جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « معناشناسی شناختی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Human uses language as a tool to communicate with others and expresses his knowledge and requests with that. Every country or culture has its own special language. One of the most eloquent and conceptual ways of transferring language experience and communication is the proverb. This language phenomenon represents a clear vision of its society circumstances whether in cultural, political or historical terms and it is unique in its own kind, especially, if the proverbs be common, because their commonness shows that these wisdoms have been taken from society depths and they have been occasionally modified. Most of these proverbs have been received in visual schemes taken from the human imagination. In other words, human experience is an inseparable part in all of them. The present research has surveyed the visual schemes in Mosul common proverbs represented by George Lakoff and Johnson and it has shown that the represented volumetric schemes by the linguists have been conceived according to the human abstract behavior and attitude and their growth is obvious in Mosul and they have high frequency among the other visual, dynamic and communication schemes and also, in power scheme, the top-down scheme has the least frequency. Most of the focus of Mosul people is on the details of affairs and the scheme of being inhibited which mostly  consists of coming to a dead end is considerably visible in Mosul proverbs. In all the schemes, human thought and its physical aspect has a major impact on its metaphysical aspect

Taste is a complicated mechanism that relies on an intricate network of receptors and nerves (Sturtevant, 1964). The importance of taste and taste terms should not be underestimated in human cognition and language. Since ancient Greek philosophy, the linguistic study of taste terms has been downplayed due to lack of scientific understanding of taste and gustatory language and this can be the reason behind limited range of scientific works in taste compared to other senses such as vision and hearing. The present research is an attempt to study Persian taste terms in Golestan Saadi and to investigate conceptual mechanisms (metaphor and metonymy) along with language-external factors such as culture, use, entrenchment, body structure, and nature of human mind through which figurative meanings are derived from gustatory words. In cognitive semantics, metaphors and metonymies are considered as cognitive mechanisms that lead to semantic change and motivate polysemy of lexical items (Bagli, 2017).  Conceptual metaphors act as a bridge to connect two concepts in two different domains, while metonymies are considered as tip of an ice-berg that leads us to see the rest of the ice-berg under the sea. Metaphor and metonymy are both motivated through our embodied interaction of the physical world (Perez-Sobrino, 2017). The main objectives in this research are to find how conceptual metaphor and metonymy in language, together with other external factors account for construction and derivation of non-literal meanings of taste terms in Golesatan Saadi.

Conceptual metaphor is a new tool in cognitive science that focuses on human cognition to conceptualize abstract and non-objective concepts. In this method, abstract and unfamiliar concepts (destination domains) are understood through other concrete and tangible conceptual domains (source domains). The main challenge in conceptual metaphor is establishing systematic correspondences between the two domains of source and destination, known as mapping. The Holy Qur´an is replete with abstract concepts such as "Unbelief" and "Faith". To better understand these concepts, it is necessary to use new methods of analyzing concepts, especially conceptual metaphors. The present study used an analytical-descriptive method to identify and analyze conceptual metaphors related to the concepts of "Unbelief" and "Faith" in the verses of blessing in the last six components of the Holy Qur´an, in order to reveal how abstract concepts are expressed. By analyzing the conceptual metaphors in this part of the Holy Qur´an, it can be concluded that the cognitive status of human beings forms the basis for expressing the concepts of Unbelief and Faith. The concept of "Unbelief" as the destination domain is conceptualized by familiar concepts such as darkness, uncleanness, blindness, battle, and resistance to Faith. On the other hand, concepts such as light, cleanliness, trade, travel, competition, and the right path are used to conceptualize "Faith". Through these metaphors, faith can be seen as light, cleanliness, trade, travel, competition, and valuable objects found on the right path; while unbelief is depicted as darkness, uncleanness, blindness, battle against faith

