جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "زبان مخفی" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

The social changes of today's society have led to the emergence of some linguistic phenomena, such as Jargon, which is more commonly used among younger generation and downstream of the community. A language that has converted into a mode of speech aimed to differentiate itself from others, used to protect the secrets of its profession or group from other classes. But the Jargons, as an emerging phenomenon have attracted the attention, also prompted the concerns of linguists and sociologists due to the lack of understanding of the words of the younger generation. The method of study is a library methodology, in which researchers attempt to discuss complex aspects of this linguistic diversity by describing the phenomenon of Jargon and also studying its differences with slang, and especially the Russian language. It is assumed that the jargon has its own language system, which undergoes transformation, and is a dynamic and evolving category. Jargon and slang are two distinct language variations with different functions that become obsolete and are rebuilt over time.

Slang language is an informal language which has been used among different social groups and entered literature, too. Considering the linguistic and cultural limits in the process of slang translation, this study was done to examine the translation of slang language in two children and adult picture novels, The Diaries of a Wimpy Kid, and The Brilliant World of Tom Gates. The first novel written by Kinney exploded in popularity and was considered New York Times bestseller in 2007. It has won many national and international prizes including “Nickeldone” and “The children praised book”. The second novel, The Brilliant World of Tom Gates, was written by Pishon. It has won several prestigious awards, including Roald Dahl funny Prize and the Water Stones children’s Book Prize. It has also been translated into over 33 languages worldwide. This study was done to elaborate different types of slangs and translation strategies applied in the translation of slangs to show how much the translators were successful in translating slang words and how the introduced translation strategies were beneficial in translation of slang expressions. The data of this qualitative-descriptive study were collected by applying Partridge’s theory about types of slangs and Baker’s strategies for translation of slangs. Partridge distinguishes ten different kinds of slangs: a. Cockney: It is divided into two types used by educated and uneducated people; b. Public house: It refers to group words and phrases made up for the smallness of the recorded vocabulary by nature. It is the main, genial, cheery, materialistic, but not gross nor cynical one; c. Workmen’s: Linking up with the public house is workmen’s slang which is very closed to tradesman slang used to refer to family and financial matters in workmen’s lives; d. Tradesmen: They are used between tradesmen; e. Commerce: it refers to slangs used in trade between tradesmen and customers; f: Public schools and universities: in these type students become the main source, because they are fresh, full of spirit to move forward for their future; g: Society: it is concerned with the spirit of universe, the world life; h. Art: The words and phrases of art are quickly adopted by the society; however, only few words of them are known; I. Theatre: It came to existence in the nineteen century and is related to slangs in art; and J. Church: Slangs not only appear from people in the street or in their daily conversation, but also can be found from a holy place such as church. Baker provides 8 strategies for translation of slangs:1. Translation by a more general word: The translator uses a common word in the target language which expresses the same referential meaning and the same expressive meaning as those of the slangs in the source text; 2. Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word: It consists of data that are translated using common words or phrases of dissimilar meaning, both referential and expressive; 3. Translation by cultural substitution: This strategy involves replacing a culture-specific item with a target language item, which does not have some propositional meaning but is likely to have similar impact on the target reader; 4. Translation by loan or loan word plus explanation; 5. Translation by paraphrase using a related word: This strategy consists of data that are translated using words or phrases of similar referential meaning but dissimilar expressive meaning; 6. Translation by paraphrasing using an unrelated word: Means translation using words or phrases of similar expressive meaning but dissimilar referential meaning; 7. Translation by omission: The translator can omit one word or more to make the translation suitable to the target language structure, seems natural, and suitable for the target language’s culture, 8. Translation by illustration: This strategy enjoys illustrations or pictures to convey the idea from the source text to the target text. Pictures can be helpful to the translator for translating slangs appropriately. According to Partridge’s classification of slang types, there were three types of slangs of school and university (53.27%), social (44.26%) and workmen (24.45%) in the first novel. In the second novel, there were also three types of slangs, namely, social (72%), school and university (24%), and artistic slangs (4%). For translation of these slangs in the first novel, eight strategies of translation introduced by Baker were used. They were translation by more general words (62.22%), translation by more neutral/less expressive words (9.76%), cultural substitution (15.86%), translation using loan words and explanations (2.44%), paraphrasing using related words (20.44%), paraphrasing using unrelated words (18.3%), omission (9.76%) and translation by illustrations (6.1%). In the second novel, six strategies were applied. They were namely, translation by more general words (4%), translation by more neutral/less expressive words (0%), cultural substitution (30%), translation using loan words and explanations (6%), paraphrasing using related words (26%), paraphrasing using unrelated words (30%), omission (0%) and translation by illustrations (4%) were applied. In the first novel, translating by more general words was the most applied strategy and in the second novel, cultural substitution and translation by unrelated words were the most used ones. By applying translation by more general words strategy, the translator of the first novel made the meaning of slang words change and transferred them to common words, so he did not transfer the exact meaning of slangs and did not produce the same effect on the target language. On the other hand, the second translator applied the cultural substitution strategy to find proper equivalences for slangs in the target culture and in this way succeeded in transferring the exact meaning of slangs, and producing the same effect on the target language. Another finding of this study was that pictures are influential in transferring meaning of slang language to children and adult reader. According to results of this study, pictures can help the translator in conveying the meaning of slang words in children and young adult literature.

