جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "نوواژه" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

The Persian poetry has ever been experiencing innovations as an actual element for distinguishing some poets from others, or a period’s poetry from the previous ones. This, in its turn, eventually leads to the emergence of different styles in poetry.Using innovations such as compound neologisms, the stylist poets of all ages have given some uniqueness to their language.Shafi’i-Kadkani is a rare eloquent poet in our time because of his close acquaintance with Persian’s classic language and literature, as well as his wide knowledge of contemporary poetry and literature. His simultaneous knowledge of classic andcontemporary literature is of a salient representation in his poetry. One among the linguistic characteristics of Shafi’i-Kadkani’s poetry is his intelligent use of compound words. Some of those words are coined by the poet himself, while the usage of some others could more or less be traced back to the classic or contemporary periods of Persian poetry. This paper lays stress on the derivational and compound neologisms that, according to his language of poetry, the poet has coined and used. Regarding the significance of word-formation in poetry, it seems an essential requirement to investigate this feature in the poems of prominent Persian poets.Shafi’i-Kadkani is a select poet of contemporary poetry whose verses fairly fit such an investigation. Compounding-processes in the nominal and adjectival categories, as well as their positive effects on the improvement of this poet’s verses, come within the scope of the present study. The poetic achievement of the poet throughout half a century, includes 17 poem-books compiled by the poet in three collections as follows:The first collection, entitled “A Mirror for Voices”, consists of seven poem-books, composed between 1337-1355, including ‘The murmur of voices’, ‘Night singing’, ‘Out of the leaf’s mouth’, ‘In Nishapur’s allées’, ‘Like a tree in the night rain’, ‘about being and singing’, and ‘The fragrance of the river Mulian’;The second collection, entitled “The mountain deer’s second millennium”, covers five poem-books named ‘The cypress of Kashmar’s elegies’, ‘A letter of desolation’, ‘The sonnet for sunflower’, ‘for the pigeons’ admiration’, and ‘The comet’;The third collection, entitled “An infant called happiness”, includes five poem-books named ‘below this welkin, and above this earth’, ‘The acme of thriving and composing’, ‘From everlasting to eternal’, ‘The petunias’ trumpet’, and ‘in a cold night with no song’.

This research follows a descriptive-analytic method, and uses a library-based and note-taking research method to collect the data and elicit the necessary content. In this regard, besides the 17 poem-books of Shafi’i-Kadkani, more than 20 valid resources in Persian grammar and linguistics have been surveyed.

