جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « استعاره دستوری » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Common people express mental reality with objective experience and use the substitution of a grammar tool for another tool to convey. The frequency of this metaphorical substitution can be a sign of style. This descriptive-analytical essay has analyzed the grammatical processes and metaphors of the story "The Turnip Fruit of Heaven" written by Ali Mohammad Afghani based on the theory of role-based theory. This story is one of the realistic narrative works that revolves around metaphorical language and all three types of grammatical metaphors (ideological, interpersonal and textual) are seen in it. The representation of the experience in the dialogue of the participants of this story is mostly based on the transfer of the mental process to the material because the author knows that by using the transitive system of grammatical metaphor, abstract and subjective concepts become more understandable for the general audience; However, the transfer and displacement of material to mental processes is reflected in this work in its lowest amount, and the reason for the reflection of verbs in a material form is transparency and openness, and the author did not want to interpret his experience. (Many tables are provided.) Afghani, considering the subjective meaning and the external experience of it, uses the pragmatic present which conveys the meaning of the action correctly, and in representing the states governing the actors affected by the existing conversation of the user class. Is. In this novel, the processes (verbs) have been metaphorically transformed into nouns by noun formation, which is the main form of transitive metaphor, and the author has made the message and words of the participants stand out with this grammatical transition. . In this work, the intellectual meaning also refers to the author's experiences from the outside world.

The present study intends to examine how political discourse employs nominalization to describe events and occurrences and for what specific purposes. The research aims to explore how actions and reactions are foregrounded and backgrounded in the ideological representation of texts. To achieve this goal, the speeches of the ex-presidents of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States, subsequent to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015, have been selected for critical discourse analysis.The first stage of data analysis involves identifying and analyzing 508 clauses. The second phase examines the use of nominalization metaphors in the coverage of developments surrounding the nuclear agreement during the period from the US withdrawal from the agreement to Iran's fifth step in reducing its JCPOA commitments. To demonstrate the role of nominalization in the various representations of a single event in rival discourse media, two domestic and two foreign media outlets are examined. The data in this section also includes eight news titles from the above-mentioned media outlets in five specific time periods, in which a significant development surrounding the JCPOA has taken place. The results indicate that nominalization metaphors are not used to eliminate the agent from the center of attention, but rather to highlight their own actions. Rival discourses use these highlights to elicit their own desired meaning to the audience, both in the arrangement of the speeches of the two presidents and in the coverage of political developments surrounding the nuclear agreement by the media.

Historical texts including texts that claim to report reality, when seen from this perspective, are close to scientific texts. Among these texts is Beyhaghi’s history. It seems that grammatical metaphors can be effective in assessing the validity of this work. In this study, to investigate Beyhagi's claim, we examined the story of Hassanak-e- Vazir in terms of grammatical metaphor. The results of the research show that material processes are the most important components of this text. Also, the declarative mood that represents the actual report is dominant in this work, but besides that, the subjunctive mood, which is the opposite of the declarative mood, is seen in many processes, such as nominal grammatical metaphors, alternative meanings, the use of sentences in unusual roles, the application of processes to each other in interpersonal meta-function, the elimination of the agent or the process actor, and some additional results of this research. The use of the active verb in the sense of the passive in order to remove the process actor can be considered a new type of grammatical metaphor most frequently used in this section. Based on the findings, we can say that Beyhaghi, while emphasizing the facts, does not report the reality completely. He tells a part of the fact that is safe or low risk, but he also eliminates some parts or does not explicitly state them, especially in the constructions concerning how Massoud Ghaznavi is a true actor in the process, using various forms of grammatical metaphor to keep his name.

The present paper on the reverse flow of Grammatical metaphor has surveyed the usage of grammatical metaphor in two varieties of Scientific articles- medical academic articles and medical popularized articles- with the same topics.This subject was chosen to be studied aiming to discover the differences between language structures that scientific journalists and academic authors use to transfer scientific ideas and issues in their articles. Grammatical metaphor is the concept that Halliday uses in Systemic functional grammar and it means changing one grammatical category to another; in this process verbs and adjectives change to noun and clauses to nominal groups as well. This process leads to increase of lexical density and also complexity and abstraction of the text. Findings of this study show that authors of popularized scientific articles to publish their writings in mass media, usually simplify the grammatical structures in addition to lexicon. To reach this aim and also to justify simplified texts with the normal and congruent process of transferring meanings via language, avoid using grammatical metaphor in their texts.