The Argot language is one of the standard varieties of language that forms among young people or group of delinquents. Each social group has its own terms and expressions that must be learned in order to enter that group. Argot language is not separate from the language. Rather, it is one of its various varieties. This language represents a heterogeneous society, with each group having an impact in language. One can argue beyond this, claiming that the difference between each Argot language and the language commonly depends on the group attribute that uses this Argot language. The more different these groups are, the more they use different language forms to establish and maintain a relationship with the linguistic community. Young people form a large part of the active population of our community, and the tendency towards peers and differences with adults is an important feature of this group. They have a particular language system that consists of the norms, values, behaviors and the core of their subculture. It is a secret code and a special communication symbol that transmits messages and creates certain rules and behaviors. Therefore, young people have their own subculture and use special vocabulary. The use of these vocabulary by young people and their influence on the youth subculture has created a certain verbal and non-verbal communication among young people that requires a scientific review. Groups of friends and circles are friends, SMS, social networking messages, television movies, virtual social media, print media such as fictional characters, borrowing from other languages, and other forms of creativity and dissemination of these words. The purpose of this paper is to identify semantic relations in the language of the secret language within the framework of the theory of constructivism. Constructive semantics is one of the most important methods of achieving analysis using structuralism theory. In this view, the network language is one of the systematic relationships. Structural meanings mean that what is the equivalent of a semantic unit? And how are they connected? The constructive semantic label is usually limited to lexical semantics. One of the most fundamental and general principles of constructivist linguistics is that languages, systems, and sub-systems or their constituent levels-grammatical, lexical, and phoneme levels are interdependent. An important aspect of lexical semantics is how semantic relations of vocabulary are with each other; in particular, the discovery of the four classes of semantic relations, Opposition hyponymy, synonymy, and member-collection is important. Semantic Relationship is the relationship between a lexical categories with other vocabulary, which confronts the speaker with the choice of different lexical categories. This term has different types. In other words, the meaning of the semantic relation means that the language has a semantic structure and the words are related in groups. Of course, these groups are formed on the basis of the semantic relations between the words. According to the tradition of studying meaning, these relations are in the semantic system of language between concepts that at first glance may seem independent, but have a close connection with each other, which is sometimes impossible to distinguish one another. Conceptual relationships have two types. Some of them are substitutions, and the other are synthetic, or, according to the famous statement, according to the Saussure's attitude, is a function of substitution and conjunction. The substitution relationships between concepts arise between members of a grammatical category and with their replacement. This category of conceptual relationships, typically and not necessarily, consists of words from various grammatical categories that together create well fromedness. In order to achieve the purpose of the article, we first discuss the categories of semantic, synonymy, polysemy, Opposition, hyponymy, meronymy, collocation, portion-mass, member-collection, homophony and Homography. After processing and identifying these relationships in the Argot language vocabulary derived from an interview of the 15-30 year old young people of Tehran subway, as well as the Persian Dictionary of Argot of Samai's work the frequency of each semantic relationship was determined. The sample size is 1507 words; it has been extracted by two methods of documenting the Persian Dictionary of Argot and a researcher-made interview with a Snowball Sampling method. After collecting and deletion, the words were classified according to their nature and meaning in fourteen semantic areas. These classes include tools and objects, automobiles, moods, ethics and behavior, secret communication, the condition of organs, numbers, organs, eating and drink, people, actions, opiates, clothing and places. The information of each word includes the semantic domain, the concept, the lexical entry and the Encyclopedia meaning. In addition to identifying semantic domains, the concept of each lexical category was also identified. Because the creators of the Argot language vocabulary use these words to create these words in an attempt to keep secrets hidden within a group of their inherent knowledge, while the words reference may be different from these concepts. Then, the semantic relations of lexical data in each area were determined by qualitative content analysis method. The question of this research is that if semantic relations exist in the secret language, what is the relationship between the highest and lowest frequencies of semantic relations? The results of the derivation of semantic analysis show that the highest and lowest lexical frequencies belong to the domains of people and clothing, respectively. Also, synonymy with the frequency of 63.05% has the highest semantic and homography with the frequency of 0.11% with the least semantic relation. The high frequency of synonymy relation in the vocabulary of this language represents the main reason for the use of Argot language; that is, to hide the meaning of these words. If its meanings are revealed to others, a new term replaces the previous word.

The present study investigates the use of Argot language vocabulary in two gender groups. The Argot language is a collection of words and phrases that certain groups use to keep secrets inside their group against others. This sociolinguistics study describes the functional differences of the vocabulary of this language in two groups of males and females. Data were randomly collected through 60 face-to-face interviews. This research applied a descriptive and a case study method. The purpose of this research is to answer the question whether there is a significant difference between the lexical frequency and the expected occurence. To test the hypothesis, males respondents have used the most secret words in the interviewees, using Chi-square non-parametric tedst. The dependent variable in this study is the frequency of Argot vocabulary and independent gender variable is gender. It seems that gender plays an important role in the frequency of certain words; nevertheless, the results  showed that there is no significant difference between the two gender variables and the use of the Argot vocabulary; however, the tendency of females to use argot vocabulary is less than men.

