جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « وطن دوستی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Literature has the ability to reflect political, social and cultural thoughts and events of any society (Moosaabadi & colleagues, 2017: 88). One of the characteristics of literature is its activism against various events of human societies (Hasani bagheri & colleagues, 2022: 88). Iranian culture, especially Iranian poetry, has long been a means of expressing love for the homeland and a song for liberation from the yoke of foreigners and aggressors. The glory and greatness of Iran's history and the knowledge of epic and heroic legends among people have played a big role in the patriotism of Iranians. Patriotic poems not only reflect their time, but also excite people and awaken them to defend their motherland and its main elements since language, history, nature, and culture have played a major role (Zabihniya & Najafi: 2019). The word "homeland" has been used in Persian literature in various meanings, and from the 3rd century of the Hijri until today, it is seen in the poems of most Persian-language poets. In the Khorasani style, homeland has more of an ethnic and racial meaning, and Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is a proof of this claim. In the Iraqi style, homeland has a mystical meaning; it is used in the meaning of the world above and the world of the kingdom, and in the Indian style, this word, in addition to meanings such as birthplace, city, higher world, etc. has also been used in the meaning of beloved or the place where beloved lives (Nadalizade & Rahimi, 2020: 54). Patriotism is one of the key concepts that was considered by poets in different periods of Persian poetry. The purpose of this study is to investigate the sense of patriotism in Persian poetry and literature using meta-composite technique.

Resistance literature is an important genre of literature that includes poetry, fiction, drama, and so on. Resistance literature communicates themes on human reactions to circumstances arising in their sociopolitical life, prompting them to take a stand.The present study aims to introduce and evaluate components in the history of Kerman literature during the Qajar era, concurrent with the start of the Constitutional Revolution, based on the concepts and definitions of resistance literature and centered on the thoughts and ideas of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani as one of its most famous advocates. Given his life and works, he can be called a poet, author, historian, intellectual, militant, and a political, social, and literary critic and journalist. Thus, he is a prominent literary, political, and social polymath.Mirza Agha Khan’s main line of thought and method in his numerous works express a particular policy line, struggle, and resistance on the path of great ideals such as freedom, raising awareness, anti-authoritarianism, nationalism, and political, social, and literary commitment. Although certain criticism can be directed at some of his thoughts, ideas, and method of expression, the significance of his honest articulation and militant spirit based on his perception of the cultural, social, and political conditions that his time required of him cannot be disregarded. In this context, he can be placed among the prominent authors of resistance literature in the contemporary era.A range of concepts and components pertaining to resistance literature can be found in the works of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani. Of these, the three components of committed literature, nationalism, and anti-authoritarianism feature on the higher echelonsinhis works as the most significant components of resistance. Hence, the main research question is asked as follows:What are the components of resistance literature in the works of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani?To answer the main question, three secondary questions also arise, as follows:How didcommitted literature emerge in the works of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani?What position does nationalism hold in the works of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani?What position does anti-authoritarianism hold in the works of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani?

The descriptive-analytical method has been used to conduct this theoretical research. Data was collected using the library research method and analyzed qualitatively. The entire collection of poetry and prose by Mirza Agha Khan Kermani used in this research is available in print and manuscript.

 3.1. Committed literature Apart from his sociopolitical personality and persistent struggles against Qajar rule, Mirza Agha Khan Kermani is also a poet and literary critic. Ketab-e Rezvan (Rezvan's Book) and the verse epic Nāmeh-ye Bāstān [Letter of Antiquity] provided him with an exclusive literary status among the authors and poets of the constitutional era. The mission of the pen from the viewpoint of Mirza Agha Khan goes beyond morality and self-refinement. Inspired by Seyed Jamal Eddin Asadabadi who sees underdeveloped countries as being more in need of their penmen, Mirza Agha Khan names the inability to provide their primary needs as one of the reasons for their underdevelopment. He believes that literature is on a mission and must share in the happiness and dejection of nations. He conducts a comparison on this subject between the West and Iran and states that Westerners have perfected poetry while Iranians have used it as a tool for begging, exaggeration, idle talk, and nonsensical panegyrics and satire. 3.2. Patriotism and nationalism Another important aspect in the dialectic of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani is patriotism and nationalism. This is a significant manifestation of committed literature in his works. His boundless love for Iran and everything Iranian, as well as his abhorrence for anything that, in his view, endangers the homeland can be seen in every aspect of his thinking. Mirza Agha Khan can be seen as a passionate nationalist who endeavors to revive Iran’s lost glory based on surviving documents from its past. By relying on the new ideas of his time about factors leading to progress and the backwardness of a nation, he sought a culprit to justify the deplorable state of Iran in those days. His love for Iran is so strong that he has managed to exaggerate the causes of its backwardness and its culprits. But none of this can negate his pure compassion and interest in Iran and Iranians. 3.3. Anti-authoritarianism Mirza Agha Khan has defined words and concepts such as “despot”, “revolution”, and “patriot” in his works to mention the concepts of oppression, authoritarianism, and tyrant. Although these definitions are similar to those at the beginning of the book Maktubat by Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh, they are still a sign of his attention and familiarity with such topics. The main criticism by Mirza Agha Khan of authoritarian regimes is that kings do not know the real meaning of governance and are oblivious to global developments in this respect. He believes that the perception of Iranian rulers of the politics of their day is superficial and unrealistic.

