جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ghassan kanafani » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Time is one of the significant features of narration that links the events of a text together based on stylistic choices. Time, in terms of analopsis or prolepsis, can create anachrony in a text. Ghassan Kanafani, utilizing this technique in Return to Haifa, attempts to narrate the confusion and displacement experienced by the characters. This study, adopting a descriptive-analytical framework, examines the role of anachrony in introducing characters, presenting information, and affecting readers. The study identifies 31 instances of analopsis in the novel. The characters’ analopsis appears in forms of conversations and reminiscences of war and displacement as the result of stimulating of senses and attending a specific place like such as the beach, streets, and houses. In this regard, the author narrates the 20-year experience of displacement and forced migrations of people since 1947. Saeed, a character in the novel, uses prolepsis 7 times in his speeches, which probably crystallize the 1967 awareness (enlightenment) among people. It can be concluded that Kanfani expresses his optimism towards the nationalists’ movements and the Palestinian people by relying on preliminary analopsis and reporting future events, believing that people are ready to pay high costs to fulfill national goals.

The contemporary world is the world of domination and the importance of short stories over other literary genres. Contemporary man rarely has the taste and leisure to read long multi-volume novels, and that is why research in this field is of importance. In the short story, the character has already evolved and is in front of the waiting reader, engaged in something that has reached its critical moment or is in the process of something that has already happened but has not come to a result. In the short story, the author chooses a slice of the protagonist's life and a point from it that must reach a critical stage. It is a window that briefly acquaints the reader with the life of the protagonist or the other characters and allows looking at what is happening through this window. There are different types of short stories. One of them is lyrical short story, which is distinguished by the dominance of the element of "feeling and emotion" over other elements. In 1969, a critic named Eileen Baldshuiler explained and analyzed the lyrical short story in an article entitled "A History of Lyrical Short Story". In this article, he suggests that the narrative is of two forms, epic or lyrical. Epic means the prominence of actions and the importance of external narratives. According to Baldshuiler, in lyrical stories, the goal is the thoughts and feelings of the character (Mastoor, 1379, 34). In this regard, all characters are analyzed in terms of the structure of the elements of the story and take the structure of the story based on their performance. In Bald Schuiler's lyrical story, the reader marks the story to discover the end. Also, the narrator refers to certain signs in addition to the definitions he gives of his life path. Baldshuiller points out that the lyrical short story has all the elements that should be present in all stories, but, in his view, the traditional plot style is the least important element of the lyrical story, which can basically be in one paragraph or a few sentences.

In his view, the conventional plot is a believable plot formed on the basis of a very clear cause-and-effect relationship. However, the unconventional plot expresses the complex and contradictory feelings of the characters in the process of storytelling in a symbolic way and sometimes without precedence and latency. This creates a lot of interest in the story and the reader can follow it from somewhere in the text and sometimes play the role of the author for the characters of the story and sometimes end the story according to their mental structure. Another feature of the lyrical story that Baldshuiler mentions is the "emotional curve" that the character creates throughout the story. This refers to the changes that the character makes as a result of the course of events and what is left of that character in the end. A lyrical short story such as Ghasan Kanfani's Fi Janazati tries to examine the invisible dimension of reality. Therefore, in the short story, as in the poem, what is more important is not explicitly mentioned.The present study uses the descriptive-analytical method to analyzes the short story Fi Janazati by Ghassan Kanfani based on the components of the short story from the point of view of Eileen Baldshuiler. It examines the elements of the short story and   the author’s writing skills.  An analysis is also performed based on new literary studies such as Eileen Baldchuiller's theory.

The components of Eileen Bald-Schuyler's theory for lyrical short story are aphasia, subjectivism, emotion and imagination, open end, symbol. The timing of the apocalypse in the story of "Fi Janazi" is well illustrated in this story, the present is not dynamic and has no external movement and action. This indicates the anonymity of the present. Anonymity manifests itself in being mental and lacking dynamism and action. Perhaps, that is why the title of the story is "Fi Janazati" (at my funeral) which refers to the time of the narrator's death, and it is natural that, after death, man is not bound by time. The story of Fi Janazi has been narrated at two levels of time. The first level is the past tense, which is dynamic and objective, and the second level is the present tense, which is mental and immobile.
The second component of the lyrical short story is subjectivism, which means that the story takes place and progresses in the mental space of the characters, and the role of the external world is small. This can be clearly seen in Fi Janazaii by Ghassan Kanfani. In this story, the narrator returns to the past, but external events are not described much. The text begins with the narrator's fear and hope, and the narrator's childhood feelings are expressed, all of which are mental. Noting that the child's family surrendered to working to pay for the house, the space becomes a bit objective, but, in the following sentences, there are items that express the narrator's view of responsibility and life. Therefore, where external events are narrated, they still have a presence in the mental space. The story flows in a mixture of reality and mind. The third component of the lyrical short story, according to Bald Schuyler, is emotion and imagination; In the examined story, all the words, sentences, similes and metaphors give a completely hopeless and dark atmosphere to the text. In this respect, the text is very effective and emotional. The open end is another component that the author did not use in this story.And the last component is the symbol. The main symbol of this story is the spiritual and psychological interactions in the life of two couples, which takes place in the form of the title Fi Janazati.