Multiple meanings are among the issues that, according to the tradition of linguistic studies, can be proposed in the semantic section of grammar and as a topic in semantic studies. In the situation where a linguistic unit finds multiple meanings, one of the important areas of investigating multiple meanings in the cognitive approach is the study of sensory verbs that are related to the functioning of the five senses.The current study presents the cognitive semantics approach with descriptive-analytical method, an analysis on the polysemy of the verb "smell" as one of the sensory verbs in Persian based on the data of the bodies and site of Ganjur based on the model of Likaf (1987).At this stage, 202 sentences were used from the Persian language database, which were categorized based on expanded meanings. Since sensory verbs are the result of physical and social experiences, they become the basis for our understanding of abstract concepts.For this reason, we see the broad concepts of the verb "smell" and this semantic network can be used in teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers

The way of arranging proverbs in dictionaries has been one of themost important problems for lexicographers and paremiographers. Therefore in this study, based on cognitive semantic approach,the way of arranging proverbs in dictionaries was considered. The purpose of the current study is to organize proverbs in dictionaries in anew, non-linear and non-alphabetical way and according to a scientific and theory-based approach.Toachievethepurposeofthestudy, the following research question was proposed: How to use a way other than the usual alphabetical and linear way based on which proverbs are presented in dictionaries? To do this, based on descriptive-analytical method and cognitive semantics approach and its mechanisms, such as conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy and conventional knowledge, the authors have examined the data extracted from The great two-volume Dictionary of Persian Proverbs (Zolfaghari, 2009),The famous Proverbs of Iran (Soheili, 2005) and internet resources. The results indicated that according to semantic motivation and the concepts of target domains of the proverbs,a non-linear and non-alphabetical way can be proposed for arranging proverbs and their equivalents in order to reflectthe conceptual structures of mind and language and to help language learners to learn and remember them easily.

Vocabulary differences between languages indicate differences in the cultures associated with each language. Polysemous words in any culture can be an expression of such lexical differences in a language. In cognitive semantics, there are different approaches to the polysemous phenomenon in language; The theory of Frame semantics is one of these approaches in cognitive semantics that has looked at the issue of polysemy from the perspective of semantic frames. The revised form of this theory has been realized in FrameNet . Semantic frames are semantic packages and each frame is composed of semantic components called frame elements. Semantic relationships in this network are presented as relationships between semantic frames. In this article, an attempt is made to provide a semantic and corpus-based analysis of the polysemy of the conceptual domain of the verb "Listening" in Persian based on the principles of the FrameNet network in English. Accordingly, the keywords "šeno", " šenid" and "guš" have been studied in the Persian database . Among the concepts found in sentences extracted from the corpus, six semantic frames of Perception_active, Perception_experience, Awareness, Compliance, Seeking and Attention and two "inheritance" Frame to frame relations between "Perception-Active" and "Perception-Experience" Frames and "use" Frame to frame relations between "Attention" and Perception-Active" Frames were extracted. The results of the analysis show that the current approach to the phenomenon of polysemy is an efficient approach to study the meaning of the verb "Listening" in Persian and can provide a picture of Persian language culture in this conceptual area.

The aim of the study is to investigate Malekshahi Kurdish metaphorical idioms with body part “dam”. Malekshahi is one main part of the Southern Kurdish in Ilam province. The data is collected from native speakers of Malekshahi Kurdish. A common part of metaphorical idioms of Malekshahi is investigated in the present research with a focus on two body parts “mouth” and “face” conceptualization, in light of cognitive semantic. Based on the research findings, a significant part of the metaphors has a structural nature. “Chewing”, “war”, “fire eruption” and “captivity” are some source domains and “debate”, “freedom”, “disregard”, “secrecy” and “sorrow” are some target domains of these metaphors. “container”, “volcano”, “animate”, “cage”, “respect” and “claim” are some cited mappings for word “dam” in Malekshahi Kurdish metaphors. The findings also show that “war” is the most frequent source domain and “heed” is the most frequent target domain in these metaphorical idioms. Differences between the frequency occurrence of these two domains arises from various mapping in frequent domains.

