جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « الشعر الفلسطینی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

In this study, we want to discuss analytical method and relying on structural and semantic aspects of empowering palestinian poet lyrics nasrallah , To understand how the beautymaker axes the superstructure, and the construction of deep thoughts and emotions to induce resistance towards Palestine and reflect the concept is used? And how these axes is distinct language and content of his poetry. The results show that the surface structure to avoid recession fades nasrallah in ordinary language, the art techniques, rhetoric and composition to highlight new vocabulary word is used and has provided beauty of poetry. The readings also showed deep structure is based on his poems Palestine, Palestinian suffering and human tragedy, resistance, defiance and hope for the freedom to form. The construction of meaning is one of the tools that conscious poet richness of poetry, to contemplate forcing the audience and instill a sense it is used.Keywords: aesthetic, structural-semantic axes, resistance poetry, Ibrahim Nasrallah.

The sociology of literature examines the dual relationship between society and literary work. And since realism is a doctrine that depends on the study of nature, human life and society, and deals more with the context of social reality, as well as the accurate depiction of social relationships, Literature is a social document that depicts the realities of society. George Lukács used his literary criticism to establish the sociology of literature, which has three characteristics: true realism, critical realism, and popularism. For this reason, this research tries to criticize Harun Hashem's poetry based on Georg Lukács' theory of realism, which is rooted in Marxist dialectics. This research Hashim Rasheed's poems based on Lukacs's realism because his poetry indicates Arab society's lifestyle. He seeks to bond his suffering with the reality of life. The results indicated that Rasheed describes criticizes the contradictions and social challenges of his homeland with full logic and awareness and portrays the problems and pains of his countrymen based on popularism. he warned, preached, and then outlined the path of jihad and struggle. In parts of his poems, exposed and discussed the policies of the colonial governments and their supporters and the Arab rulers for interfering in the affairs of their people and supporting Israel, and he considered them the main cause of these hardships. He showed the effect of these issues on the livelihood of his people, the followers of his poems understand that adheres to issues that serve the people.

It is no wonder that literary life has a close connection with political and social life. Literature in its various forms, such as poetry, novels, stories, etc., is considered an essential tool for the writer, through which he embodies the different aspects of the life of human society. It can be said that the Palestinian poetry of resistance is one of the most beautiful genres of literature, which plays a decisive, remarkable and continuous role in monitoring political and social events that directly affected it in its development and the renewal of its methods. The Palestinian poetry of resistance has developed in terms of style and its levels. Compositional methods are among the most important means that poets employ to express what is going on in their souls and reveal their experiences and events that they live through. It is also an important tool that reveals the aesthetics of the literary text and its artistic features. Compositional methods have become an integral part of the structure of the Palestinian poetic text of resistance, which has occupied a large part of its field. It is necessary to study this phenomenon based on what many scholars of rhetoric and researchers in the field of stylistics have said, as it has a remarkable effectiveness in the production of semantics, in addition to that it reveals the extent of the aesthetics inherent in the literary text; Where we notice that Abd al-Qaher al-Jurjani emphasized the importance of linking grammatical meanings in analyzing the literary text, as the advantage in speech lies in the meanings of grammar and linguistic structure.From this point of view, this study aims to reveal the distribution of the employed compositional styles and their patterns in the Palestinian resistance poetry and to know their artistic and rhetorical implications and phenomena. It should be noted that the researchers dealt with the methods of requesting composition in the selected poetry books, trying to identify the methods of poets using these methods and their implications in his poetry. As for the methods of non-requesting composition, we have disregarded them for the paucity of purposes related to them. We also refused to study the methods of prohibition and wishing because of their scarce presence in the collections.To achieve the objectives of the research, the study followed the descriptive-analytical and statistical approach. It also seeks to answer the following questions: - How were the structural styles distributed in the Palestinian resistance poetry? - What are the implications resulting from the structural methods employed in this type of poetry? - Why did poets use these methods in their poetry and what are the artistic features that distinguish these methods in their poems? As for the research sample, it is limited to five collections: 1- My Homeland Within the Siege by Samih Sabbagh; 2- Now take my body a sack of sand by Moein Bseiso; 3- Do not steal the sun from us by Ibrahim Al-Muqadamah; 4- It is Jerusalem by Nabila Al-Khatib; 5- The Palestinian wound and blood buds by Zainab Habash. Through a close reading of the various studies, we noticed that most of the previous studies have shed light on the rhythmic aspects represented in the rhyme and repetition of the Palestinian poetry of resistance. We did not find studies that address the structural methods and the rhetorical and artistic features that characterize the Palestinian resistance poetry through the use of compositional methods. So this study seeks to shed the lights on an aspect that the researchers did not care about. What the article concluded is that the requesting compositional styles have a varying presence in the selected poetry books. The call, the command, and the interrogative lead the percentage of presence in percentages of (39.25%), (28.12%), and (27.92%), respectively, then the negative comes after it in a small scale, with a percentage of (3.32%), regarding wishing, as compared to all other compositional styles, it has obtained a slight degree of availability of (1.36%) in the structure of Palestinian poetry. The one who meditates on the structure of the Palestinian poetic text finds that the addressee and what is related to it is considered an essential part that revolves around the Palestinian poetry of resistance. We often find that the Palestinian poet calls out to what is not specific, aiming to spread the spirit of solidity and steadfastness in various parts of the world, and he resorts to deleting the call when addressing the homeland, in order to bring his feelings closer and the distance of his love from the occupied homeland. The repetition of the call at the beginning of the poetic lines is one of the artistic methods that poets deliberately used, aiming behind it to draw the attention of the recipient and focus his attention on the importance of what follows the call. With regard to the methods of command, we find that the receiver in the methods of command is the focus of the message and the axis of the saying. The poets, by doing the command, moved away from its original connotation and idiomatic meaning to new connotations, through which they were able to reveal their goals and intentions such as guidance and advice, threats and challenges, ridicule and underestimation of the Zionist enemy, and expressing regret for what happened to the aggrieved Palestinian people, urging to continue the struggle until the siege is broken, glorifying heroism and praising the steadfastness of the fighters, etc. The interrogative style is a remarkable presence in the poetry books among the compositional methods after the call and the command and that is because of its performative ability to express the feelings and visions of the poets in different situations, and to attract the recipient to interact with the goals they seek behind the interrogation. Lamentation over the killing, destruction, and displacement of the Palestinian people is one of the most frequent indications in the poets’ poems, using various interrogative methods as an artistic phenomenon.

