جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « احمد سعداوی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Dystopia, a significant literary subgenre, is diametrically opposed to the utopia that poets and writers longed to achieve. Dystopian literature broadly portrays the destructive consequences of political, social, and industrial clashes. In other words, this type of literary subgenre mirrors the dark side of the society which is replete with misery and agony. Since novels are mainly the product of societal events, dystopia is more widely reflected in novels than in other literary genres.Ahmad Saadawi, a contemporary Iraqi novelist, in Frankenstein in Baghdad, has depicted life in Baghdad with extreme pessimism concerning the reality of human life in the contemporary world. In this novel, the author has depicted the dangerous effects of political and social structures on the future of humanity especially the people of Baghdad. He depicts the detrimental effects of the American invasion of Iraq leaving the country in an abysmal situation. The novel is a fearsome portrayal of such a torn-apart society. In every line of the novel, signs of dystopian life are horrifically pictured.This research, based on a descriptive-analytical method, examines dystopian components such as moral degradation and degradation, criminal actions, deprivation of security, chaos, violence, destruction of peaceful life components, and enforced migration. The novel is a frightening image of a disjointed society plagued by unfortunate events.

Time has the most obvious function to improve the structure of the story among the constituent elements of the story. Gerard Genet, as one of the theorists in this field, provided a clear theoretical framework for evaluating and analyzing the element of time in the story. Genet believes that in analyzing narrative time and comparing it with calendar time, three important categories such as order, continuity and frequency should be analyzed in order to extract and evaluate the most important narrative techniques used in each work of fiction. Ahmad Saadawi's novel Frānkenštāin fī Baghdād (Frankenstein in Baghdad) is a suitable novel for analysis based on the Genet model due to its great emphasis on time. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt is made to investigate the element of time in the novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" based on the descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of discovering the salient aspects of time turbulence in post-modern novels. The results show that the widespread use of retrospectives, negative accelerations and positive accelerations, has caused irregularity and discontinuity in the narrative time of "Frankenstein in Baghdad". This sometimes confuses the reader in the story, which of course is one of the features of postmodern stories, and Ahmad Saadawi has been able to make good use of this techniques.

One of the most widely used and effective methods in analyzing various literary and artistic texts and works is their semiotic analysis. One of the contemporary theorists in the field of semiotics is the French Philippe Hamon; His theory is based on four principles: 1. Types of characters - which include reference characters (historical, social, mythical and virtual), mediating characters and pointer characters (indicating the presence of the reader and writer 2. means personality, 3. personality sign 4. levels of personality description. The present study has tried to analyze and reflect this theory based on the semiotic method in the novel Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmad Saadawi. Due to the multiplicity of characters in this novel, the four main characters of Shasmeh, Hadi Al-Atag, Ilyshwa and Faraj Al-Dalal are considered. The results of the research indicate that the selected characters are the type of mediating or pointing characters that the author has used to express his thoughts and in fact, by including them in the novel, he has shown his freedom and patriotism thoughts. The meaning of the characters is also expressed more through the introduction by the author; He uses sentences with special care that acquaints the reader well with the intellectual and mental level of the character used. At the level of description, Saadawi has carefully stated all the physical, psychological and social characteristics of individuals. The choice of name is also made with a certain obsession.

Fantasia is the literature that discovers reality from the depths of what is not reality. Fantasia is a broad term describing the books and effects that make impossible and miraculous events possible and believable. Among the features of fantasy in the novel, we can refer to the logic of the private narrative, the origin of self-awareness, the origin of the linguistic aspect, the origin of penetration, methods of imagination, free style, unpredictability, surprise, open ending, fragmentation of structures, linguistic manipulation, creating game conditions and .. . This research may study; The relationship between fantasy in the novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" by Ahmed Saadawi and the terrible events in Iraq, based on a descriptive-analytical method, extracting the elements of fantasy first and then applying them to the novel. It aims to highlight the features and dimensions of the miraculous and to show the relationship between the fantasy in Frankenstein's novel and the events in the Iraq war. One of the results of the research is that the writer in this novel has entered the valley of fantasy completely, because of the importance of violent horrors (mass massacres and booby-traps to kill Iraqis) and the fear of the reader’s astonishment in front of the fantasy technique and the failure to reach the writer’s goal. Najwa, dreams and visions may sometimes reach a degree that is difficult to define or become impossible, and we believe that the reality of reality makes the writer to implicate the reader in strange events and strange spaces and with full awareness expresses his obsessions and insides through this narration, so he tells the story with a plan studied before and uses modern techniques and fantasy and is satisfied Creating an unrealistic character.

