جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "پایه" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

Without a doubt, a large portion of the pleasant nature of Rumi’s work is related to his manner of expression and his method of diction. Rumi-researchers have often spoken of the allure of Rumi’s expression, yet many of the charming secrets of this language still remain unknown; it seems there are no solutions in this field but the meticulous analysis and the detailed study of his way of writing. Therefore, the author of this essay was determined to understand the language of Rumi to the best of her abilities; for this reason, compound sentences were chosen from Masnavi-ye-Ma’navi so that by analyzing them she could gather more information about Rumi’s usage of different sentence types that has resulted in the coherence of his work.Because of the large volume of couplets in Masnavi, we chose about 1372 couplets from the first book and obtained substantial results by examining them. Based on the results, in Rumi’s Masnavi-ye-Ma’navi, compound sentences are used considerably more often than simple sentences, and among these sentences, ones that consist of one independent clause and one dependent clause are higher in frequency. In some of these compound sentences, Rumi removes conjunctions, giving the readers freedom to choose the appropriate conjunctions themselves and find the independent and dependent clauses based on that; or, in some compound-complex sentences, one clause can simultaneously be dependent and independent, meaning that depending on the clauses that come before and after it, its role changes.

A large part of the impressiveness of Rumi’s words is related to his manner of expression and syntax of his words, most of which are still hidden. To discover these beauties, there is no other way than a detailed analysis of his discourse. In the present study, the authors analyzed one of the factors of text coherence by examining the frequency and syntactic function of simple and compound sentences in Masnavi. This research is based on 1372 verses of the first book of Masnavi and uses statistical methods of structural analysis and classification of sentences. From this study, remarkable results were obtained regarding the close relationship between the content of the text and its sentence structure. The results indicated that the frequency of compound sentences is more than simple sentences, and among different types of compound sentences, those consisting of “main clause + subordinate clause” pattern have a higher frequency. This style of Masnavi wording contributes to the coherence of the text and paves the way for Masnavi to make good teaching material. Additionally, it was found that Rumi actively participated his audience in receiving the meaning of the compound sentences. He sometimes removed the conjunction from the structure of the sentence and allowed the reader to select the appropriate conjunction based on the selection of each of the main or subordinate clauses. In the complex compound sentences, a sentence has both main or subordinate roles at the same time, which means that based on its preceding or following sentence, the role of the sentence changes.

Morphology is one of the most basic parts of linguistics which studies the structure of words . The reduplication process is one of generative processes which in most known languages is a pattern for the production of new words. This study intends to investigate Lori-Dehlorani dialect in the perspective of reduplication based on the theory of iconicity. The iconicity in this research is studied semantically. The research method has been done using library-descriptive and field research. Using the interview and observation methods, the researchers collected and recorded the informations. Thus, the results of the studies were kept in appropriate tools and they were classified . The semantic and formal classification of reduplicates, which was over 234 cases, was performed in separate tables and their frequency was determined. Semantic classification Based on Rieger model was performed separately for plurality, repetition, baby, spread, intensity, continuation, affection, smallness, non-uniformity, lack of control, completion, contempt, attenuation, In addition, other widely used concepts related to the reduplications include: decrease, increase , distribution were used. Finally, the collected information has been carefully analyzed in order to investigate the issue of reduplication . The results showed that in Lori-Dehlorani dialect with the exception of the concept of plural, there are different types of iconic reduplications but the frequency of them is not the same. Thus, the concept of increase with a frequency of 51 items and the concepts of smallness and contempt each with a frequency of 2 items have the highest and lowest application rates, respectively.

In this research, the formal structure of dual constructions in the Lori Dehlorani dialect was examined by using Shaghaghi’s (1379) division of the reduplication process. Formal classification, following Shaghaghi’s division of the reduplication process, includes complete and incomplete reduplication and their types, completed mere reduplication, completed added reduplication, and then incomplete prefix reduplication and incomplete suffix reduplication. First, the dual constructions of the Lori Dehlorani dialect, which numbered 523 cases, were presented in separate tables and their frequency was determined. Then, the collected information was analyzed to examine the structure of dual construction in the dialect of Lori Dehlorani as one of the dialects of southwestern Iran. The results showed that the Lori Dehlorani dialect uses a variety of structures classified in the Shaghaghi classification to produce dual constructed words, and dual structures in this dialect are iconic construction, but their frequency is not the same. Thus, “dual suffix structures” with a frequency of 148 (%28) and “dual prefix structures” with a frequency of 5 cases (%1) of the total duality structures in the field of formal analysis, respectively, are the highest and lowest applications in the mentioned dialect.