Committed literature, nationalism, and anti-authoritarianism are some of the most important aspects of resistance literature which can be seen in the works of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani. Aside from being one of the main designers of constitutional literature in Iran as a progressive and critical literature bearing the exclusive features of resistance literature, Mirza Agha Khan Kermani has always believed in the mission of the pen and literature in raising awareness in society and has used his pen as a tool for militancy. By considering the differences between the patriotism and nationalism found in the works of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani, it must also be noted that he was in love with Iran and everything Iranian. He is among the first architects of Iranian identity and nationality in the new era and his nationalism is evident in his various works. Anti-authoritarianism must be considered the most important component of resistance in the works of Mirza Agha Khan Kermani. His attention to words and expressions such as despot, revolution, and patriot indicate his familiarity and sensitivity towards these topics. In his view, all the Iranian governments from the beginning of history, even the governments of ancient Iran, were despots and authoritarians, and none have ever thought that there exists another way to govern apart from
this method.

Patriotism is one of the most important issues that contemporary Afghan poets have spoken about on various pretexts. Khalilullah Khalili is a patriotic poet and the leader of contemporary resistance poetry in Afghanistan whose patriotic themes make up a significant portion of his poetry. The published researches on Khalili’s patriotic poetry so far do not seem sufficient; the present article,  following a brief introduction of Khalilullah Khalili and a brief review of the  history of resistance literature in Afghanistan, uses a descriptive-analytic method to examine the concepts of patriotism and resistance in Khalili’s Diwan. The present study identifies concepts such as love for the homeland, awakening, freedom seeking, colonialism, invitation of Muslims to unite against foreigners,  rejection of despotism, praise of the Mujahideen and warriors, description of the woes and problems of society caused by war, depiction of displacement of people and the country’s chaotic situation, expression of the difficulties of migration and the suffering of the diaspora are the most important themes of Khalilullah Khalili’s resistance poetry.

Palestine's issue is known as the tragedy of today's world undoubtedly is now considered as one of the most important subjects in international meetings and governmental organizations. In addition, the Algerian colonization by the French and their crimes against the Algerians and their liberation revolution have been widely reflected in the two nations' literature. Women, as a part of society, were also influenced by its political, social and cultural developments, and played their part with all their might. Therefore, in this research, the poetry of Palestinian and Algerian women during the resistance has been studied by descriptive – analytical method and concepts as patriotism, call to fight, accusation of leaders and blaming Balfour Declaration on their poetries are surveyed.

Resistance literature is one of the most important cultural barricades for the subordinate nations. This term has always applied with anti-oppression and reminds it. This type of literature is of a long history and background which owns special manifestation because of the injustice and oppression on Muslim countries and the wars. Iran and Palestine are two significant samples of these types of countries. Ali Fodeh is one of the poets who pays special attention to Palestine. Farrokhi Yazdi is also an Iranian poet who fought against oppression for his nation by his poetry, national ambition and identification, patriotism, critic to the chaos of the society and attempt to awaken people's mind are common concepts in both poets' poetries. The present research tries to survey concepts of resistance literature in abovementioned poets in descriptive – analytical method based on American school of comparative literature.

The Poetry of the Constitutional period in Iran has been a turning point away from encomiums and mystical poetry of the prior ages. This shift is primarily characterized by a poetry dealing with socio-political issues such as freedom, homeland, etc. Contemporaneity of the Jadidieh Period in Tajikistani Poetry with this era in Iran paved the way for the maturation of the Constitutional Poetry in Iran. The method of the research is analytic-comparative and aims to investigate how this two interact in terms of subjects and contents. This study classifies the poets into three categories of “patriots” (like AdibulmamalekFarahani and Irajmirza in Iran and Fitrat in Tajikestan), “revolutionaries” and “elegiast” (like NasimShomal and MomenGhena’at in Iran). Studying the poetry in this period shows that the title “Motherland” is the first shared subject of Iranian poetry (Constitutional movement period) and Tajikistan (Jadidieh) which replaced the romantic lyrics of the previous age. The poets in the era of “Awakening” and modernism speak in their poems of their love of homeland, “freedom”, “prosperity” and “progress”. The topic of “homeland” both reveals the universality of the subject in the literature of this era and also indicates the changes in their essence and tones. Of other common thematic issues are 1- Fighting with dictatorship inside the country and defending motherland against foreign threats, 2- human rights, women’s rights and gender equality, 3- freedom and law, 4- acquiring modern sciences and education, 5- reforming and modernizing poetic topics and using colloquial terms, 6- fighting with religious superstitious ideas and ignorance.