To compose a poem, all poets employ some specific techniques and modes, one of which is the process of coining or inventing words and combinations, called lexical deviation by the formalists. This process is clearly and widely applied in Shafi’i-Kadkani’s poetic language. To survive and maintain its freshness and attraction, language needs neologisms. Word-formation process is divided into compounding and derivation. In compounding process, two different lexical items are combined to generate a new lexical item. This study investigates the process of compounding (combining lexical items) as well as the process of affixation (adding prefixes and/or suffixes to lexical items) under the general term of compounding since those processes are jointly utilized to convey new meanings and to invent new words with new meanings, too.More precisely, this paper focuses on studying compound/derived nouns and adjectives either narrowly used by other poets or coined by the intended poet with no record in previous works. It looks as if, while composing his poems, the poet has had in his mind an image of the complex word with no previous use, and having the knowledge of language capacity and potential, he has invented those words.Compound and derivative neologisms in Shafi’i-Kadkani’s poems could be divided into different types from a grammatical, linguistic or rhetorical point of view. This paper firstly divides those words into two major categories of Noun and Adjective, and then, based on the word-formation processes involved, investigates them in three different types of compounds, derivatives and compound-derivatives.Some processes to form compound nouns and adjectives used in Shafi’i-Kadkani’s poems are as follows:Inverted genitive compounds, combining two nouns: vine-leaf (تاک برگ), mourning-dress (سوک جامه), walnut-tree (گردوبن).Genitive compounds, combining two nouns without the genitive/ezāfe marker -e: pomegranate garden (باغ انار), sand-wind (ریگ باد).Compound nouns, combining two nouns (with a relation of simile) making a new nominal concept: fire-bush (آتش بوته), blood-leaf (خون برگ).Inverted adjectival compounds, combining an adjective and a noun with a total nominal concept: leaf-clothes (برگینه جامه), thirsty-year (تشنه سال), ominus weep (شوم شیون).Derivative nouns, derived from adding the suffix “-ā” to an adjective: quiet+ā (خامشا), wide+ā (فراخا), soft+ā (نرما) (softness).Derivative nouns, derived from adding the diminutive suffix “-ak” tonoun: rain+ak (بارانک), stream+ak (جویک).Derivative nouns, derived from adding the suffix “-vār/-vāre” (-like) to a simple noun: body-like (تنوار), wave-like (موجواره).Compound-derivative nouns, derived from adding a suffix to a noun-present stem combination: curtain-pulling (پرده پردازی).Compound adjectives, combining a noun and an adjective (in the form of inverted adjectival compounds): fettered-feet (بسته پا), a remote past year (دیرسال).Compound adjectives, combining an adjective (in adverbial function) and a noun: heavy-raining (تندبار), gentle-shining (نرمتاب).Compound adjectives, combining two nouns: mirror-ritual (آیینه آیین), winter-sleep (زمستان خواب).Compound adjectives, combining two nouns (having a relation of simile): brick paving (آجرفرش), silk-voice (ابریشم آوا).Compound adjectives, combining a noun and a present stem giving a present participle: sky-link (آسمان پیوند), resistance-burn (backbreaking) تابسوز, intellect-split (mind-illuminator) (خرد شکاف).Compound adjectives, combining a noun and a past stem giving a past participle: mirage-born (سراب زاد), shadow-grown (سایه رست).Compound adjectives, combining an adjective and a present stem: sharp-shine (تیزتاب), bright-adorn (روشن آرا).Derivative adjectives, derived from adding the suffix “-nāk” to a noun: odor+nāk (fragrant) (بویناک), smoky+nāk (smoky) (دودناک).Derivative adjectives, derived from adding the suffix “-ān” to a verb: germinate+ān (germinant, sprouting) (رویان), wash+ān (detergent) (شویان).Compound-derivative adjectives, derived from adding the suffix “-ān” to a noun-present stem combination: wing-open+ān (flying) (بال گشایان), shadow-drag+ān (shadow making) (سایه کشان).Compound-derivative adjectives, derived from adding the suffix “-gūn” (-like) to a compound noun: moon-shine+gūn (moonshine-like) (ماهتابگون).Compound-derivative adjectives, derived from adding the intensifying infix “-ā” between a reduplicated djective: green-ā-green (absolutely green) (سبزاسبز), soft-ā-soft (extremely soft) (نرمانرم).It should be noted that this paper disregards studying the common Persian compound/derivative nouns or adjectives used in Shafi’i-Kadkani’s poems, such as harm-doer (maleficent) (زیانکار),background (پیشینه), skillful (چیره دست), capillary (مویرگ), ration-eater (hireling) (جیره خوار), shamefaced (شرمگین), ill-fated (شوربخت), and many more similar examples.

Inventing word combinations is a distinguishing element in language, and a factor in bringing it out of its quotidian use. Compound and derivative nouns and adjectives in Shafi’i-Kadkani’s poems, have an idiosyncratic structure and an outstanding frequency. Besides making use of common combinations in old Persian poetry, he, if necessary, invents combinations, forms the compound and derivative words as he intends, and employs them in his poems. His skillfulness in inventing combinations brings an eye-catching sitting of combinational neologisms to his linguistic context eventually leading to a revival in his language. Moreover, Shafi’i-Kadkani paves the way for making and using such combinations in future, and in his turn, expands the lexical amount and enrichment of Persian language.The total number of compound and derivative nouns and adjectives invented and used by Shafi’i-Kadkani in his three poetic collections, counting the narrowly used compound nouns and adjectives in previous Persian poetry, is 85 (nouns) and 93 (adjectives).Investigating the nouns and adjectives used in Shafi’i-Kadkani’s three poetic collection gives the implicit result that his innovation in making and using compound and derivative nouns and adjectives in his first poetic collection, “A mirror for voices” (including 17 poem-books composed in 1337-1355), reaches to a total of 24 nouns and 32 adjectives (the sum total of 56). In his second collection, “The mountain deer’s second millennium” (including his next five poem-books), the number rises to 44 nouns and 44 adjectives (the sum total of 88), and in his third collection, “An infant called happiness” (including his five most recent poem-books), the number falls to 15 nouns and 18 adjectives (the sum total of 33).Considering the equal volume and temporal order of composing those three collections, it’s revealed that making and using such compound and derivative words in his second collection, enjoys a rise in relation to his first one, but meets a small fall in his last collection.

