جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « otherness » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

In modern comparative literature, the focus on the "Other" is a pivotal concept. It involves delving into the experiences of individuals beyond oneself and empathizing with their pains, sorrows, and joys. This entails portraying their reality encompassing victories and defeats and depicting their societal, political, and wartime circumstances, along with prevailing rituals of deprivation, destruction, and ruin. This research aims to uncover the authentic depiction of Afghans that the poet conveyed in his Jihad-themed epic, employing a descriptive-analytical methodology. Among its key focal points are the portrayal of wars, blood-stained homes, images of children, heroes, places, and martyrs. The most significant conclusions drawn by the researcher include the fact that the poet presented genuine pictures of misery, sorrow, and deprivation in his poetry. His poetic creations were devoid of biases as he highlighted the glories of various regions within Afghanistan, fostering unity among diverse ethnic groups. He called upon the mujahideen to unite and avoid disagreements in both thought and action. He also delved into children's literature, articulating their inquiries and thoughts, and he never abandoned the heroic achievements of the Afghan people, underscoring the importance of martyrs and their sacrifices in the pursuit of liberation.

The present study aimed to investigate the discursive antagonism in war novels. To this end, first antagonistic discourses were identified, and then the antagonistic atmosphere and otherness between the discourses represented in the war novels were analyzed: otherness in such novels focuses in part on the foreign enemy (Iraq). In this process, the Iraqi enemy is othered as a disbeliever in an ideological reading based on the discourse of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Moreover, there is a tendency towards focusing on the enemy’s arms, hence neglecting the agency of its human forces. On the other hand, the liberal and ethnic nationalist discourses are othered as the domestic antagonistic discourses. The liberal discourse strives to deconstruct the idea of public mobilization by using the specialization slogan and defeat the hegemonic dominant discourse by weakening public mobilization. By juxtaposing ethnic values against national interests, the ethnic nationalist discourse strives to substitute ethnic values for national identity markers or give priority to the former. Finally, the Islamic revolutionary discourse becomes hegemonic, succeeding to marginalize the antagonistic discourses, or suppressing the other discourses by its hegemonic interference at times.

Regardless of the obvious message that is displayed on the cover of any text, sometimes there is another discourse in the context of the content that challenges the intention of the creators of the text in supporting the cover. In the light of reinterpreting and deconstructing the works, the dark labyrinths become clear and new concepts are presented. Ferdowsi and Sa’âlabi's two narratives of the story "Aleksander and the Daughter of the King of India", with a significant difference in the ending, is a familiar story of the marriage bond of the defeated beautiful girl with the conquering king. In examining the secondary discourse, the mechanisms of exercising power over the body are highlighted. Contrary to popular belief, these mechanisms are not only torture, rather, aesthetics is also considered a kind of care network that does not end when a woman enters the "other's" field (father's house) into her own field (wife's house). On the contrary, when a woman wins in the body test prepared by the institution of power, she is considered as a threat to the totalitarianism of the ruling system by deviating from the norms of socialization. In this study, in an analytical-descriptive way and with a sociological point of view, the elements in the mentioned story have been reconstructed and by using the opinions of the thinkers in this field, especially Michel Foucault, the mutual relations between the three elements of "beauty", knowledge", and "power" have been discussed.

Diaspora literature is literature that narrates the voice of the margin in an ambiguous way. In this literature, immigrant characters do not belong to their own land, nor to the host land. The immigrant intellectual, because he has experienced "otherness" in the host land, start literary creation from their observations and experiences in what happened to him and other immigrants. Mohammad Asef Soultanzadeh, an Afghan writer, is one of those Diaspora intellectuals who migrated to Iran and then to Denmark in 1365 following the insecurity of Afghanistan due to the communist coup. By expressing what happened to Afghan immigrants in Iran, Soultanzadeh shows the immigrants' self-deprecation, fear and worry, nostalgic feeling and their mixed identity. The current research aims to address the elements of diaspora literature in Soultanzadeh's works, especially "Nowruz is only in Kabul with purity" and "You who are not here, your land is not here", to answer the fundamental question that Afghan immigrants, in the land how have others looked at the issue of immigration? It has been done in a descriptive-analytical way. The conclusion of this research is that the author considers himself the silent voice of Afghan immigrants and shouts out their despair. In these two works, he depicts the black atmosphere of his own land and the land of the host, the unequal status of the host and the guest, and the full face of shame and failure of the immigrants. Because for immigrants, the atmosphere of the host country is different from the atmosphere of "their" identity, they turn to their suppressed past with despair of achieving the future that they had built in their minds, and after the experience of living in the host country, the discourse of philanthropy and they challenge the trans-ethnic and racial view. On the other hand, the title of both stories clearly reveals its diasporic atmosphere; because the desire to return to the homeland is very strong in the writer, and it is only the atmosphere of Kabul that creates peace and intimacy for him, and any place other than there is not considered his homeland.