Grammatical metaphor is one of the basic concepts in systematic-role-oriented grammar that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. One of the issues raised in grammatical metaphor is the discussion of teaching and learning these types of metaphors. Halliday (1993) considers grammatical metaphor learning to be the twentieth characteristic of language learning that does not appear until at least the age of nine and is learned in the secondary stage of learning. In the present study, an attempt is made to study how grammatical metaphors are taught and learned in textbooks and writings of Persian, non-Persian learners, and basic language; For this purpose, reading books and writings of Persian students at the basic level of Persian language teaching center of Imam Khomeini University were examined. The research findings indicate that the extent and type of use of metaphors in students' books and writings are very similar. Noun and face metaphors have the highest incidence in textbooks and Persian's writings, respectively (both in textbooks and in Persian's writing, students have name and face have the highest rate). Also, no examples of transitive metaphors were observed in the writings of Persian learners; While in the textbook there were some transient metaphors.

According to the studies, the grammatical metaphor has a special significance in the development of scientific writings, and it is one of the most important characteristics of the scientific language. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Persian language based on the systemic functional linguistics framework and it will attempt to answer the fundamental question that how many types of metaphorical processes have been used in the scientific articles in various disciplines including physics, chemistry, linguistics, and political sciences within three decades. The second goal is to compare the results of all four disciplines in different decades, in order to determine the development of these mechanisms in the scientific discourse of the Persian language at different decades.
The basic roles of grammatical phenomena according to systemic functional linguistics are described through three meta-functions: ideational (consisting of empirical and logical cases), interpersonal, and textual. The whole model of systemic functional linguistics is based on the relationship and interaction between these three meta-functions. The ideational meta-function has to do with how we construe our human experience in and of reality through language. The interpersonal meta-function views language as interaction. The textual meta-function is concerned with the textual organization of the language. The ideational meta-function relates to the clause through which experience is seen as being encoded in language as processes, participants in these processes and circumstances. Each of these meta-functional representations of language can be expressed through metaphorical expressions. Halliday (2004) considers grammatical metaphor as the most important feature in describing the language of science and emphasizes that many features of the language of science are the result of grammatical metaphor.

The present study is a descriptive-comparative study whose structure consists of four sets of research papers related to the fields of physics, chemistry, linguistics, and political sciences.

60 Persian academic articles from reputable journals were chosen for analysis. Each field is divided into the groups of 15 articles and each group is divided into three groups of 5 articles devoted to 1981-2011 in three decades.

First, the number of the occurrence of metaphorical grammatical expressions in each text was determined, and congruent equivalent for each was presented. After analyzing the grammatical metaphors of selected articles in this way, the frequency of occurrence of each type of metaphors was obtained through the division of grammatical metaphors by the total words in the whole text and, accordingly, the average percentage of the use of metaphorical grammatical expressions in each text were assessed. The results of the calculations were compared using independent t-test using SPSS software. In this research, the significance level is less than 0.05.

Based on these findings, metaphors type (2, 10, 5, and 6) were the most frequent metaphors respectively, and type (7, 11, 4, and 12) were the least frequent ones respectively. Chemistry has the most use of metaphorical mechanisms, and physics, political science, and linguistics are ranked next. In addition, the results, on the one hand, show that the ratio of the general use of the type of grammatical metaphors contained in the experimental texts (chemistry and physics) is significantly more than the human sciences (political science and linguistics). On the other hand, the political science text (human sciences) with the average of 5/07 grammatical metaphors are not much different from the average of 5/09 physics texts (experimental science). In addition, the order of frequency occurrence of different metaphors in this field is the same as physics and chemistry. According to the results, "apparently" there is no direct connection between the scientific nature of a field and the application of metaphor.


