جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "شیراز" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

>Contemporary fictional literature has had a special look at the elements and components of Shiraz folklore in the period of Pahlavi. In the present study, considering the extent of the components of folklore, the reflection of Shiraz has been studied popular literature through of analysis of 20 fictional works including fifteen collections of short stories and five novels. The collected data in this article based on library resources have been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical method. The results show that the use of Shirazi dialect, Shirazi and non-Shirazi proverbs and Shirazi songs and chansons have been abundant in Contemporary fictional literature, but fictions(Matal) and stories have had a small presence. Some of the used Shirazi chansons and fictions indicate some of the social and historical events of Shiraz during the period of pahlavi, such as the story of Saif al-Qalam, the uniformity of clothes, and the situation of the wage of employees of the first textile factory of shiraz. generally, according to the style of writing and indigenous interests of fiction writers, the reflection of Shiraz popular literature in Sou va shoun, patchy pants, a city like Behesht, the Alley of Zanboorakkhooneh, The Patient Stone, the last light, The extinguished oven and Barooni has been more considerable compared to other Literary works.

Toponyms are among the words that have been more resistant to linguistic changes. It is a fact that the dominance of the Persian language has caused many alterations in the structure of some older vocabulary in the local dialects. Toponyms have also been undergoing such changes; however, they show more resistance in comparison to the other words because they have been dwelled in the collective memory of the locals, and it guarantees their survival. Due to the lack of familiarity with the ancient structure of such toponyms, there are many "folk etymologies" made to describe the origins of the toponyms. The present research is an attempt to introduce the following toponyms in Shiraz, as well as investigate the historical backgrounds of those words and suggest some probable etymologies for them: bâlâkaft, barmdelak, pâyēkutâ, tâq-e ōskurū, tul-ē parwast, talxdâš, derâk, dreky, dozak, fahandiž, qalât, qomšæ, katasbes, kušan, kaftarak and gūyum.