The present contribution bears an attempt to take a novel synchronic perspective on derivational morphology in Persian namely canonical derivation. Introduced by Corbett (2010) and being a sub branch of canonical typology approach, canonical derivation viewpoint looks for canonical instances of single grammatical categories which are the best, the clearest and the indisputable ones rendering spectacular typological definitions. In this paper, by analyzing (195) derivational affixes including (22) prefixes and (173) suffixes, we endeavored to discover whether derivational morphology is canonical in Persian or the derivational affixes are far from canonicity in some degrees. The data analysis revealed that (%34) of derivational affixes rejected the substitutability criterion and just one suffix rejected 2 criteria. In sum, among 975 points for the fully canonical system, Persian gained 904which portrayed (%7.29) deviation from the canon; in other words, it is (%93) canonical. This amount of canonicity illustrates that derivation system in Persian is so close to the canonicity of derivation systems worldwide.

Saadi not only changed the structure of the words but also he changed the structure of the sentences and he made the poems understandable for the public. (He linked the poem to the language of the public. From the point of the structure of the sentences Boustan is unique among Saadi’s Poems. The most important reason of Saadi’s fluency and his attractive speech is in the order of the words. There is no way to understand the beauty of Saadi’s speech except scientific studying of his poems. The writers tried to study Boustan from the point of compound sentences and decided to know the way of the usage of the compound sentences in Boustan. You can answer this question by scientific study and using the numbers and statics. One fourth of boustan poems – 1000 verses were chosen and we studied them to know how the compound sentences are used and we presented the results in the form of numbers and statistic.
Persian Grammar written by Dr. Anvari was selected to see the different samples of compound sentences and matching Boustan poems with them. Then according to comparative and percentage graphs, we studied the data obtained from the tables and graphs. Saadi has used the compound sentences more than the simple sentences. These kinds of sentences have been used a lot and variously that we can say it’s a feature of Saudis’ style. The verses made of just a compound sentence were used more than other kinds. And it can be considered as Boustan feature. There are 655 verses that were composed just of a compound sentence. In other words 60 percent of Boustan verses include a compound sentence. Compound sentences include two parts, a base and a follower or more. In this study, the compound sentences were divided in to three groups: a compound sentence with a follower, two or three. A compound sentences made of a base and a follower are more than ones with two followers or three. The verses including a base sentence followed by a follower sentence are more than ones including a follower sentence followed by a base one. Among the 550 verses made of a base and a follower, in 342 verses, a follower sentence was followed by a base one.
The above mentioned number is 62/2 percent. In 208 verses (37/8 percent) a base sentence was followed by a follower. In order to answer this question that why Saadi has used this sample (base follower) a lot, we studied its rate in each chapter and it was concluded that introduction which involves general issues , prays and admiration ,this sample(follower 涫) has been used more. But in all of the chapters the number of verses including this sample (base follower) is more and this difference is meaningful. Totally the number of verses including this sample (base follower) is more than ones including this sample (follower 涫). Perhaps its most important reason is because of the different mental effects of these two kinds of sentences. The interesting point of compound sentences including a follower, indicates that each of the base or follower sentence is in a hemistich. This sentence (base or follower) starts and ends in the same hemistich. It seems that Saadi tends to use a hemistich rather than a verse to convey his meaning.
Verses including base and follower sentences, the rate of base or follower sentences which starts and ends in different hemistiches is extremely low. Some of the compound sentences have more than one follower. There are 95 verses in the studied ones that have two followers. In these sentences Saadi tends to use base followed by a follower. There were 9 (1 percent) compound sentences with three followers in the studied verses. Some of Boustan verses include 2 compound sentences using two compound sentences in a verse using at least four sentences (2 base sentences and 2 follower sentences). One of the most significant feature of Saadi’s speech is using four sentences in a verse made of eleven syllables.
Because of the variety of phrases and verbs, changing the parts may lead to the poem ambiguity. That’s way Saadi separates the verses so and not to be any links between two of them. He divides ever verse into two parts and puts a phrase in each part. No interference can be seen between the parts of the base and follower sentences in the verses made of two compound sentences. In this way, the base and follower sentences combine independently. The verb isnt usually omitted in these kinds of verses. Follower sentence is considered as a role of base sentence. Follower sentences have been used as adjectives or adverbs and they havent been used as subjects or objects. And the number of follower sentences which has been used as the main role of base sentences is less. In other words Saadi firstly concentrates on the main part of the sentence and finishes it. And then mentions the non important parts in a form of follower sentence.

Language is a system of overlapping relations, in a way that the concept of a component would not be transferred except in relation with other components and elements. There are two types of relationship between the linguistic structures: verbal and semantic relationships which are intimately linked to each other, because the word holds the meaning and is a means to express it. Considering the importance of semantic relations in compound sentences and conditional sentences in special, it has been tried in present essay through a descriptive – analytic method, to study the semantic structure of these sentences, the factors affect the meaning expression, and the relation between the main and the consequence clauses(protasis and apodosis clauses) of conditional sentences - as a matter has been neglected by Persian grammarians, scrutinizing the linguistic structures of the Persian conditional sentences have been selected from Persian literary works. The main achievements of this paper indicate that there is a semantic correlation between the main and the consequence clauses in conditional sentences, and this semantic relation divides in to two types of causative and non-causative correlation.