The language of the Qur'an is a language understandable to all and is organized in a structure consistent with human cognition. The use of the letters Jar and the adaptation of their spatial-sensory concept and their experience with the abstract and spiritual realms is an example of the adaptation of the language of the Qur'an to human thoughts. The present article seeks to examine the metaphorical role of prepositions in explaining the doctrinal concepts related to prophecy by descriptive-analytical method and using the basics of cognitive semantics. Findings show that conceptual metaphors, pictorial metaphors play an important role in expressing the authorities of the prophets. In some verses, God has expressed the doctrinal statements of the prophets using the prepositions and the cognitive meaning of the metaphors derived from these words. In such a way that the role of these cognitive mechanisms in representing concepts such as role model, infallibility, superiority, being dear to God, protecting people's faith and divine knowledge and in general tasks, attributes, teachings, is undeniable and mainly for conceptualizing such Concepts of human existence, objects, vessels and objects and structures and basic concepts such as light, force and obstacle, building and high directions, front, center are used. To use the physical nature of the human mind to explain the doctrinal statements of the prophets.

Cognitive linguistics, as a modern interdisciplinary, by examining the relationship between mind and language, believes that language is a mind representation. Thus, by deeply investigating the poems of the pre-Islamic period (622-494 AD) through cognitive semantics methods, we can figure out the mentality of poets according to their environment and living style. Hatim Ta'i is among Pre-Islamic poets, whose poetry's analysis can present his thinking system. Considering "war" as one of the most important life affairs of his period, presenting a new research with a cognitive approach on Hatim Ta'i's poem can help us in identifying the poet's intellectual system in particular, and social life in the pre-Islamic period in general. So metaphorical and metonymic expressions have been extracted and analyzed according to Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The results show that Hatim Ta'i has used the objective matters available in the pre-Islamic period, such as fire and animal, to embody "war" in the mind of the audience in the form of a conceptual metaphor. Moreover, in the conceptual metonymies, mentioning the subtle aspects and details of war, warfare and warriors indicates the very high connection of this social phenomenon with the poet's life.

The concept of ‘time’ is one of the most important and fundamental concepts in human mind and life, which according to the findings of cognitive linguists, is mainly understood and expressed metaphorically in different languages and cultures. The present paper examines the conceptual metaphors of time in Persian and its purpose is to provide a systematic model of the types of conceptual metaphors that Persian speakers use to understand and express the concept of ‘time’. The study is based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, 1999; Lakoff, 1993) and the theory of image schemas (Johnson, 1987) and its data are mainly extracted from the Hamshahri Corpus (second version) supplemented with data from Internet Google search. The results show that in Persian, the concept of ‘time’ is understood and expressed based on three image schemas of ‘movement’, ‘container’ and ‘object’, and through the conceptual metaphors ‘time is space’, ‘time is an (moving or stationary) object’, ‘time is human’, and ‘time is a container’.

Fillmore's “Frame theory” (1982) suggests a major principle in Cognitive Semantics that believes the meanings of words are perceived within a system of knowledge arising from the human's cultural experience. It maintains that “Semantic Frames” display sections of an event used for connecting a group of words to a set of meanings. Verbs are present as the most important element in most of the situations of an event and play significant role in the interpretation of the meaning. The purpose of this study is to present a quantitative and corpus-based analysis in order to recognize the semantic frames of “∫odæn” (to become) in Persian within the framework of this theory. Thus, 14 semantic frames were recognized using encyclopedias, Persian contemporary corpora and FrameNet. Then, the concept of “tæɁɢir-e hαlæt dαdæn” (to turn to a state) was determined as the prototype of this verb and the main frame was created.

in consideration of cognitive semantics, Metaphor is Not limited to language and vocabulary it finds a pervasive meaning and is expressed as a conceptual metaphor Where one conceptual domain is understood based on another conceptual domain in conceptual metaphor, Many abstract concepts find order through metaphorical adaptation of information and transfer of knowledge and available to the reader a wide range of concepts with a new expression. One of the most important religious teachings of the holy Quran conceptualized abstract concepts with metaphorical structure, is a matter of embodying actions and can Show to the reader review the verses related to it the hidden angles of the content and the correspondences and highlights in it. This article is a descriptive-analytical method and with a cognitive approach examined conceptual metaphors in those verses indicate the embodiment of deeds explicitly which corresponds to metaphorical patterns by Lycaf and Johnson and Based on the classification of objective and subjective metaphors and achieved in three areas; foundation structure, the object of the foundation and the living thing of the foundation. the results that represent the above verses with areas of origin, commodity, scattered dust, shackles and with metaphorical expressions such as, action is a commodity, the action of the criminals are scattered dust, the action of the disbelievers is shackles and... caused concepts in them transferred to the reader more tangible and understandable.