The paintings of Sultan Mohammad, a prominent master of the second Tabriz School, are all visually spectacular and praiseworthy. Many studies have examined these paintings in terms of form and execution techniques, from aesthetic perspectives or focusing on mystical aspects, but less about the worldview and depth of Sultan Mohammad's cultural and social point of view. This study tries to interpret the semantic meanings by selecting two works by Sultan Mohammad that also contain illustrations of the demons. The present study has applied the approach of social semiotics to read the social aspects of visual cues. A model based on which composition, color and line, movements, volumes, and icons are used to interpret semantic meanings, as well as social situations and historical conditions outside the text that has been considered. The findings of the research indicate that Sultan Mohammad Tabrizi in his illustrations of two stories in the mythological section of Shahnameh in which demons also has a strong presence has shown the independence of his opinion and through the rejection of suppression the otherness his works have become a sub-narrative; in contrast to the main discourse of cultural unification in that era.

Theoretical book, Textless sentences, in the field of linguistics text, for the first time printed in Paris in 2012. In this work Dominique Maingueneau, emphasizes and focuses on the subject of short silent, non-textual sentences such as short and instructive sentences, political slogans, proverbs, general facts, Press titles, etc.- separated from the original structure and present in the oral or written words of the speakers in a specific linguistic community, in this regard of French language that meaning and interpretation of separate short sentence from construction of original verbal grammar with the meaning of same sentence as in the secondary texture and construction (enunciation aphorisante) somewhere the other verbal context used by another user will not be the same. According to Maingueneau understanding such statements were directly related to the specific condition of speech formation eventually leads to otherness in the speech of current speaker.