This study investigated the British Consulate in Shiraz (in Fars Province) in the interval 1903-1925/1321-1344 AH. Iran is located in an area where European states had colonial objectives in the early nineteenth century. The strong economic-political rivalries between these European countries in that period caused them to expand their spheres of influence using tools including establishment of consulates. Therefore, it is important to demonstrate the role and the position of these consulates in changing the political attitude of Britain toward Iran and to show the guiding role of the Consulates in this relation. Study of practical measures taken and reports sent by the Consulates to the British government in London and to the British Raj reveals the important political-commercial objectives they followed and reported. The main purpose and question in the present research is to investigate the objectives and functions of the British Consulate in Shiraz. Although it is obvious that the British government established the Consulate in Shiraz, as one of its most important centers of influence, to promote its colonial objectives in this city, one of the main purposes of this research is to identify the colonial methods and the strategy the British government adopted for expanding its policy in the Fars region.  This research addressed the rivalries between colonial states, especially Britain, and the establishment of the British Consulate in Shiraz in Iran in the framework of the theory of colonization. Therefore, the study was fundamental in purpose and analytical and descriptive in methodology. Obviously, it mainly employed a library- and document-based method to collect information and used first-hand historical sources, travelogues, the works of chroniclers, published correspondence of secret agents of foreign countries, and the Fars Weekly as its sources.    The Consulate in Shiraz was inaugurated by General George Graham and supervised by European officers (Lorimer, 2009:270; Rabino (1984:139). Up to the year 1925 /1344 AH, it had nine Consuls or Vice-consuls with the ranks of general, colonel, and captain and some with the titles of Major and Lieutenant (Rabino, ibid; The Discovery of English Tricks or Duplicity and Falsehood, based on British Secret Documents on Iran, Kianfar, Einollah and Estakhri, Parvin, 1984:133).      When the British came to power in Fars Province, one of the publications with a high circulation named the Fars Weekly was published from 1916-1919/ 1335-1338 AH under the management of Mirza Fazlollah Banan, the secretary and translator of the Consulate. On the front page of the weekly was printed “This newspaper publishes the official news of the South Persia Rifles.” All official notifications of the civil and military representatives of the British Government and of the East India Company in Fars were printed in this weekly (the Fars weekly, 1916-1919/1335-1338 AH). During this period, trade was as important for the British government as the establishment of consulates and the appointment of consuls (Watson, 1961:99). The most important objective of the British government was to create order and security along the trade routes with the purpose of expanding trade. This policy inevitably influenced the situation in Fars. There were important trade routes in Fars that connected the trade areas of central Iran to India and to the southern margins of the Persian Gulf. The most famous one of these was the Bushehr-Shiraz road (Safiri, 1985:30). Shiraz also benefited greatly from this increase in trade activity both in terms of the connecting roads and with respect to consumer goods (Curzon, 2008:2/122-123).              According to the report by Knox D’Arcy, the Vice-Consul in Shiraz Consulate from 1908 to 1912, there were 14 British Companies that engaged in trade in Fars (The Blue Book, 1984:1622-6/7). Moreover, trade documents of the British Consulate in Shiraz during 1913-1014 regarding trade benefits led to a substantial amount of correspondence between the Consulates in Shiraz and Bushehr and the governments in Delhi and London. In general, one basic issue was followed in all this correspondence: to drive out non-British trade from Iran (Kianfar, Einollah and Estakhri, Parvin, ibid, 1984:165).      The Consuls also had general oversight of the financial affairs of Fars Province. From 1911/1329 AH onward, the provincial government in Fars became more dependent on yearly British financial aid to run its foreign affairs, and the British Consul became the honorary person in charge of supplies in Fars Province (Wright, 1979: 121-122). The Europeans in Shiraz were the heads of government offices in Shiraz and dictated without consulting with the Governor of Fars. Daryabeigi, the military commander, obeyed the Consul in the hope of becoming the ruler of the Southern Ports in the Persian Gulf. The telegraph offices, also supervised by the Consul, reported the daily events (Mokhber-ol-saltaneh, 1984:318-324).   Consulates were one of the organizations that the British established in line with colonial rivalries to gain political-economic benefits. Therefore, as a vast Province in southern Iran with sensitive geographical position and an important position in world trade, Fars was the focus of attention for European Powers and became an arena of colonial rivalries. Shiraz attracted Britain’s attention because it was the trading center of southern Iran and played an active role in domestic and foreign trade. There were many British nationals in Shiraz. They took control of purchase and sale of various commodities with the establishment of the Consulate, trading houses and trading companies and extended their influence in this region. This consulate had extensive functions because of the weak central government, tactless local rulers, rivalries between the clans and tribes, and lack of suitable administrative organizations in the Province. The Consuls had general oversight of the telegraph offices, the Imperial Bank of Persia, the financial offices, the representatives of trading companies, the military and law and order affairs, and the communication of warnings issued by the British government regarding their interests. The Consulates also built infirmaries, collected manuscripts and antiques, carried out geographical, political, and economic mapping, became familiarized with the cultural-social affairs and cultures, and acquired information regarding military and financial resources. The Consuls gave consular support to those who took sanctuary and to religious minorities and provided medical services to the public to win people over on the one hand and followed the policy of sowing discord among the nomadic and tribal leaders on the other hand. They acted as kings without crowns, took measures and engaged in undiplomatic behavior (not only to appoint or dismiss rulers but also to meddle in all general and specific affairs in Fars Province), and dictated their wishes. The measures taken by Britain in Fars were mostly based on economic and commercial considerations, and their social-cultural and service provision activities were aimed at acquiring popularity, prestige, and influence.      The value of this research lies in its functional aspects that can be useful for scientific-academic circles, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the National Security Commission, the Strategic, Security, and Economic Centers and, finally, for public enlightenment.       Amin, Abdul Amir, British interests in the Persian Gulf, translation by Ali Rajabi, Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1988. Anvari, Amirushang, Gulf, Tehran: House of History, 2011. 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Great Khorasan and Persian literature have an irrefrangible linkage. Wherever we talk about literature, poets, authors and great literary works, it is undoubtedly associated with one of the cities of Khorasan. This wide area is considered as a proper place for the growth, development and evolution of different literary works and literary genres due to its natural properties and special situation. Epic is one of the literary genres embedded in Khorasan, and Tous is considered as the cradle of this ancient literary type. Shiraz is also a city whose name is associated with sonnet and Persian sonnet due to great poets such as Sa’di and Hafiz reached its summit in this city. Khorasan and Shiraz are considered as the best places for formation and elevation of sonnet and epic in Iran. Based on Holy Qoran and Nahjol Belagheh and viewpoints of thinkers such as Ace Sina, Ibn – e Khaldoun, Montesquieu, the present study aims to explore the impact of natural environment of Khorasan and Shiraz on the evolution of sonnet and epic.