The ego and the other dialectic is one of the most important topics in Arabic texts in general and Palestinian texts in particular. This dialectic is a prominent figure in the work of many Palestinian writers. Samih Al-Qasim is a poet who fought for his homeland after going through difficult conditions in facing the enemies. Through this image, Al-Qasim is able to portray an aspect of his life, whether it is an intrinsic or social issue. This research tries to clarify the image of the ego and the other in Al-Qasim's poetry by descriptive-analytical method. And to look for different types of the " ego", as well as how to draw the image of the "other" in his resistance poems. And this reveals the reality of the Palestinian people, their worries, their hopes, their thoughts and their pains. One of the most important findings of the research is that the image of "ego" is manifested in different types. And the meaning of "individual self" is the same Fighting poet. And the "social self" means any Palestinian who has suffered injustice and oppression to this day and has tasted the bitter taste. It seems that the poet has expanded the "ego" to unite with his Society. The poet depicts the "ego" in a situation opposite to the "other". And has a hostile attitude and a negative viewpoint. And this is evidenced by the poems of his resistance. But the other foreigner is the United Nations and the Zionist enemy,

Contradiction, as a literary instrument with all its forms, causes the attraction, influence and beauty of the texts, and consequently, the astonishment of the reader. It is based on the contrast and differences between the literal meaning and real meaning of the words and expressions. In most cases, discovering the contradictory meaning is due to intensive mental effort and deep thinking in order to understand the contradiction between the literal meaning and the their covert and ambiguous meaning. This study is therefore based on the a descriptive and qualitative analysis of the contents of the odes of the contemporary Palestinian poet, “Ali Fodeh” (1946-1982), along with the use of library sources with the aim of studying verbal and imagery samples of contradiction in his works and analyzing the way this method has been used in his works. This results of the study revealed that he has used mockery, contradiction and denial as the verbal contradictions and change, surprise and roles as the subcategories of imagery contradiction. Moreover, his aim in using this technique was to express the contradictions and conflicts of the society which lead to the hopelessness, the surprise and the poet's grudge in pursuit of his reformist goals.

A symbol is an emblem used with the aim of expressing the existential feelings of a poet about a particular subject. The poet has borrowed such a style from prior experiences in order to use it with regard to current events. The reasons for this choice of style are the following: the inability of everyday language to express the present events and the absence of freedom in the society where the poet lives. Similarly, the Palestinian poets have made use of symbols for expressing the bitter realities of life through the compilation of modern poetry by borrowing traditional symbols. Such a connection is realized between the present and previous texts in the light of inter-textual knowledge. Mahmud Darwish is one of the poets who attempted to use various symbols in order to express the social issues of his own community. Therefore, following a descriptive and analytic method, the present study has studied the intertextuality of "La'ab al-Nourd" ode as an example in order to analyze the symbols used in this poem by focusing on the intertextual concept.

The theme of resistance is an important component of the new Arabic poetry.Samih Qasim is one of the most famous Arab poets whose name is tied to the poem of revolution and resistance of 1948.Qasim's poem is based on revolutionary realism, in which it calls for rebellion and protest. Most Odes Qasim has revolutionary themes and resistances. In his poetry, he used the mechanism of bitter comedy, and we see less poetry at this level. The present research is conducted with an analytical descriptive approach to study this approach in his poem. The most important finding of the research is that the issue of resistance, despite being welcomed by many poets, but what distinguishes Samiah Qasim from others is his unique style, which puts him at the forefront of others. On the other hand, he has signaled some words and announcements in the direction of the bitter comic discourse to attack the Israeli occupation regime best. He has done this in an excellent way and he has used the opposite of the image in shanfara ode. Qasim's speech in his political discourse, which has a bitter comic taste, is divided into three categories: Israeli occupation and its supportive governments, Arab rulers, and Palestinian "I". The poet has considered the menacing and critical responsibility of occupied Palestine to be the three groups.