Immigration is one of the most familiar notions in the contemporary world, which has changed the lives and narratives of many people. The quality of this experience is quite different for young adults in comparison with the adults. This study examines the representations of immigration and diaspora, and issues related to them, in Iranian young adult novels. As the findings show, forced immigration due to war and insecurity, refuge, exile and transnational immigration are present in Iranian young adult novels. Metaphorically, moving to a world of fantasies can also be seen as a form of immigration. The presence of immigration is sometimes shown through the absence of immigrants; moreover, the effects of immigration on their relatives should be noticed. The Iranian young adult novel has only recently begun to pay attention to diaspora and the multicultural literature. In most of these narratives, the experience of diaspora is tied to war. Immigration inside Iran is more reflected rather than emigration to other countries and turning to multicultural challenges. In these novels, the host society mostly accepts immigrants as an inferior other if they accept the host culture. Young adult diasporic narratives attach particular importance to creating and redefining identity, and show the efforts of immigrants in finding the borders of the self in a new condition. Violence, abandonment, displacement and the challenges of young adult immigrants are represented as well. Extended Abstract1.IntroductionThis study examines the representations of diaspora and issues related to it in Iranian young adult novels. Different kinds of diaspora have been investigated in these novels as well. Diaspora is not a single word or just an event. It includes diverse basic notions. Immigrants not only travel from one place to another, but also travel across cultures, and all material and mental relations of their lives are redefined due to this departure. They need to tie their identity to new things, find a rational relation between homeland and the host country and fix their place in a new land. Clarifying the borders of the self and the other and making an effort to deal with a new culture in the absence of the former identical elements lead to many challenges for immigrants. 2.Theoretical FrameworkYouth is a strong metaphor for moving through cultures and places. In contrast to adults, young adults react in a different way when facing diaspora as they might have different feelings and experiences. On the one hand, their challenges and difficulties seem greater, and on the other, their flexibility, acceptance of the other, being on a border line and having less experience and nostalgia, enable them contact more efficiently with other cultures. The process of adaptation to a new place is associated with constructing a new life and identity. Confusion and the concern with an unconstructed new identity put the immigrant in a threshold situation. In a world in which migration, asylum and displacement due to geographical, political and economic urgencies, as well as the search of a better life, are on the rise, teens need a literature that can oscillate between different cultures, similar to the fluctuation of immigrants between homeland and the host country and the ambivalence of young adults in relation to multiple identities. Young adult literature is of use to diaspora in different aspects. By reflecting the situation, difficulties and possibilities of immigration, diaspora literature, which can be included in the category of multicultural literature, helps young adult immigrants to know their new situation better, to deal with it more appropriately and to know that they are not alone in this experience. In addition, it portrays the feelings, thoughts and difficult condition of immigrants and can arouse the empathy of the host-society’s members and change their views about immigration. This type of literature familiarizes young readers with a new range of experiences and teaches them intercultural dialogue, or at least being tolerant in their encounter with the other. 3.MethodologyUsing a descriptive analytical approach, this article has categorized the types of diaspora in Iranian young adult novels by analyzing all available young adult diasporic narratives. Through classifying the types, the paper discusses the distinction between the approaches of young adult and adult narratives to diaspora. 4.Discussion and AnalysisMost Iranian diasporic narratives are tied to the Iran-Iraq war and can be put in the category of internal migrations. Displacement, loss of home, belongingness and being isolated in the host country due to ethnicity and race are the most dominant themes of these novels. The analysis and interpretations of the novels have been arranged through subtitles like forced immigration due to war and insecurity, refuge, exile, transnational immigration, presence of immigration in the absence of immigrants, gypsies’ diaspora and emigration to a world of fantasies. Migration is a threshold situation and many people may experience it by force or choice. Adolescence is also a threshold situation and trying to stabilize one’s identity and status happens for both teenagers and immigrants similarly. The immigration of adolescents doubles the threshold situation, even though the fluidity of identity facilitates living in a new place for adolescents. Young adult novels reflect identity challenges in the confrontation with the other, and introduce the experiences of immigrants, and the difficulties and possibilities of immigration to young readers. One of the most prominent challenges is how to deal with love. Adolescent relationships usually involve romantic love and sexual attraction. Emotional relationship with someone in a similar condition seems like a haven for teenagers to survive mental health crises and traumas caused by diaspora. 5.ConclusionAlthough multicultural narratives and different types of diaspora, including displacement, transnational diaspora, and refuge have become a common theme in European and American young adult literature in the twenty first century, Iranian young adult novels have only recently begun to pay attention to diaspora and multicultural literature. Immigration inside Iran is more reflected rather than migration to other countries which represent multicultural challenges and the gap between homeland and the host country more deeply and clearly. Translated literature in Persian compensates for the deficiency of diaspora narratives to some extent, but the most common type of diaspora in Iranian young adult literature is internal forced migration due to the Iran-Iraq war. The more recent migrations to Iran from Afghanistan and Pakistan and the increasing emigration of Iranians to other countries have been missed as a trend. In some of the few novels which reflect migration out of Iran, a negative image of leaving the homeland has been presented, and the narratives of several million Iranian emigrants have been ignored in a discursive silence. Representing internal migration during the war has also ideological justification. In this type of migration, displacement, ethnic and racial inequalities, and estrangement make the migrants suffer, so their main concern is to return to the home they have been forced to leave. Iranian young adult literature has reluctantly accepted immigrants to Iran, including Afghans and members of other nationalities. Gypsy travelers, migrants forever, have been marginalized totally and their different life-style has not drawn the attention of writers for young readers. Diaspora studies are new in Iranian children and young adult literature and the present can be a point of departure for broader and even comparative studies in this field. As diaspora narratives form in fluctuation and fusion of the self/other cultures, studies on migration inevitably fluctuate between cultures. Select BibliogrphyAkbarkermaninejad, Ali. 1397 [2018]. Jadou-ye Hezar Parandeh. Tehran: Elmi-Farhangi Publishing Company.Akrami, Jamalodin. 1395 [2016]. Shab be Kheir Torna. Tehran: Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults.Baxter, Kent. 2011. “Immigration Narratives in Young Adult Literature; Crossing Borders.” Children’s Literature Association Quarterly 36/4: 482-484.Clifford, Elizabeth and Maya Kalyanpur. 2011. “Immigration Narratives: Power, Difference, and Representation in Young-Adult Novels with Immigrant Protagonists.” International Journal of Multicultural Education 13/1: 1-20.Hasanzadeh, Farhad. 1389 [2010]. Hasti. Tehran: Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults.Jahangirian, Abbas. 1391 [2012]. Jang keh Tamam Shod Bidaram Kon. Tehran: Ofogh. Kalra, Virinder S., Raminder Kaur and Johan Hutnyk. 2005. Diaspora and Hybridity. London: Sage Publications.Kartiningsih, Rindrah. 2017. “Am I a Christian yet?: A Diasporic Persian Liminality Portrayed in Pary Mansouri’s ‘No, I Was Not Dreaming’.” Proceedings of Literary Studies Conference (LSC5). Universitas Sanata Dharma. 88-90.Khanian, Jamshid. 1389 [2010]. Asheghaneh-ha-ye Yunes dar Shekam-e Mahi. Tehran: Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults.Nel, Philip. 2018. “Migration, Refugees, and Diaspora in Children’s Literature.” Children’s Literature Association Quarterly 43/4: 357-362.