This research aimed at studying “foot”, “secondary stress” and “alternating stress” in prosodic phonology. These three notions are mainly ignored in phonetic and phonological studies of Persian. Characterizing the features and limits of foot in every language is carried out according to the stress pattern of that language and therefore it is relevant to the suprasegmental units and specifically to prosodic phonology. In fact, the prerequisite of characterizing foot in every language including Persian is to determine secondary and alternating stress. In this research we have analyzed stress system and feet in Persian and their boundedness or unboundedness separately. Considering that there is no alternating stress in Persian, we have unbounded stress system regardless of having or not having secondary stress. The results of this research deny the existence of a level named foot as a place for determining stress in the prosodic hierarchy of Persian. In addition to that, considering foot as a level adds complexity to the investigation of stress in Persian. The pattern of stress in Persian can simply be described using the interplay between phonology and morphology and principles which are driven from this interplay.

In this research Persian affixes have been studied based on lexical morphology. In this model, the bases of new words are almost the words used in language. Persian affixes are grouped in two classes based on their phonological behavior to the base. One type is neutral and the other one is non-neutral. Neutral affixes which belong to stratum one, have no phonological effect on the bases they are attached to, but non-neutral ones affect it in some ways; these affixes belong to stratum 2. Most of the Persian affixes are auto-stressed; they take the stress from the base on to itself. Changing the place of the stress affects the meaning of their bases.

The aim of writing this article is to probe the meaning of the word “hattā” in Farsi by the use of existing cognitive facilities presented in cognitive linguistics. To do this، first، current Farsi dictionaries were studied in order for the semantic deficits to be crystal clear in providing the meaning for the word “hattā”. Then it was examined in the structuralist and generative semantics and the weakness of both in providing the meaning for the word “hattā” lead to using a cognitive analysis on the word “hattā”. Cognitively studying more than one hundred daily contexts containing the word “hattā” in Farsi resulted in emerging two contradictory meaning out of it; namely the adverbs “in addition to” and “only”، having the notions of “grouping” and “partitioning” respectively. Tested by seventy educated subjects who were more than eighteen، the semantic hypothesis was confirmed.

This article, following the Metrical Stress Theory of Bruce Hayes, studies the nature of meter in Persian folk poems. The accentual-syllabic meter of these poems is formed by the repetition of accents in equal syllabic distances. Metrical Stress Theory is a branch of generative phonology that has the capability of determining the poem’s rhythm and displaying them in tree diagrams. This article after explaining the Metrical Stress Theory, represents the rhythmical hierarchy of Persian folk poems - lines, half-lines, feet - in tree diagrams and presents the rules for accentual-syllabic meter in folk poems.

In this research all text books of primary school for the academic year of 1387– 88 are studied word by word, (with especial focus on the words having different written forms), the way they are written regarding inflectional and derivational morphemes and the degree of consistency in attaching/ detaching different morphemes to/ from each other. The work is conducted for all grades in a comparative way. Research population consists of all books of different grades of primary school studied in the academic year of 1387 – 88; data of the research consists of all words in books. Since all the words in these books are considered, no randomization is made. The research is descriptive, regarding the type of the research, and data collection and their analysis. Data analysis is done determining the frequency and percentage of morphemes in their attached/ detached spelling, and the probable inconsistency in their spelling. According to the findings of the research, there is some inconsistency within the same textbook, or textbooks of different grades in attaching/ detaching morphemes.

This paper aims at studying the meters which are common between Arabic and Persian poems. To this end, we examine and discuss the theory of Golston and Riad (1998) about classical meters. These classical meters in turn are driven from the theory of metrics by Khalil Ibn Ahmad, the famous grammarian and the founder of Aruz (prosody). Golston and Riad's theory is one of the well-known theories in scientific interpretation and classification of Alkhalil meters, and is written in the framework of prosodic metrics. Though this theory is essentially for Arabic meters, it's vividly applicable to Persian meters, too. Metric units of this theory are: syllable, foot, metron, and hemistich the dominant property of which is "binarity". Here we first examine the different dimensions of the theory and then study the theoretical implications of it in the realm of Persian meters. Findings of this research show that the distinct appreciation of the Arab and the Persian about their respective verses has its roots in phonology.

This paper, based on metrical stress theory (Hayes, 1981), begins to argue that lexemes of standard Persian have a bounded main stress with feet which are mostly right-dominant and quantity-sensitive. It also illustrates that the foot construction in Persian follows a "right-to-left" process. Then it argues that in the theoretical framework of Hayes (1995), the lexemes of Persian have Iambic feet with a "Final End Rule".

In our sketch of Langacker’s theory of Cognitive Grammar, it is said that Langacker argues for division of linguistic expressions into two major categories: nominal predications and relational predications. We also see how attention is encoded in language by virtue of focal adjustments, which have consequences for the construal and coding of a conceptual representation in language.We focus in particular on the three parameters according to which focal adjustments can vary: selection, perspective and construal.Two of the most important theoretical constructs in Langacker’s theory are the notion of profile-base organization, which relates to the parameter of selection, and trajectory (TR)-landmark (LM) organization, which relate to the parameter of perspective.