The love of the country and the quest for awakening people in order to encourage anti-oppression activities and trying to improve the conditions prevailing in the society include the issues that are in the poetry of particular committed poets. The master of poets which has special note on preserving the national identity and ethnic honors is Ferdowsi. This has been appeared in a much bolder and clearer way in the contemporary Iranian literature in comparison to the past. In this thesis, there is evaluation of political and social lyrics of Farrokhi Yazdi and Akhavan Saales to find out the common themes and differences of patriotism and awakening in their poetry. Concepts such as freedom, awakening, fight tyranny and westernization, national identity and recalling the past, nationals and ancients, had been the most important common concerns of these two intellectual poets. This thesis, will study the thinking and motivations, attitudes and trends of these two poets. The results show that Akhavan’s patriotism and his emphasis on ancient past is more, and Farrokhi’s emphasis is on the growth of modern home. In other words, political campaigns of Akhavan can be seen in his poetry and he tried to awaken people by symbols but Farrokhi not only used poetry but also by public campaigns showed his tendency to love his country and his fight for freedom.

The patriotism concepts would manifest in those nation's literature in which aggression had happened. Iran and Palestine are of countries which have experienced alien's invasion in recent century; both countries poets were attended to defend the Islamic identity and national authority. There were few poets in that era whose poets were based on satire; that's why public were interested in their works. The present article which has been done in descriptive – analytic method studies the application of satire method in Nasim – e Shomal and Ibrahim Tuqan's Poetries; some common concepts such as patriotism, regret for the present conditions of the country and criticizing the action of betrayers have been surveyed.

A key theme in poems by contemporary Iranian and Arab poets, patriotism or love for the homeland is an honor of man over the course of history. Nationalist Palestinian and Iranian poets EbrahimTooqan and Tahereh Safarzadeh are among such poets whose patriotic love can be vividly seen in every part of their poetry. Represented by the name of Palestine and Iran, their poems are considered part of the poetry of resistance in the world. Their poems share themes such as patriotism, freedom and justice, praise for heroes and martyrs of the homeland, call for struggle for the homeland and creating hope for a brilliant future for the homeland. In expressing love for their homeland, the two poets have used symbols and myths to refer to enemies and colonialists of their homeland, pushing their people to put up resistance against injustices of the oppressing rulers of the time. However, symbols and myths are highlighted more prominently and concretely in poems by Safarzadeh than EbrahimTooqan. The present paper intends to look at patriotic love in their poetry, examining shared political and social themes related to patriotism through examples.

Along with political and social change in an era of constitutional thought and perception of contemporary poets and writers from around events changed and consequently, reflects changes in the literature in the past, the major change was found. Yadullah B. Kermanshah" the poet is able, truly the most human subjects, a new community in the form of poetic images - ancient to offer. This article is to reflect on some of the political and social developments in the analysis of his poetry. seeking freedom, fighting injustice, social criticism, patriotism, according to labor issues, the main theme song of the B form. She had a special attention to national myths of ancient Persia. His poetry is often mixed with complaints from unhappy all the time and frustration and sometimes, especially in poetry in praise of the residents of domestic and homeland defense, with passion and epic. His poetic art, at all, in that Mzmamyny deep in the hearts of the simple words to put down a deposit, the concept is simple poem.

Savushun is a historical-political novel with a precise and strong prose. This work is very strong in terms of writing technique and theme developing. It is also the first story in which the main character is a woman. Different topics, such as social, political, cultural, historical, educational, and heroic issues, are combined in this novel and create an everlasting work. Although this novel has been studied politically in most of the researches and reviews, its educational aspect is so strong that it can be placed among the educational works. In fact, the background voice of Savushun is informative, reminder, and instructive. Accordingly, the educational aspects of Savushun novel will be discussed in this study.

Patriotism is a part of national identity which could be seen a lot in the poems of some poets specially when there is a fear of foreign aggression. Ferdowsi is a pioneer of the poets who seek for their national identity and ethnic glories. Historically, however, he was living at the time when Iranian civilization was flourishing, so he had a chance of writing epics regarding his great talent in this kind of poem.After ferdowsi’s time, patriotism and epical poems could be found in the poems of the poets of Mashrotiyat era like Adib-ol-mamalek Farahani, Seyyed Ashraf Ghazvini, Aref Ghazvini and Malek-ol-shoa’ra Bahar and in the contemporary time, it revealed itself in Akhavan Sales’ poems who was influenced by Ferdowsi. In the contemporary Arab poet Ilia Abu Madi is well-known for his epical poems.This article analyzed the similarities in the poems of these poets based on patriotism.

Patriotism and the quest for the improvement in the situation of the society is one of the important things in the poetry of the committed poets. This matter is specially clear and crystallized in the contemporary Arabic and Persian literature. This article was aimed at studying the poetry of the contemporary Iranian poet, Farrokhi yazdi and contemporary Iraqi poet, Maroof alrosafi in order to clarify the contributions of those committed poets in the study of patriotism as well as finding the common social and political issues related to patriotism in their poems. The research method of this article considering their similar social history was the comparative literature school of Eastern Europe (the Slavonic school). In this context, the researcher studied topics such as: the call for the Union, opposition to tyranny, anti-colonialism, the focus on the oppressed and national honorable people.