The finding of present study showed the order of the occurrence of grammatical metaphors in each text was as follow: 2 > 10> 5> 6> 1> 9> 8> 3> 12> 4> 11> 7. In addition, it showed that the order of fields in using the most number of metaphorical processes is as follows: chemistry> physics> political science> linguistics. Findings of the research do not show a direct relation between the scientific nature of these disciplines and the application of grammatical metaphor. In addition there is also no significant difference in the number of grammatical metaphors diachronically.

The findings of this research can be used in determining the promotion extent of the status of Persian language among the international scientific languages, which ​​is one of the eight major objectives in the comprehensive scientific map of the country. In addition, the findings of this research can be used in various fields including planning, teaching and writing scientific texts to teach the Persian language to non-Persian speakers.

The present study investigates the linguistic features of academic writing in management texts. In all branches of science in addition to lexical terms, syntactic structures are the reason of complexity of these kinds of texts. Furthermore the complexity in understanding and comprehending the academic texts is due to complicated syntactic structures and especially grammatical metaphor, so the present study specifically focuses on the investigation of nominalization in these kinds of texts to find out to what extent and how nominalizations are derived from verbs or adjectives and what is the difference between nominalizations derived from verbs versus adjectives, and at last to find out the noun endings or affixes which are used for making nominalizations. The data and different numbers of nominalization types indicate that in academic management Persian texts, deleting the light verb of a phrasal verb and using its lexical verb in the form and meaning of a noun; using infinitives or using predicates without the finite elements; substituting nouns instead of modals; and using past tense form of a verb to indicate a noun are different forms for deriving nominalizations from the verb. Zero derivation and using derivational affixes nominalize adjectives. At the end, it has been observed that nominalizations can be derived from a clause or another noun.

Halliday(1987b:173) considered metaphorical realizations as metaphorical variants which are related to variation theory. He points out that each of these (types of) variants can be described in more general terms as "an alternative realization of an element on the next, or on some, higher stratum". Morphological, lexical and syntactic variants are alternative lexicogrammatical realizations of the same meaning. In present research, congruent and metaphorical forms are investigated in Persian speakers’ speech. The number of informants is 47 which are chosen based on sex, education and social class. The research questions are:1)How do social variables such as sex, education and social class affect the application of congruent and metaphorical variants? 2) How does each social variable such as sex, education and social class affect the application of metaphorical forms of modality, nominalization and transitivity? Research data indicate that sex doesn’t affect on application of congruent and metaphorical variants and also on application of modality, nominalization and transitivity. But education and social class affect enormously on application of congruent and metaphorical variants and also on application of three kinds of grammatical metaphors (except no effect of sex on application of transitivity metaphors) in Persian speakers’ speech. We have observed statistical hypercorrection as a considerable phenomenon in present research. The middle class (based on the division of social class to low, middle and high) used grammatical metaphors more than low and high classes.

Nominalization is one of the metaphors introduced by Halliday, which is a part of ideational meta-function. The present research study is an attempt to investigate the role of nominalization in political Persian and English discourses from Van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) perspective. In so doing, it attempts to answer the following research questions: (1) Does nominalizations have any role in cohesion and coherence as well as in marginalization and highlighting in the text? (2) What’s ideological role of nominalization in Persian and English political discourse? (3) In which discourse (Persian or English) more nominalizations are used? By studying 22/5 pages of English newspapers (Guardian, USA Today, Telegraph and New York Times) and 22/5 pages of Persian newspapers (Keyhan, Qods and Shargh) focused principally on Iran’s nuclear program negotiations, it was discovered that nominalization can cause marginalization and highlighting by changing information construction of the sentence (theme and rheme), referring to presuppositions, using entailment, omitting the agent and changing the mental models. Nominalization helps the author to make reference to the background knowledge of the reader without giving any repetitive information (coherence). It also helps the writer to use nouns (next to each other) which have the same conceptual meaning (cohesion). Furthermore, it can be concluded that this metaphor is used more frequently in Persian newspapers than in English ones.