Idiomatic expressions are groups of words whose meanings are not simply predictable by knowing their constituent vocabulary and grammar. This paper studies a specific kind of idioms from the viewpoint of cognitive semantics and on the basis of Fillmore et al's typology of idiomatic expressions (1988) and Goossens' opinions on metaphtonymy (1990), in order to determine the function of metaphtonymy in semantic structure of idiomatic expressions. Metaphtonymy is the output of simultaneous presence of metaphor and metonymy and their mutual interaction in the semantic structure of an utterance. The studied idioms are selected from popular body expressions with familiar lexical items within familiar grammatical patterns with substantive structure. In this study, two basic findings are obtained: First, beside metaphor and metonymy, metaphtonymy is also frequent in the semantic structure of body idioms. Second, the metaphtonymies in these idioms are of the type "metonymy within metaphor" in which the metonym is inside the metaphor i.e. the metaphor paves the way for the appearance of metonymy. These findings can be dealt with in a bottom-up approach in which a metaphor primarily conceptualizes the abstract function or property of an organ of the body in terms of a concrete conceptual domain; then, within that metaphor, an appropriate metonym replaces that abstract function or property with the name of the attributed organ. In this way, an absolutely abstract concept in the bottom is developed into an overall concrete concept.

Bidel Dehlavi's poetry is complex, difficult, and mysterious whose deep philosophical and mystical thoughts, as well as his special look at the world, are the factors of the semantic complexity of his poetry. In Biddle's poetry, some words are very frequent; one of these words is the concept of "being," which has a special place in his poetry and universe. In this paper, the concept of "being" is analyzed using structural conceptual metaphors. Biddle's poetry is full of complex and distasteful concepts that can be described and analyzed using the function of conceptual metaphor for objectifying to abstract domains. The analysis of the "being" in this article is based on the structural metaphor. Since in other types of metaphor, the metaphors of orientation and ontology, the main metaphor of metaphorism is based on the similarity between experiences of physical objects and our bodies; in fact, the empirical foundations of sensation and conceptualization are largely clear; while in structural metaphors, we based on cultural and social experiences and perceptions we are conceiving. Therefore, according to Lakoff and Johnson, structural metaphors are the most complex of conceptual metaphors.

Semantic categories have a prototypical structure and consist of central and peripheral meanings. There are some peripheral and accidental meanings at the fuzzy borders of these categories; transient meanings which disappear in the course of time. Some of these meanings may occur in a different time and independent from previous occurrence(s) of the same meaning. Geeraerts (1997) calls this phenomenon “semantic polygenesis.” Semantic polygenesis, on one hand, characterizes prototypicality of meaning and, on the other hand, indicates its social aspect. In this paper we investigated semantic polygenesis in New Persian words’ meanings, from the 10th century (AD) until present.

For this research, we examined ten selected words, from the semantic domain of politics and governance, in 113 texts in poetry and prose, and recorded their meanings. Then we designated peripheral meanings and investigated them based on semantic polygenesis conditions. For the purpose of simplicity, we divided the whole period into 100-year intervals coinciding with Hijri centuries, except the last period after the Islamic Revolution of Iran which is 42 year long. The texts allocated to the periods based on their approximate time of writing.

In this research we investigated the meanings of the words āzād ʻfreeʼ, āzādi ʻfreedomʼ, edāre ʻinstitution, managementʼ, enghelāb ʻrevolutionʼ, hokūmat ʻgovernmentʼ, khāje ʻsir, masterʼ, dastūr ʻdecree, commandʼ, dowlat ʻstateʼ, rejim ʻregimeʼ, and siyāsat ʻpoliticsʼ, to find the effect of semantic polygenesis. Five words, āzād, enghelāb, khāje, dastūr, and siyāsat, have peripheral meanings whose reoccurrence can be instances of semantic polygenesis. In total, there have been nine meanings of these five words. Each of the first four words had two meanings, and the last one represented one meaning. These meanings have disappeared within a period, however, they have emerged after a considerable time (probably) independent of their first occurrence.

