But Maghut has enjoyed black humor in a broader sense and has also addressed subjects such as war, imprisonment and problems in the Arab world. These two poets have also applied techniques such as contradiction, contempt and humiliation. But at the same time, they have not used words and phrases that are contrary to morality and culture. The different individual and social conditions of these two poets have caused the mild tone in their words but the sting of the Maghut’s words is more noticeable.

Mani is among the philosophers and mystic scholars who had left the most profound effects on the theoretical grounds of Gnosticism which flourished in Iran after them. His beliefs about the divine or ancient human being, his fight against Iblis, his belief in the two bases of being (Spentä Mainyu and Angra Mainyu in the Zoroastrian religion or Ahmad and Iblis as meant by Halaj, Ahmad Ghazali, and Ayn al-Quzat), separating the soul from the body, mystical manifestation and exemplification were transformed exactly or with slight differences to the realms of ancient Iranian Sufism of which Ayn al-Quzat is a notable inheritor. The basic goal of the present study is to determine, explain, and analyze the degree to which Gnostic thoughts of Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani and Mani agree in the mentioned fields. The research hypothesis comprises the tracing of the mediated influence of Mani on Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani in the field of the two bases and also the unmediated effects of Mani on him in the field of mystical manifestation, exemplification, and the separation of the spirit from the body. This influence has been to such an extent that it can be said that Ayn al-Quzat’s Gnosticism is affected by Mani’s Gnosticism in the three different areas. The results of the study are as follows: Mani and Ayn al-Quzat both agree that every creature in the universe has exemplified alternative in the heavenly world (the Malakot), while Ayn al-Quzat believes that each action that human beings do has a good or bad exemplified reflection in the Malakot. In this research project, a descriptive-analytical method is applied to the common grounds in the mystical thoughts of Mani and Ayn al-Quzat.

Ever since , poets have tried to improve the society by following the ethical and educational guidelines in their poem. With the formation of constitution and the prevailing policies , the people of society neded to be educated and ethical. This research is based on a descriptive-analytical method of library studies and its main purpose is to explain the educational implications in the poems of Farrokhi and Iraj .Farrokhi and Iraj including erdddon-loving poets of the constitutional era and have focused on educating people. Studing of the poems of these two poets shows that their social insights and their different position have been greatly influenced by their social class. In fact , because of the family, intellectual, and political differences between the two poets , the themes in their poetry are moving in two defferent directions.One the them, (Farrokhi) is a prominent political activit, a journalist deprived of the right to enter the society who, due to her profession and character , and under the influence of constitutional developments, demand the creation of a political open space and a struggle for the transformation of society towards freedom. and another (Iraj) is a prince who does not tolerate the transition from the institutionalized political fashions of the Qajar era but who wants fundamental cultural changes.

The word oppression evokes the concepts such as savior, hero, and oppression; in the same vein, about sixty years ago, the tyranny of the Belgian and American colonizers led the minds of the people of this land to seek a way to liberation until Patrice Lumumba put an end to this expectation, with the support of internally displaced elements in the Congo. The present study has been done in a descriptive-analytical method and it has been based on the American school of comparative literature and by examining the interaction of Persian and Arabic cultures as well as the literary view of poets of these two languages on the epic of this hero, the political events of Lumumba's life, it explores the fate of the Congolese people. Through this comparison, the following results were obtained: A: In the poetry of Persian poets centered on Patrice Lumumba, the intellectual dimension prevails over the emotional dimension, while in Arabic poetry, the opposite is true. B: The reaction to the Lumumba revolution in Persian and Arabic poetry takes two different forms; thus, most Arab poets hope for revolutions such as the Lumumba revolution and they believe that a bright future awaits the revolutionaries; Whereas in Persian poetry, poets are not very optimistic about the end of revolutions like the Lumumba revolution and they are afraid of the repression of revolutionaries and the worsening of the situation. A: Poets have used symbols such as sword, eagle and guiding star to describe Lumumba.