In recent years, concepts such as space and place in the field of comparative literature have become very important. Among the approaches of comparative literature, one can refer to the geographical criticism and imagology that have been very promising and in line with scientific principles in examining the views of foreign tourists. Of the many itineraries, by writers who have traveled to Persia as tourists or diplomats in different centuries and visited various cities, we can mention To Isfahan (Vers Ispahan, 1904) by the French traveler Pierre Loti who traveled to Iran in the early 20th century. In his book he described different cities of Iran from the south to Isfahan. In this paper, using geographical criticism approach as a multilateral method in describing the city of Shiraz, we have made an attempt to present new aspects of the geographical perspective of this work. The author􀞌s spontaneous look passes all the frontiers of imagination and offers a new different image of reality.

Semiotics is the systematic study of signs which has worked as an effective tool for analyzing many texts, and stratified semiotics, as a theoretical approach, sets the ground for the analysis of multi-dimensional texts composed of linguistics and non-linguistics signs.
This study investigates the epitaphs of the Shirazi martyrs of the Iran-Iraq war from the stratified semiotics perspective. Martyrs’ epitaphs consist of two strata: the linguistic stratum and the non-linguistic stratum. There are substrata in each stratum as well. Linguistic stratum consists of the opening writings and poetry, as well as the identity of martyrs and their wills. Non-linguistic stratum deals with the functions of the colors and images which are displayed in these strata from a semiotic perspective. This study indicates that both images and colors (such as red, black, and green) of the epitaphs crystallize the concepts of martyr and martyrdom. Moreover, it is indicated how the linguistic signs formed as poetry and short proses are effective in transferring the intended meanings. This study also asserts that it is possible to investigate these epitaphs from the stratified semiotic perspective because, as a theoretical perspective, stratified semiotics has a variety of functions in multimodal texts.

After achieving many innovative developments, human beings left the villages and inhabited in cities. In every period in the history of mankind, cities have been the center of human evolutions and almost all cities have had similar features. After the Renaissance, cities, more than the past, took men into their gears. This issue hurt poets more than others. The dominance of certain socio-political conditions over the cities led to the spiritual and social alienation of poets. In Arab countries, too, after experiencing the socio- political changes, the same situation occurred for poets. The contemporary Arabic literature influenced by the Western literature, criticized city and its effects on people's lives. In contemporary Arabic poetry, Abdolvahhab Al-Bayati has dealt with this issue more than his counterparts. In the present research, after reviewing some points about city, the most important topics related to this word such as utopia and the appearance of city portrayed as prostitute are reviewed. Then, relying on Al-Bayati's political perspective, Baghdad, Babel, Neishabour, Paris and Shiraz, which in his poetries, have significance and high-frequency, have been studied. The findings of the study show that except Shiraz, the main characteristics of these cities are corruption, destruction, and darkness; and that only Shiraz is full of beauty and light and is the opposite point of those cities.

This article deals with the reasons why Maktabi is anonymous and why his biography is shrouded in ambiguity. Were the lines in the preface to his book of poems purposely distorted? If yes, why? What effects have these distortions had on Maktabi’s beliefs? Was Sadr his teacher?

Since antiquity an old question has preoccupied the mind of many researches, literates, and curious individuals, that is whether it is possible to translate a poem into another language. It seems obvious that until the second half of the second century A.H, the scientists have not uttered a wise word in this regard. One of the outstanding scientists, Amroben Bahrol Jahez, in the second and third century A.H. for the first time spoke thoroughly of translation and its problems. What escapes Jahez and other researchers is the fact that in translation of poetry, the meter of the Arabic poetry is lost. After Jahez, this problem has diverted from the outer into the inner structure of the poem, and translation became a new challenge for the scientists. Despite the fact that through translation aesthetic qualities and eloquence of the poem is lost, this should not prevent one from appreciating the art, knowledge, talents, and findings of other nationalities. For this reason the interest of the scientists towards the art of translation has augmented day by day. A good example in this regard is the translation of Hafez's lyrical poetry into Arabic by Ebrahim Amin Ashavarbi. Though not immaculate, altogether it is regarded as a prominent work, and he has well proved his competency in literary art.