As a result of this research, we found out that nine meanings of five words could be considered as semantic polygenesis instances. The existence of semantic polygenesis means that in a prototypical semantic structure, one meaning can occur in two different periods in the borders of the category of the senses of a word independently. This phenomenon indicates the prototypical characteristic of lexical meaning and, in a micro level, designates fuzzy and instable borders of categories and the existence of peripheral and accidental meanings. Moreover, another aspect of semantic polygenesis reveals the social properties of meaning, as meaning does not exist in isolation or as a priori endowment in the minds of all speakers. The meaning is produced by speakers, or even a single speaker, and then it would be transferred to other speakers.

Cognitively, humans are always trying to make sense of the abstract by referring to material and less abstract matters. The human body is the most familiar domain with all its related words that early mankind was familiar with at the dawn of history and language. This perception has led the man to recognise many of the objects around him with the help of the image he has of his own body. The question of this research is, what role does the human body play in the construction of Gilaki words and what words are made in this way? This study was conducted by library research method and the studied words were extracted from Gilaki dictionaries. Linguistic intuition of one of the authors has also been helpful in this research. The result of the research shows that many words are used in Gilaki language, in which one of the human body parts is used in the secondary meaning.

This study aims to investigate the polysemy of the Ilami Kurdish verbs “xesen” “to drop” and “kæften” “to fall” in light of cognitive semantics theory. Categorization, image, schema, and metaphor are used to analyze the polysemy of the verbs “xesen” and “kæften”. The data is collected from native speakers of Ilami Kurish through observation and interview. The findings show that the different meanings of the verb “xesen” and “kæften” have special semantic frames including “to fall”, “to decrease”, “to humiliate”, “to replace”, “to put” and “to throw”. The findings also depict the verb “kæften” is not used as the intransitive form of all meanings of the verb “xesen”. Based on Speakers’ attitude and by using their objective experiences, abstract concepts are conceptualized in containment schemas, path schemas, and force schemas. Path schemas have the highest frequency of occurrence according to the nature of the verbs “xesen” and “kæften”. Totally the findings confirm the systematization of the polysemy of the verb “xesen” and “kæften” in Ilami Kurdish in light of cognitive theory.

Proverbs in the reflection of culture and individual and social identity is one of the most important categories in language studies. People of every society and ethnicity use different methods and convey their meaning in the form of cultural and literary delicacies to others. Considering the importance of image schemas in cognitive semantics as one of the most important linguistic mechanisms and since little study and research has been done on Iranian proverbs and dialects, the need for this research was doubled. The question in this study is what is the frequency and type of imaginary schemas used in Tehrani proverbs and are there any proverbs without mental schemas? The purpose of this research, which is descriptive-analytical and qualitative, is to investigate the schemas of metaphors in the body of Tehrani proverbs based on the Evans and Green’s schemas model (2006) according to cognitive semantics. The statistical population includes the book Ghand-o-Namak (all Tehrani proverbs), in the form of purposeful sampling and contains 2000 proverbs. The results indicate that general types of image schemas such as containment, path, directional and force schemas are found in Tehrani proverbs, but containment schemas have the highest frequency compared to other schemas. Which is due to the urban lifestyle in the formation of this type of mental schemas and its metaphors.

According to Leonard Talmy's “force dynamics” schema, as is observed in natural events, the flow of force is also reflected in linguistic structures, and in this respect, languages ​​are divided into two groups: “verb -framed” and "satellite- framed". In the first group, the events related to force dynamics are represented through the verb and in the second group, in the form of a satellite around the root of the verb and through the satellite. The aim of the present study is to explore the linguistic representation of motion events in Sorani Kurdish dialect within this semantic category. The data of this study was obtained through face-to-face interviews with twenty normative speakers. In cases where there were several forms of speech to express motion verbs, its citation form was recorded according to Mardukh's dictionary. Analysis of 260 motion verbs out of 300 speech pieces showed that patterns (motion + method) and (motion + path) are the most frequent patterns in the verbs of this dialect. Also, the 65% statistic representing the semantic concepts of the path through the satellite showed that the Sorani dialect is more inclined towards the satellite- framed languages.