Farokhi Yazdi,is mentioned as one of the premier ones of political literature and also one of the humanity poets of constitution period and the first Pahlavi.He imparts of traditional models for the freedom concepts,equation and patriotism.However his fame is because of his political odes,his quatrains is also noticeable.The poesy method of Farokhi in most cases is like the method of return;lt means the usual method of poets until the 8'^h century,specially Sadi,that sometimes it 's mixed with the trait of Safavi period. Farokhi's poem from the statement view has two kind of phrase and structures:one,phrases and structures of classic oral;2^n~,new moral phrases and structures.However,because of the necessity of messaging,the constitution period poem hadn't have fiction figures and literary elegances,in the poems of Farokhi and some other premier poets of this period like:Bahar and Eshghi,naturally and because of their profuse zeal,literary elegances andelegance fiction figures is used. Exept them,the main traits of Farokhi Yazdi poem are:newspaper poems and his impression power in his offhand poems,expressing the liberalism ideas,striggling,autarchy,nationalism,newquesting,communalsociety,proletarianliterature,suberranen literature,mythology symbols usage and classical methods and the prison poem,that the mentioned cases are considered with analyzing bureau's poems and the Toofan newspapers of him.

One of the methods of measuring the ease of production and the rules governing it, is evaluate the business environment in the related region. In the present research, using the indicators of "ease of doing business ","global competitiveness", "economic freedom" and "fragile state" the countries, Several dimensions affecting the business environment of Iran and subcontinent countries during the years 2010-2018, was evaluated and compared. This study that is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-comparative in terms of method, and at the level of inferential statistics Mean statistical tests of one society (one sample t test) and one-way ANOVA test (f test) were used. The results of the study indicate that Bhutan has a more favorable business environment than other countries in terms of ease of doing business and economic freedom indices and India according to global competitiveness and fragile state indicators. Also in the overall ranking, India is in the first place and Iran ranked fourth.

The business environment means a set of policies, legal, institutional and regulatory conditions that affect the functioning of the economic units, and managers or owners of units cannot change or improve it. The quality of the business environment can directly affect the amount of costs incurred by business activities, the risk of starting a new business, the interaction between firms and financial partnerships, and consequently on investment decisions, job creation the level of productivity, production and economic growth of the country will also be affected. In other words, improving the business climate means improving the investment climate and, as a result, stimulating economic growth (Hans, 2018: 67). The business environment is one of the prerequisites for achieving sustainable economic growth, and its development allows long-term competition in global markets to develop a standard of living and economic freedom for any country (Głodowska, 2017: 192). In other words, the business environment in a wider way reflects the quality of the country's economic conditions and its gradual improvement as an important motivating factor in business; the best way to support economic organization, especially in small and medium-sized enterprises. Be On the other hand, the performance of the efficient economy is also the essence of the quality of the business environment, and it can be said that there is a mutually binding relationship between them (Kaderabkova, 2008: 476). Therefore, evaluating the business environment of countries and recognizing its components can be effective in economic decision making. Considering the importance of the business environment and its impact on key variables such as employment and production, this study attempted to assess the business environment in Iran and subcontinent countries based on international standards related to the business sector. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to study the business environment in Iran and subcontinent countries using the relevant combination indexes. Also, the subsidiary objectives of the research are comparative and separate comparison between Iran and the subcontinent countries' business space in terms of ease of business index, global competitiveness index, economic freedom index and fragile state index.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-comparative in terms of method, and using the indicators of "ease of doing business ","global competitiveness", "economic freedom" and "fragile state" the countries, Several dimensions affecting the business environment of Iran and subcontinent countries during the years 2010-2018, was evaluated and compared. In order to analyze the data, the level of inferential statistics Mean statistical tests of one society (one sample t test) and one-way ANOVA test (f test) were used.

Stern (2002) considers the business environment as a set of policies, institutions, and behavioral environments that are effective on the returns and risks of investors in a particular location and the economic growth of that area affects itself. This general definition includes three broad categories. The first category involves macroeconomic aspects; the latter includes the infrastructure needed for productive investment and the final category, including governance, institutions and political stability. Since the majority of internal and external studies, the basis for assessing the business environment, is the only index of ease of doing business provided by the World Bank, this study attempts to examine and combine the various standard indicators provided by International institutions will assess more dimensions of the business environment of the countries and their status. Therefore, it is possible to use the combination of business combination over the time period and ranking of the countries studied, including the innovations of this research.