One major feature of English scientific language is grammatical metaphor (GM) which helps promote the conciseness and preciseness of the texts. The present study aimed to investigate if Iranian writers of medical research articles (RAs) have employed the types of ideational GM appropriately and adequately. Therefore, the ideational GM types used in three information units (including Stating a specific outcome, Interpreting the outcome, and Contrasting present and previous outcome) of the Discussion Sections of two groups of randomly selected Iranian as well as British and American RAs (32 articles each), published between January 2008 to February 2009 in the journals of ISI web of science, have been compared/contrasted. The differences between the two groups’ uses of all the GMs were calculated using Independent t-tests. The results showed that although Iranian articles were shown to employ significantly (p

Comparative study and analysis of educational texts leads us to a more accurate understanding of their characteristics. In this regard, the present study aims to answer the question that whether there are the differences between the textbooks which are specially designed for the non-Iranian Persian learners in advanced courses and those medical texts which are taught at the first semester of the academic year. Doing so, the texts were analyzed and compared with regard to the grammatical metaphor, ranked and rank-shifted components at the level of the clause and clause complex, and so on. In the course of the research, a corpus consisting of 9886 words extracted from the textbooks of the of medical sciences texts for Persian learners and 9775 words from the Guyton's physiology texts were selected and analyzed. Then, each of the linguistic features was individually identified and extracted in the framework of systemic-functional grammar of Halliday. Afterwards, using appropriate software, data were collected, categorized and summarized. The research results confirmed the hypothesis of the research stating that there was a significant difference between the texts of medical sciences for Persian learners and the medical texts for the first semester of the academic year. In addition, the in-depth analysis showed that, in general, there were similarities between the two parts of the structure with regards to characteristics such as ranking, rank-shifting, and ideational grammatical metaphor. In addition, there existed some differences between the order of non-finite rank-shifting and the number of patterns as well as in the logical-semantic relations between the dependent clauses. It seems that the factors of the research can be used to examine the various aspects of similarities and differences of various texts.

Grammatical metaphor is one of the major issues in systemic functional grammar which has received much more attention recently. The main question of this research is: What are the functions of grammatical metaphors, such as nominalization and modality, in political discourse, and why do media use grammatical metaphors in texts? The main objective of this research is to study the role of grammatical metaphor in political discourse based on systemic functional grammar. In this research, the basic functions of grammatical metaphors, namely nominalization and modality, in political discourse are investigated. The needed data are extracted from Resalat and Shargh newspapers; the frequencies of nominalization in two newspapers are 408 and 304, respectively. The frequencies of modality in Resalat and Shargh newspapers are 30 and 32, respectively. The results of research indicate that main functions of nominalization metaphor are foregrounding of positive self-representation, foregrounding of negative other representation, hiding ideologies and suppression of message, creating cohesion and coherence, changing the distribution of theme and rheme, changing the distribution of old and new information. Moreover, the results indicate that the main functions of grammatical metaphor of modality in political discourse are concretizing of ideologies, expressing attitudes of writer, indicating the degree of certainty of proposition occurrence, and foregrounding ideologies.

One of the common concepts in systemic functional grammar of Michael Halliday is grammatical metaphor, generally introduced as a kind of metaphor. Halliday introduced and distinguished three grammatical metaphors: ideational, interpersonal and textual. This article reviewed the degree and method of applying different kinds of grammatical metaphors in scientific and literary texts. To do so, authors selected and analyzed one scientific work titled “an Introduction to Sociology of Language” by Yahya Modarresi and one literary text named “Tangsir” by Sadeq Chubak as their samples. Their findings showed that the degree of using different kinds of grammatical metaphors is not equal in scientific and literary texts. It seems that authors of scientific texts used grammatical metaphors to enrich contents, information summarization, making texts more technical for target audiences, making contents clearer and other reasons. The author of literary text used grammatical metaphors as few as possible. Abovementioned reasons do not apply in literary texts and this justifies its less usage. Therefore, the article attempts to introduce grammatical metaphor as a new criterion for distinguishing scientific and literary texts by providing enough proofs from these two texts.