Human needs Formalizes each new type of language. In eighty decade expanded Argot in human every speaking that targeted religions, polity & gender taboos and mixed with modern problems. Resulting of cause of cultural studded may be analysis by Cultural Studies .For lexicography field impractical linguistics noticed only inner entry of same lexicon and fields of historic, sociology, politic arn’t notable but cultural studies with interdisciplinary way and equal vision to formal language & common opens the atmosphere to show the informal language in formal institutional. This essay attempts with content analysis survey literal & topic eighty decade in five sours of books & lexicons that have sow Argot. For finds cause of Argot are expanding free time entering IT & technology be hidden in virtual spade & expand of Soap Opera in Eight Decade. Without misconstruing survey enters of Argot words without taboo to national language can boost formal language.

The first French-Persian bilingual dictionary was published in Paris by John-Baptiste Nicolas in 1885. French language started with Safavid dynasty in Iran but spread out in the time of Naser Al-Din Shah Qajar. Bilingual dictionary continued to publish in twenty century by John Schlimmer. He published in 1874 a French-Persian dictionary. The number of bilingual French-Persian dictionaries that are published in French and in Iran are more than 130. Two examples of these kinds of dictionary that was released in three recent decades are “Petit dictionnaire des expressions et proverbs” and “Petit dictionnaire de la langue verte” by Mohamad Taghi Ghiyasi. In this paper these books were criticized by the point of view of content, title, entry, data, manner of data collection and the definition.

From the viewpoint of sociology of language, one of the important linguistic phenomena in any given society is the formation of argots and their structural description. An argot is the language or the dialect of a social group whose members like the content of their speech remains secret for other groups, or, generally, for the majority of the people in their society. From some decades ago up to now, in some villages of Khalkhāl in Ardabil Province, a language known as Arrānaji or Qarqahdili has been commonly used by male workers who went to northern regions of Iran to do carpentry. The main questions of this study are: a) What kind of language is Qarqahdili? b) Which purpose was it created for?, and c) What are its structural characteristics? The data of this field study were gathered through interviews with middle-aged men of two villages called Karnaq and Lerd. The results indicate that Qarqahdili is an argot which is used to cover occupational secrets. From phonetic, morphological, and syntactic viewpoints Qarqahdili is similar to the Tāti language of the same areas but lexically there are some differences.Save for Tāti words which have gained secret meanings, some words from Azerbaijani Turkish are also present in Qarqahdili. Data analysis indicates that a great number of taboos and sex expressions are used in the workers’ speech apparently because they are all male and far away from their families.

Some speakers prefer or need to keep their words secret. Therefore, they developed a special language variety to communicate with each other without problem. This variety is called argot, and like other varieties has its unique phonological, morphological and semantic rules. To identify the word formation process of argot among Persian teenagers and adolescents, a field research was carried out among the 21 year-old students of Islamic Azad Unversity, Takestan branch. The identified word formation processes were coinage, extension, close interpretation, use of proper noun as generic, borrowing, use of antonyms, abbreviation, phonological segmentation, use of acronyms, compounding, clipping and blending.

This paper tries to find the dominant word formation processes with the highest frequency in the current argot among Tehran's high school students. We presented Richards’ and Schmidt’s (2002) and Hudson’s (2000) viewpoints about word formation in the standard language; afterwards, we examined the content of "a Persian dictionary of argot" containing approximately 510 words and expressions. Our findings are as follows:• First, Compounding is placed at the top of the other processes.• Second, there is usage of some suffixes in the Argot which are known as frozen suffixes in the standard Persian language.• Last, "Argot is a part of standard language" said Samai; nevertheless, there are two kinds of suffixes in derivation which are not in agreement with the main word formation processes in the standard Persian language:1- Usage of borrowed suffixes from Arabic language to determine different sexes.2-Usage of suffixes with no history in Persian language, which may be derived in the surveyed Argot by wrong cutting.

Keeping governmental secrets in official letters is one of the important issues of governments in all periods and its importance increases every day so that scientists try to find new methods for encoding and decoding of information. Nowadays, in mathematics and computer science a number of fields and trends have been created for encryption. On the basis of sources and documents, the history of this practice goes back to Greek civilization. Some groups of people like criminals, prisoners and professional beggars use coded languages which linguists call them Argo.There is almost no scientific research about history and types of puzzle language and script in Persian literature, and even there is no entry for this issue in Persian encyclopedias. The main reasons of this are that, on the one hand, there are not enough sources and references about this issue and, on the other, the rules of such knowledge were not taught to people in fear of revealing the secrets.This article introduces not only the methods of encryption in Islamic culture but also encoding fonts, inks for invisible writing and the terminology of this science whose secrets have been hidden.