Productivity covers a wide range of linguistic phenomena. Productivity is as much about syntactic phenomena; it can be related to morphological phenomena. The various definitions of productivity are reflected in the presentation of the approach and the method of productivity measurement. Studies on what and how to measure morphological productivity have been conducted since 1899.It can be said, in 1976, Aronoff proposed the first method for quantitative measuring of morphological productivity in English. Baayen (2009), in productivity measurement, considered the possibility of finding new words made by derivational suffixes. Thus, he has developed quantitative morphological productivity measurement methods. Anshen and Aronoff (1998), describe productivity of how new words are made with a certain suffix. With this view, the productivity rate of each suffix is obtained. It means productivity becomes a probable continuum and it can be used to predict the rate of possible word construction. At both ends of this continuum, there are patterns that are "full-productive" and “non-productive”.Of course, Palg (2006), also discusses the use of suffixes as overall “possibility" of language for constructing new words. The logical consequence of all morphological productivity analyzes is the presentation of various methods for quantitative measuring of the productivity of suffixes. Most studies on this field focus on the measurement and reliability and validity of each measurement. Despite more than thirty years of quantitative studies, Bauer (2004) argues that one of the empirical problems with these measurements is that "we do not yet have a reliable measure for productivity”. In Iran, Abbasi (2005), Rafiei (2008), Badakhshan (2010), Hemmasian (2010), Kheirabadi et al. (2010), Erfanian Qonsuli (2011), Mavvaji (2012), Amirarjmandi et al. (2013) and Farzaneh (2016) have studied on morphological productivity in Persian.The main purpose of this study is to quantify the current productivity of non-verbal Persian derivational suffixes using different methods so that the probable productivity continuum of these suffixes is given.  This article also introduced and analyzed different methods for quantitative measurement of productivity in researchers' studies over the last thirty years. In this study, morphological productivity is assessed using a corpus-based approach. Additionally, according to Bauer (2004) and Baayen (2009) quantitative measurement framework, four frequency methods and two probability estimation methods have been used to measure morphological productivity.

Language is an expandable and generative phenomenon which can cooperate with other new sciences and expand the scope of its terms. Arabic and Persian also are not exceptional from this principle. Therefore, in the light of word knowledge by which one can recognize the creativity and capabilities of a language, knowledge of new terms (or neologism), and the manner of their formation can be obtained and then applied for finding equivalence in translation. To achieve this goal, the present study aims to show how one can use morphology knowledge for translation in Arabic and Persian texts. Accordingly, focusing on scientific texts, the aim is to show the importance of word formation knowledge and its effects on finding the suitable equivalent for neologism mostly derived from English. To achieve this goal, different processes of compounding and derivation and various types of borrowing used for the equivalent formation are analyzed and compared in these two languages. The results show that among many various equivalence processes, compounding and derivation are more common. However, Arabic uses derivation, infix, more than Persian. Also, among different processes of compounding, genitive and adjectival kinds are used more than other types of it.

This study aims to examine the most important non-linguistic factors influencing the acceptance of neologisms approved by Academy of Persian Language and Literature، called Farhangestan، among Persian speakers in Iran. The theoretical basis used for this research was the diffusion of innovation model devised by Robert Leon Cooper. To get the goal، the criterion variables of adoption in the speech community were evaluated by questionnaire in three provinces. The different descriptive and inference statistics were used to determine the correlation between the mentioned variables: awareness، evaluation، knowledge and usage، in relationship to each other and to background ones: age، sex and education. The main results gained in this study show that there is a positive significant correlation between the awareness and knowledge and between evaluation and usage as well along with some other subordinate results. Above all، We came to this conclusion that Farhangestan، as the greatest language planner in Iran، can influence the awareness variable so that the proficiency and knowledge of using their neologisms by the potential adopters can be monitored. On the other hand، it can put effect on evaluation to promote frequent usage of neologisms. All these lead to diffusing the linguistic innovations، that is، the approved neologisms.