One of the types of textual relations is Hypertextuality, which studies the relationship between two literary texts. This relationship is based on adaptation and does not address the element of intertextuality. According to Genette's view, the adaptation is divided into two parts: imitation and transformation. The transformation means to change something in a different way, while an imitation is to say something in a similar way and Its purpose is not purposive change. The extension of meaning in the hypotext has been done through transposition, which is a serious change. Frequency or Number of times an event occurs in the story and the number of times it is mentioned in the narrative in hypotext and hypertext implies a serious change or transformation. As regards the novel Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmed Saadawi was inspired by the Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, This descriptive-analytic and comparative study analyzes the transformation in the frequency of events between the two novels and changes in the the number of times it is mentioned in the narrative. The study of types of frequencies, especially repeating singulative narration and repeating narrative, is  objective examples of transposition in hypertext.

Cultural criticism is a major literary phenomenon in the post-modern literature. It explores the layers of the society and interprets them from cultural, social, political and historical points of view. A recent subject of cultural criticism has been the Iraqi society, which has had bitter experiences through the tough years of several wars, from Iran-Iraq war to invasion of Kuwait to the US invasion of Iraq, as well as the advent and dissidence of terrorist groups. This has created a cultural problem that Ahamd Saadawi, a contemporary Iraqi novelist, adopted as the main theme of his works including the novel He Dreams, or Plays or Dies. The novel best depicts such cultural adversities in the society as corruption and oppression. The present study delves into the novel to detect the elements and techniques of exerting authority and show how the cultural layers of the society have undergone changes and damage. The research is conducted through a descriptive-analytical method and on the basis of Foucault’s theory. With regard to the three types of authority discussed under the theory, it is concluded that the Iraqi society has shifted toward cultural degeneration represented by such evils as declined sense of religion, immigration, immorality, violence, pugnacity, and prevalence of derision. Among the most important pioneers of cultural criticism in the West are pioneers from the Frankfurt School, including Michel Foucault (1921-1991), who critiqued politics and literature in the era of modernization. As Foucault believed, political, historical and social events affect literature, which is based on the perception of a world that results from culture. There is no difference between literary history and cultural history, but both are manifestations of social criticism. The most important thing that Foucault touched on in his modern theories is the mechanisms of the flow of power in society and how all these mechanisms affect the emergence of a form of culture whose impairments can be addressed through the same theory. Foucault does not see power as an imposition by the use of an external force, as the state imposes its own rule, for example, but rather as a fluid that flows through the entire social body. There is a manifestation of power at all levels of society; From major political phenomena such as the drafting of the constitution, down to personal relationships between individuals, such as the relationship between a father and his children or between a doctor and a patient. Foucault calls this theory “the tactics of domination or power.” The novel as a tool for research, exploration and analysis of reality and its problems, and a representation of the urgent course of life and its exciting events. It is not surprising that we find in it a reflection of the cultural, social and political reality, as it may be very self-evident to say that the novel is a literary art with a cultural implication, so we try in this research to shed light on the phenomenon of cultural impairments and techniques Showing it through cultural criticism in the novel "He dreams, plays or dies" by Ahmed Saadawi as a novel that narrates the various forms of impairments in Iraqi society and reveals the deterioration of human relations as a result. We adopted Michel Foucault's approach to extracting forms of power because of the comprehensiveness of dialogue in the expression of impairments. It is worth noting that Foucault divided force into three categories: visual force, mechanical force, and physiological force. The method of exercising power in Iraq in terms of visual power weakened Islamic thought and the culture of jihad and martyrdom on the one hand, and on the other hand it created a wave of contradictions in a sea of ​​beliefs. The most famous example of the dominance of visual power in the way of marginalizing culture is the permissibility of immoral scenes such as casinos. Add to this that the domination of despair and betrayal over life, the loss of any vitality or activity due to seeing war scenes, and indifference to social problems and difficulties have other effects of this type of power. On the other hand, the use and planning of a certain type of mechanical power represented by the ruling regime's use of discipline to exploit people for its benefit has increased the wave of migration and drained the brains out of Iraq. In addition, the habit of blind obedience, uprooting the culture of slavery, and ignoring civil rights and human rights are among the other destructive effects of the mechanism of exercising power in Iraq, where the ruling regime focuses its attempts to exploit people, especially young people, by imposing some things under the cover of the military or social system and obeying their orders like sheep. At the same time, physiological force, by refraining from punishing social wrongs, has led to widespread corruption in the structure of government institutions and financial and moral corruption of government officials. We often deal with scenes that indicate the absence of laws to provide social justice that leads to economic corruption in the structure of the state without the people. And it is what creates pleasure in resisting right and law in the cultural structure of society.