This study investigates repetition and its various manifestations in the poetical collection of Al-Asaf Al-Makoul. The Palestinian poet has used this technique for stating pains and sufferings of the Palestinian due to occupation of their nation by the Zioniston the one hand and for adding a kind of rhythm and music to his poetry on the other hand. The present paper is an attempt to introduce various manifestations of repetition based on descriptive- analytical method such as repetition ofvoice,word, verb, pronoun, symbols and expressions and also it points to function of various aspects of repetition in sentence structure and their strengths in creation of new poetic structures. Pondering in this poetry collection, the reader finds out that topic of repetition has created strong connections between the poet and calamities of his land; accordingly, this expressive method displays a type of spiritual space so that it shows the spiritual pains and internal unsaid things that aim to strengthen desire of the reader.
Finally, the study came to this conclusion that the Palestinian poet has applied the repetition technique as an effective tool for stating his own inner thoughts to influence the reader and he depicts crimes of Zionist Regime.

The present article intends to study and analyze the ancestral characters in Ali Foudeh's – Palestinian contemporary poet – odes. Thus it considers the experience relationship of these characters with Ali Foudeh's spiritual, social and political experiences. According to the results of the research, Ali Foudeh has been affected by some ancestral characters or religious characters such as Moses and Bilal ibn Rabah, mythical characters such as Cleopatra and Sinbad and literary characters such as Saalik and Urwah and tried to call for them in his odes to not only express his effective political and social experiences but also adds to the effectiveness of his odes. The results have come in analytical method out of some literal, political, psychological and social sources.

the quran al-karim and its symbols have received much importance with contemporary poets and have continued different shapes as rich fountain and technical source with quranic characters which contribute just great form. To enriching and enrichment the ode poem; and deeping of signs. Also the investment of religious symbols ‘ its stories and projectionsin poetic text increase the brilliance & beauty of it the use of quranic characters In contemporary palestinian poetry especially diaspora poets enrich poetic content and refutes pure oratorical and musical. Nature of the conflict between Palestinians and the Israeli enemy making used symbols about specific topics that would linked and related with that conflict. It has direct effect on the lives of palestinions and their fate. On this basis the diaspora poets interest in employment prophet characters and on his head masih character.because of their sign dimentions have special position in memory humanity which semantic legitimation derived from the human and religious vision ‘ this issue has led Palestinian poet to portray used symbols according to contemporary view it is a prelude for expressing his ideas and contemporary national issues. This article is according to descriptive-analytic method not only will pay to the importance of religious symbol but also will pay on literary works and poetic experience it also addresses recalled symbol(al masih) and the impact statement of it on the reader this study has found that employment and investment of masih character until masih symbol reflect the relation and objectivity equation

Resistance literature is full of patriotism and liberalism. The resistance poet defends the aims of his hometown by his poetry weapon and applies his poem at his country’s political and social service. Thus the resistance poetry contains a strong epic and national spirit. This kind of literature calls people for defending their grand ideals. Tamim Al-Barghouti is a young Palestinian famous poet who applies his poetry and art at the service of Palestine problem. He has a famous ode calls “In Al - Quds” in which he depicts his countrymen pains well. The authors of the present article study the psychological and spiritual aspects of these poems in descriptive – analytical method.

The use of historical symbols in the modern Arabic poetry is one of the important techniques which positively affected Palestinian poetic expressions and experiences. This technique entailed the poet with the artistic skills and inspiration. By using this method the poet avoids superficial and oration of the poetical words. Ultimatly utilization of historical symbols leads to enrichment of poetic experiences. Palestinian poets according to their tragic experiences applied historical symbols to explain their emotions against their occupied homeland. The use of historic symbols was an instrument they applied to show their resistance against the occupiers. They exploded personal and social awareness according to the similarities which exist between historical symbols and present Palestinian conditions. This investigation applying the descriptive – analytic method deals with the historical symbols which have been used by Palestinian poets since 1967 until 2012.

Being inspired by the human heritage is of the most prominent features of the modern Arabic poetry, which has outstandingly featured in the Palestinian resistance poems. So, it is not an exaggeration if we maintain that this poetry has been deeply affected by the religious heritage of its context, as religion holds a significant place in the consciousness of the Arabs particularly the Palestinians. Therefore, the poems of Samih-ul-Qasim as one of the pioneers of Palestinian resistance literature must be supported and informed by religious ideas either directly or indirectly, like the other literary figures of this land. The present research examines, descriptively and analytically, the religious heritage as reflected in the poetical works of this poet. Also, it evaluates his ability and the extent of the correspondence his work with the religious heritage. It is concluded that the poet has a great ability and skill in connecting the past and the present and taking benefit from human heritage to enrich his work of literature.