جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "centralization" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

This article aims at descriptive analytical study of the main phonological processes of lenition in Hendiyooni dialect on the basis of Generative Theory. To achieve this goal, researchers interviewed illiterate and less illiterate speakers to uneducated informants. Besides, one of the researchers is the native speaker of Hendijani Dialect, thus, he got advantages of his sense of language. The analyzed data were written according to APA style. Regarding this method, some of the most important results of this research are: 1. Lenition process usually occurs in the final position of a syllable. 2. /æ/ in Standard Persian in the final position of a syllable converts to /ə/. 3. The consonants /v, t, d/ are deleted at the final position of a word or syllable in Hendiyooni Dialect. 4. The assimilation process in Hendiyooni Dialect is mostly of consonant to consonant, and assimilation in manner of articulation results in complete one.

This paper addresses the validity of two hypotheses concerning changes of vowel quality in Persian. The theory of centralization claims that there is a strong correlation between vowel duration and vowel quality. As vowel duration is shortened in unstressed contexts, the size of the vowel inventory reduces toward the center, leading to considerable overlap between different categories and a reduced, crowded acoustic space. In contrast, the dispersion theory of speech perception maintains that there is no correlation between vowel duration and vowel quality, and that vowels are arranged in the acoustic vowel space so as to minimize the potential for perceptual confusion between the distinct vowel categories. Changes in vowel quality were examined in unstressed syllables using duration and F1 and F2 spectral values. Results indicated that, contrary to the prediction of the centralization hypothesis, there was no strong correlation between duration and vowel quality differences, and that vowels displayed no significant spatial reduction in the direction of the center of the vowel space. The results are more consistent with the dispersion theory as they show that differences in quality in Persian are limited to small positions around the area in the acoustic space occupied by vowel categories. In light of our findings, we may well classify Persian with languages which do not possess the process of vowel reduction.

The goal of this article is analyzing phonological processes of lenition in Elami Kurdish variants on the basis of “Generative theory”. To achieve this goal; researchers collect data from 20 informants by interviewing with them. Also one of the researchers is a native speaker of Elami Kurdish variant (Feily) and she is familiar with other Elami Kurdish variants. In whole, we gathered 600 data which on the basis of article's volume we mentioned only 63 of them in this research. these data were written according to”IPA” alphabet. Method of research is descriptive-analytic. Some of the most important results of this research are: 1- Lenition process almost always occurs in the final position of a syllable. 2. The absent of gemination process in Elami Kurdish variants shows that in these variants the tendency are towards the deletion of the consonants clusters.

This paper studies the phonetic aspects of vowel reduction in Persian. Vowel reduction was examined in unstressed syllables using duration and F1 and F2 spectral values across different consonantal contexts. Results showed a strong effect of stress on duration across all consonantal contexts, but the results for F1 and F2 frequencies varied with vowel type as well as consonantal context. Most vowels had non-significant formant changes in unstressed condition as compared to stressed condition; however, the vowel /a/ had significant spatial reduction in the direction of the center of the vowel space. The results support neither of the two known articulatory hypotheses concerning vowel reduction, namely, centralization (in unstressed position) by target undershoot, and reduction due to co-articulation with the consonant context. Instead, the results lend support to the dispersion theory of speech perception which argues that vowel systems cross languages tend to utilize the available acoustic vowel space so that maximal auditory contrast is maintained. It is further argued that the position of vowels in the acoustic vowel space is influenced by this dynamical repelling force which has come to be called adaptive dispersion.

In this study، we attempt to develop a linguistic atlas for Gilan province، Iran، and answer three major research questions: (1) what phonological processes occur in Gilan and in Gilaki dialect? (2) Does the traditional demarcation of Gilaki into Bie Pas in western areas and Bie Pish in Eastern parts of the province have a phonological base? (3) Are the phonological processes that occur in central cities of the province different from those that occur in the non-central areas? To answer the questions، first one hundred words from different lexical categories، i. e. nouns، verbs، adjectives، pronouns، etc. were selected and native speakers’ pronunciations were recorded by a voice recorder and interviews were conducted The findings indicate that throughout Gilan، eighteen phonological processes occur from which centralization، raising، elision، and spirantization are the most frequent processes respectively. With respect to the second question، it was revealed that there is a correlation between phonological variation and the geographical area، giving weight to the traditional boundary so-called Bie Pas and Pie Pish. Likewise، it was shown that the frequency of phonological processes in non-central areas، especially in Rudsar، is much higher than those in the central areas.

The Supernatural Act " is one of the certain results o f Endeavour and Gnostic mortification and concerning to and focusing on Surrealistic unconscious mind; that certainly one can search its literature in lost parts of human history (Myths). The effectiveness on Surrealism – in theory and practice – with a viewpoint of Gnosticism, leads to appear some similarities and partnerships between these two schools (regarding basic oppositeness's and distinctness's within Gnostic and Surrealistic Literature), that " The Supernatural Act " is objective and interesting product of their relatively common programs. Although diversity in Supernatural results including Generosities, Discovery and Intuition, Objective Events, Witchcraft and Sorcery, Prediction and Divination in samples of Gnosticism and Surrealism is suitable background for pretention and raving; in the other hand can lead to the Gnosticism's philosophy of being sequester which its roots are in the social incidents and individual reaction of Gnostic literary man; and in second place in Surrealist artist. It's necessary to note that " the Supernatural Act " - the signification common point in practical results of the Gnosticism and Surrealism – appears quietly different resources, programs and missions between two schools; thus comparative study of " The Supernatural Act " between Gnosticism and Surrealism cant decrease the importance and independence of these great mental schools in the global literature; or it cant claim identity, similarity and genetic relation between Gnosticism and Surrealism.