Baldeshwiler’s quintuple principles in the story Fi Janazati by Ghassan Kanfani have been analyzed. The results show that, among those principles, the elements of anachronism, imagination and subjectivism are salient and can be considered as the source of real experiences of individual and social life and a reflection of reader’s self. Therefore, the story Fi Janazati can be considered as one of the perfect lyrical short stories.

Ghassan Kanafani is one of the most famous Palestinian writers and combatants, whose books, stories, and specially his plays are best examples of books, stories and plays and are a method for all his followers, and an exemplary for every writer who writes on Palestine and the Resistance. Al-qubba'a wa al-nabi (The Hat and The Prophet) is one of his most famous plays which has eight characters, of them the defendant character is the character of hero that represents Ghassan the combatant. Considering the structure, plot and other elements of the play, it seems that the writers seeks to address and stimulate the audience and human society to participate in the continuity of the issues and events and their results. This method is same as Brecht's one in writing epic plays. Therefore, the present study seeks to analyze this play on the basis of defamiliarization technique by use of a descriptive-analytic method. The results of the study includes the playwright's effort to encourage and stimulate audience to make changes out of the text and convert him/ her from an static audience to a dynamic one through participation in the events of this play.

Confessional literature is a branch of literature that includes works that somehow tell the personal biography of the author. Love letters between writers, poets and world famous figures are typically of this category, are very attractive, and attract the reader's attention. This has happened in all cultures and literatures of nations and Persian and Arabic literature are no exception to this rule. Letters of Gholam Hossein Saedi, Iranian writer to Tahereh Koozegarani and Ghassan Kanafani, Palestinian fighter and writer to Ghada Al- Samman, are considered as one of the most enduring romantic heritage of contemporary Persian and Arabic literature Which not only represent a poetic event, but also a combination of confession, burning love and nostalgia and show the power and greatness of love that afflicts everyone regardless of power, personality, pride and... .This study is a descriptive and comparative analytical approach to the formation of love and their lovemaking in these letters. Letters in which with the accuracy and honesty hidden in them, another aspect of the life of these two writers can be understood and from another perspective, the character and life of these loving lovers can be revealed. Avoidance of decorative sobriety and false masks, competition for love, crying and suffering for the sake of distance from the beloved, waiting for him and fear of losing him, seeing the beloved in a higher position, writing a letter as an objective solidarity of love And asking the beloved to do reciprocity is one of the most important common themes in the letters of these two famous Iranian and Palestinian writers.

The Occupying countries resort to erasing the collective memory to solve a particular problem in a geographical area where a language prevails, as is the case in Palestine. Its most important tool is language because it is closely related to collective memory. After the Hebrew language disappeared and died with the Babylonian displacement (567 BC), the Jewish collective memory almost ended; but this language has returned to form a new memory in the period of the British Mandate. However, the linguistic planning is working to create a false memory by deleting the Palestinian memory. The operation to Hebrewize the Palestinian collective memory can be summarized in three cases, first: bringing settlers to Palestine, seizing land and building settlements, second: getting rid of Arabs and destroying their communities, and third: changing the Arab identity of the place/structure, image and interactions.this study, by relying on the descriptive-analytical method and in the light of cultural criticism, attempts to monitor the cases of Hebraicization of collective memory in the novel “Returning to Haifa” to reveal the most important factors that have eroded the Palestinian collective memory. One of the most important findings of our study is that Ghassan Kanafani emphasized the preservation of collective memory and its transmission to future generations and its preservation from loss and extinction.

Social semiotics is a new approach in the review of the literature and language of signs is the result of the interaction of social actors in interaction the selection of directional, meaning the audience suggests, In this paper, we review two different pictures of the camp in the story "al-saqiro Yzhb Ela Al-mokhayyam" and "Al-banadq Fi Al-mokhayyam", the analytical method and relying on studies Halliday, to answering these questions: Choose the language in these stories, how to uncover the layers of meaning and discourse representations of the camp to act? Accordingly, the provisions of these two stories in the field of experimental, interpersonal and situational were investigated. The outcome of this approach is that Kanafani tries to pass the light from the darkness of despair to hope to convey to the audience, His stories of historical reality in the Palestinian camps by selecting the target language, encoding and showcases.Key words: social semiotics, short stories, Ghassan Kanafani.