Considering the comparison of the situation of the countries during 2010-2018 and the analysis of variance of one way, it was found that Bhutan compared to other countries in terms of ease of doing business and economic freedom and India according to the indicators of global competitiveness and fragile state is more favorable. Also, based on the combined business combination index during the study period, they were ranked by one-sample t-test, respectively, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Iran, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Looking at the statistics and the results, it can be said that all countries of the desirable region are significantly different from the global statistics, and this necessitates the need for more countries to address the bottlenecks and constraints on business development. The flexibility of the banking system in providing facilities and defending and improving institutional and governance components through policies to facilitate exports, protecting the rights of investors, and motivating them to improve quantitative and qualitative production, Reduce the opposition to the flow of innovation, eliminating production restrictions, more attention to the property rights of individuals, create a secure environment for domestic and foreign investment activities and strengthening the production infrastructure can have a significant impact on improving the business environment of the countries. Adopting macroeconomic policies that include employment, price stabilization, increased productivity, and improved production and economic growth, especially for Iran, suffering from high rates of unemployment and inflation, has helped greatly improve the business environment.

Social – political satire is one of the contemporary poetic structures which has been paid attention by scholars and authors during two recent decades. In Persian language Nasim – e Shomal could affect people's soul by applying simple poetic language. Ahmad Mattar - contemporary Iraqi poet - is well known by his satire in Arabic language. He also - as Nasim - e Shomal - tried to awaken his nation and even the world. The present paper tries to show two poet's concerns about their countries and nations comparatively.

The literature insight of Mikhail Naima reveals human thoughts and all his necessities with a truthful expression. Morality, however, is a collection of principles supervising the life process and the man’s prosperity. There is a deep relation between literature and morality in Naima works originating from a single thought source and following common purposes like self logy and knowing the man’s consciences along with the purpose of his existence leading to knowing God and uniting with him. Literature and morality is not isolated in Naima works except in the title. He had a deep relation with general issues and he had stable stand to support the morality, manners, and above all, the freedom and respect to human rights. Naima literature is a clear mirror imaging perfectly his thought, emotions and desires and is a real reflection of society and what happens in it. Naima’s literature has a high duty in motivating the human conscience along with waking the human heart and developing the moral virtues. His literature is also an expression of the human soul spreading the virtues and reliance to the human values. His isolation from people and remaining single reveal his ambition in recognizing life and its Creator because he believed that marital life is an obstacle for reaching this goal. What is mentionable in this article is that Naima literature is moral and commits one to be loyal to its duty and illustrates a clear way of life for those who have been lost in the ignorance and doubt of dark nesses. It’s a human literature aiming at the human heart, describing it, arguing its faces and starting the speech on friendship and kindness, greatness and magnificence, eminence and humility, kindness and crudeness, judge and favor, weakness and strength, ache and pleasure, and sorrow and happiness. Naima has devoted his entire attempt to human prosperity and his freedom and revival of thought and heart. So, when we talk about Naima literature, we really reveal the human virtues along with various thoughts surrounding the human life.

Lack of freedom of speech in Shariati's time made him to use the language of codes. His comprehensive knowledge of the value of symbolic themes and his sociological and aesthetic views enabled him to create the most profound and beautiful literary symbols. His artistry lies in presenting his two intellectual cornerstones − "the Iranian-Islamic culture and civilization" and "the return to one's self" – through new concepts. His style set a good model for many writers. These symbols could be placed in seven categories including "the idealistic man", "anti-heroes or bad guys", "religious themes", "natural elements", "colors", "animals" and other elements.The present study examines these symbols most recurrent in his three works Kavir, Hobout and Ensan. "The return to one's self", "the quest for the truth", and "endeavor for perfection and knowledge" are of the most significant of these symbols.

One of the applications of contemporary fiction is the depiction of contemporary human sufferings and afflictions. In other words, this important literary branch can be the best interpretation for the events in human societies, and its role and importance become double when people live in hardships such as war or invasion. Sahar Khalifah’s double, Al-Sabbar and Abbad-o-Shams has depicted the Palestinian people's life in Western Seacoast after the June, 1967 defeat. From the most important subjects seen during the events of these novels, we can refer to the most important demands of the Palestinian nation such as patriotism, unity, and hope for the future of the fatherland in the shadow of unity. Sahar Khalifah’s double unveils the concept of homeland in Sahar Khalifah's view from dimensions like: land, the Palestinian, childhood memories, and culture. It depicts the Palestinian nation's commitment to their country and fatherland. It also expresses the signs of this commitment among different groups of people such as children, teenagers, men, and women. It is this common feeling that despite the internal conflicts finally unites different characters of the novel against the invader enemy; because unity in the writer's view is the only way to escape from all difficulties caused by invasion. In addition, factors such as hope in future, giving up disappointment and grief and depression, and raising the sense of patriotism, and devotion for the fatherland, are counted as important and effective factors in the freedom of the country in the writer's view.