A post-colonial criticism approach is considered as comparative literature and cultural studies to analyze the colonial feedback in literary contexts and explore the component of the post-colony in the literature. This theory deals with the conflict between Eastern inferior and Western superior thought foundations and tries to show the results between colonialism and the colony. Ahmad Saadawi, the writer of “Frankenstein in Baghdad” novel, is among those authors who has put a high priority on struggling against colonialism. He depicts the consequences of the occupation of Iraq by the U.S. Army and his writing is considered as a complex allegory of tribal violence in Iraq following the U.S. invasion. Therefore, the analysis of this author’s thoughts is significant in postcolonial literature. The present result reveals that how the author could present the political, social, and economic effects in Iraq in a fictional novel by turning into the anti-colonial perspective. The author illustrates the feeling of chaos in his land and creates an imaginary character that has a fragmented identity. Saadawi endeavors to presents the effects of colonialism in its modern form by making this imaginary creature that aims towards the establishment of justice. This study written as the perspective of post-colonial criticism using the descriptive-analytical approach investigates the components of post-colonialism, such as Western centralization, moral issues, and identity fragmentation. Besides, this study highlights the reliance on beliefs and religion to achieve a former identity to oppose the belief in the superiority of the Western race and anti-colonialism.

Non-verbal Communication is one of the branches of Semiotics that includes all types of motor behaviors such as facial expressions, body movements, and gestures in people. The present study seeks to examine the novel entitled Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmed Saadawi from the perspective of Non-Verbal Communication signs such as facial expressions, eye states, parasites, objects, distance, and so on and so forth. The aim of this study is to introduce, classify, decode, and analyze all kinds of Non-Verbal Communication in the novel to show how body language can convey, amongst other things, such functions as love, fear, anxiety, and lying, and also to show what tools the author uses to narrate non-verbal behaviors of characters. The results show that Saadawi has benefited the most from the different positions of the hands and face and from different types of gaze, along with their related functions. He has used these modes to express, amongst other things, such concepts as fear of strange things, fear, anxiety and sadness, and gaining information. In addition to these, other modes and organs are also involved in conveying the author's messages. Also, most of the functions of these messages are substitution functions.

The term hypertextuality refers to any form of adaptation; therefore, in literature, this term expresses the relations between texts. The novel Frankenstein in Baghdad written by Ahmed Saadawi, an Iraqi novelist, is influenced by Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus in that the signs of the cleared layers of Shelley’s hypotext can be seen in Sadawi’s hypertext. This leads to a palimpsestuous relation between the two texts. In the field of hypertextuality, the term palimpsest refers to any type of adaptation in which the layers of the original text can be seen in the adapted text. This process, which is named transformation, takes place through a purposeful change made in the hypertext without any imitation of it. The transformation and extension of meaning in the hypotext is done through transposition, which refers to the drastic changes made to the hypotext. It is possible, however, to detect parody of the hypotext, such as practice of transvestism, in Saadawi’s novel. Yet, parody is not the entire hypertextual relation between the two texts. This study analyzes the transformational relation between some features of the contents of the two texts and the changes made to the hypertext in the form of transposition. Transposition makes profound changes in many of the dimensions of Shelley’s novel without interpreting it. Titles, names, places, themes, symbols, language, religion, and beliefs are some of the items that are transposed in Saadawi’s novel. The appearance of the character Frankenstein in Saadawi’s novel causes the emergence of different cultural and social symbols and signs. The difference between the language of the novels and the difference between places are vivid examples of transposition that explain the spectral presence of Frankenstein in the hypertext, the dominant atmosphere of the hypertext, and how the past causes the absence of meaning with its presence.