In Iran and Palestine, both suffer from war and a lot of pain and to defend the homeland, the poets and the writers from the public rose to convey the message of freedom. In Iran, Mohsen Motlagh (1348) is one of the holy defense warriors, by recounting the memories of the war, he tried to defend his motherland in another way, and in the land of Palestine, Ghassan Kanafani (1936-1972) who himself used the term “literature of resistance” for the first time creates the works in the form of symbolic and allegory to awaken people and encourage them to defend their homeland and fight against oppression and aggression. Therefore, in this paper, in order to consider the common concepts of the resistance literature in two important works of Iran and Palestine, the story of “to Be Alive Komeil” by Mohsen Motlagh and “Men in the Sun” by Ghassan Kanafani are compared and the resistance component s of them are specified. The most important component in the story “to Be Alive Komeil” is the confrontation of the epic and the mystic, martyrdom, defense of the homeland and the preservation of freedom; however, in the story “Men in the Sun”, the author tries to awaken people to defend their homeland, protest and fight against oppression resistance against the Palestinian occupation regime.

Harmonizing text and image to produce a meaningful and purposeful text is a discourse process and, thus, a social and cultural one. This social practice is of great importance and value in children stories—and generally children literature—as, for children, it does not merely operate at a socio-cultural level but at an intercultural one. This is the case because children’s speed of image processing and decoding is greater than their speed of processing linear texts. Al-Qandil Al-Saqir is one of the best short stories by Ghassan Kanfani, an author of Palestinian resistance literature, which employs a multi-faceted discourse to instill the concepts of ideology, value, and resistance in Palestinian children who need to be educated. Kanafani has fully understood that Palestinian children, as those who make the future of their homeland, have an important mission to accomplish, namely liberation from the domination of the Zionists. So, encoding the reality is the most prominent characteristic of his story. He is also aware of the ability of temporal, spatial and visual signs, as factors which are complementary to meaning, in consolidating the text, catching the child’s attention, and conveying the message of the text. The story brings a number of questions to mind: How can social semiotics, as a new tendency, be utilized to discover the underlying layers of meaning and discourse analysis in the text and illustrations of the story? What kind of linguistic processes are used by the author to express the bitter experiences of Palestinian children in a better way? What kind of textual coherence is used by the author in order to better define these experiences? This descriptive, analytical study employs a social semantic approach to analyze Kanafani’s short story. This analysis is expected to answer the above questions in order to provide a new reading of the story.

According to sociological critique of literature that examines the environmental and community impact and shows writer’s skills in reflecting community events and environments, this research, using analytical method based on American school of comparative literature, has tried to examine short stories of Ghassan Kanafani , prominent Palestinian writer, and author of the famous Iranian author Qasemali Farasat from the perspective of sociological criticism. Also it Wants to envisage a picture, of the years (1948- 1967) of Palestinian society and the events of war in Iran (1359- 1367 AH) and the years following, using the “line between the lines” of war and defense literary works. The results indicate that both the authors have criticized political, historical and social events of his own society applying realistic style. They also have looked upon armed forces and women and children characters employing the aforementioned style. Ghassan has criticized the dire economic situation, the involvement of foreign agents and ignorance and illiteracy in the community. Farasat has also spoken on economic gap and described soldiers and veterans in war area. Both authors have praised martyrdom in the cultural field and pointed out the effects of human spirituality and inner pains. Themes of both stories are anti-despotism , social problems and sufferings and failures of contemporary human being.

The short story "jedran men hadid" by Ghassan Kanafani reflects human values and concepts. It is a world full of excitement in a real atmosphere of exile and displacement felt by the Palestinian people. Because children are the future of the country and, as an important mission, we need to inform and educate them, in this study, we have focused on meta-linguistic and linguistic relationships in the light of the theory of social semiotics by Halliday. We have analyzed the encoding of Palestinian human being, his nostalgia, the indications of the presence of children, and their relationship with these concepts. The results show the author’s concerns for children so that it would be useful at the root of the society. He uses mental and cognitive processes at the highest frequency to encode the reality and help to understand such abstract concepts as freedom, captivity, and exile. In addition, the meta-linguistic features such as signs of temporal and spatial relationships, attitude, facial expressions and behavior are investigated as a supplement to the message and in line with the conveyance of the meaning.

Ghassan Kanafani was the author, critic, poet, martyr and playwriter who studies human being issues by his stories. He condemns whatever causes Palestine’s tragedy in his “men in the sun” novel. There is no waste and extra word or sentence in this novel and the author does not recourse slogan and his position is clear among his novel. In this novel the men can understand cruelty under the government pressure but they keep silence and scape from this social reality. Ghassan rejects disappointment and failure.

New techniques of storytelling are applied in the novel «Ma Tabaqqa Lakom» written by Ghassan Kanafani، contemporary Palestinian poet and novelist. It is one of the first modern novels of Arabic fiction which has played a considerable role in the innovation and flourish of Arabic fiction. Since the technique of stream of consciousness is used in this novel; and as a result of interruption of time in this kind of fiction، the story is narrated in different scenes، by various narrators، and from several points of view; it is expected that the dominant traditional form of point of view and narrator، in contrast with classical fiction، be in a constant fluctuation in this novel. Therefore، this study attempts to examine narrator and the degree of canonization، among elements of fiction، according to the views of some of structuralist critics such as Gerard Genette and Todorov. In this paper، stream of consciousness and narrator، different kinds of narrator and point of view are explained briefly. Then، it uses these elements in order to challenge the novel.