Frankenstein fi Baghdad is the novel by the Iraqi novelist Ahmad Saadawi. The setting of the novel is the capital of Iraq in the years 2005-2006, during the American invasion, a time of chaos and terrorism that preceded the start of the civil war. This Gothic-postmodernist novel focusing on fear and death describes the crisis of identity and the fragmented subject and recreates the terror by creating an atmosphere of horror. The novel depicts the black and meaningless experience of its region. It creates a personality (monster) with a fragmented identity and is, in fact, a part of the selfhood that has been repressed. Saadawi’s monster is called Shesmeh. Shesmeh or the creation of an imaginary being trying to enforce justice makes itself more frightened because the Whatsitsname (Shesmeh) must kill others and cut off their organs in order to survive. On the other hand it shows the suppressed section of human which is the creator of violence and horror. Despite aversion to violence, death will be highlighted in this novel in this way.

Gothic postmodernist has changed Gothic within the paradigm of post modernism literary and has no significant difference with Gothic before this period. According to studies on Gothic-postmodernism, postmodernist theory can exhibit the same preoccupation and is obsessed with the concepts of terror and haunting: Derrida’s ‘hauntology’, Baudrillard’s ‘symbolic death’, Lyotard’s terror in the sublime/ unpresentable, and Žižek’s interpretation of Lacan and Freud’s ‘Ding’ (Beville, 2009). The Gothic principles based on fear are intensified in the postmodern novel, and the horror comes out of entertainment. The result of such anxiety and fear is the ontological exploration and the individuality proof.
Accordingly, the main elements of the Gothic-postmodern novel include fantasy, sublime terror and unpresentable and symbolic death, fragmented subject, the fluidity of place and time, hyper-reality and blurring the lines between reality and fantasy.

This research uses a descriptive-analytical method to study the elements of the Gothic-postmodernism in this novel. This method describes the characteristics of the Gothic Postmodernism in this novel and analyzes its effects on it by using the data which are available in the text.

The place and the streets become source of fear and terror because of environmental factors. This novel explores the traumatic realities of a place in which death can come at any minute. For example consecutive explosion in the street, a creature that mutilates humans, wandering ghosts, jinns, old buildings in Batavi alley, spread the unpresentable horror everywhere and create sublime terror experience. Shesmeh as a monster comites the crimes in the middle of night in the lonly streets and alleyes and it becomes impossible to separate innocent from the guilty.
Another element of Gothic Postmodernism in this novel is the examples of hyperreality due to its creation of a world of fantasy. The media play with reality and instead of reproducing reality, they produce a compact of similar images, so that they are suspended between reality and imagination. In the end of the novel, the media blames Hadi as a criminal instead of Shesmeh.
For that different interpretations of justice, media, journals, TV, political and security officials cause the loss of reality. As a result the only thing to escape from all these naming is death. It is only death can escape simulation and hyperreality.

By creating a gap between morality and knowledge, a suspense and a lack of ontological understanding, the Frankenstein fie Baghdad novel creates the sublime terror that is unrepresentative. Shesmeh or Frankenstein is an imaginary creature haunted by ghosts, and there are pieces of the body of the innocent and sinful human beings in it. This makes it hard to judge who is guilty or innocent. It is enough to turn objective terror into subjective horror. The different beliefs among the Iraqi people and the multiple features of the society are portrayed in the body of Shesmeh, but the result is nothing more than the horror. Fantasy, sublime terror and unpresentable and symbolic death, fragmented subject, the fluidity of place and time, hyper-reality are visible in this novel. The fluidity of the place, the spreading of horror throughout the city, the horror in the alleys and houses, the reality simulation by choosing a name for the monster of the story by characters, makes the author correctly depict the sublime horror, the symbolic death and fragmented subject.

Gerard Genette introduces the narrative structure as a discourse in the field of narrative science by reviewing it. In this discourse, time, mood and voice play a essential role in explaining the relationship between narration and story. Distance as a function of the mood reveals the rate of showing to telling and represents the distance between two levels of story and narrative, Because the story informes about events while the narrative evokes in readers the impression that they are shown the events. Ahmad Saadawi's Frankenstein in Baghdad novel tries to reduce the distance between narrative and story through the form of narration and speech. This article, by descriptive-analytic method, examines and analyzes Factors that affect the distance between narration and story. Descriptions, Scene, the reported speech and transposed speech, free indirect style reduces the distance between narration and story and this prevents the audience from being passive in front of the text. This novel, which is one of the prominent novels of the Arab world through the inner speech of the characters, which is transposed speech, free indirect style, and the vertical movement in the novel, causes deepening in the characters and the process of the novel and affect the distance between narration and story.