The human beings search always their image in the mirror of "Others". Among these Globe trotters, there are a lot of writers who have presented the result of their experiences in their logbooks. The works of these travelers, who are considered as cultural ambassadors, is the point of an intersection of two worlds of "self" and "other". Hence, the study of literary image represented in itinerary works, reveal the hidden aspects of relation between "self" and "other". In his The Journey To The U.S.A (1380), Jalal Al-e Ahmad speculates as an "other" the host country and analyzes the politic, cultural and artistic considerations. In this paper, we rely on the concept of "otherness" which is a sub-theory of postcolonial studies and we sought to study the latest itinerary work of Jalal Al-e Ahmad. The paper will also seek to explore the question of how Al-e Ahmad in this itinerary work found the explanations and plenty of examples to confirm his theory on "the West" mainly presented in the Westernization (1341).

With the 1979 Iran revolution, there has been an evolution in the logic of self and other in the foreign policy discourses of the Islamic republic of Iran and the USA, and these former two strategic allies, turned to the present antagonistic forces. From this historical point onwards, Iran-the USA relations and consequently, Iran and the West, was represented in a circle of agonism to antagonism. This issue has been considerable in both objective and subjective levels and Iran sanctions is one of its focuses. This study aims to investigate the hidden discourse in NOW, a web-based newspaper and magazine corpus, and to examine which signs and concepts were and forgrounded or backgrounded. The data were collected from NOW corpus from 2010 to 2019, and then analyzed in two micro and macro levels. In the micro level, with a focus on Iran sanctions items, the corpus was analyzed for the use of semantic categories. In the macro level, the representation of this issue was represented was investigated based on the approach of critical discourse analysis focusing on the hidden discourse of Fairclough, Laclau and Mouffe and van Dijk. Results show that some issues such as the reimposition of sanctions, their upcoming, violation, lifting sanctions, legislation and the names of different countries are foregrounded in this corpus. The most frequent topics in this corpus denote a one-sided view from the USA’s attitude, neglecting Iran’s reactions.

The beginning of the formation of literature, and especially contemporary poetry, was accompanied by some opposition to this modernist current from the traditionalist professors of academia.Contradictions that sometimes led to the "Western" and "alien" reading of the movement, such as the romanticism, symbolism, or surrealism of modernist works; The works, according to traditionalists, were created in imitation of Western literary schools. Subsequent generations of masters of Persian literature, consciously or unconsciously, accepted this alienation as the obvious principle, and as a result, the currents of contemporary poetry and prose were written and analyzed under the headings of Western literary schools.Part of this attribution and application is due to the weakness of Persian literary criticism in the areas of principles, methods, and conceptualization. conceptualizations, and clear terms, regardless of the background of these attributions that arose from otherness. This study shows how the use of Western literary schools in the analysis of contemporary literature began with the modernization and marginalization of the modernist current, and in the following decades the weakness of Persian literary criticism stabilized and continued this trend. The knowledge gained in this way from contemporary Persian literature is an incomplete knowledge that considers the formation of modernist literature to be sometimes an imitation of Western literature; As a result, he does not acquire a deep genealogy and deep roots of this movement, and only considers features of contemporary poetry and prose that bear some resemblance to some Western literary schools.

Emmanuel Levinas, the lesser known twentieth century philosopher, had been influenced by art in his philosophizing before he proposed his new ideas in 1961. Not only was he influenced by art, but paradoxically by literature and a number of great literary figures. Thinkers like Dostoevsky, Gogol, Cervantes and other universally-acclaimed figures, consciously or unconsciously, had their hands in his philosophy and he himself pointed to this fact in an interview with Philippe Nemo. But Shakespeare is the one to whom he alluded with specificity. Especially at the outset of his philosophical career from 1947 to 1961, he referred to Shakespeare and his Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear and Romeo and Juliet in such a way as if they serve as a direct impact on his philosophical thoughts. Thus, the inspiration he receives from literature seems to be worthy of a further study and analysis. Therefore, this article aims at studying the impact of literature and especially Shakespeare on Levinas. After a brief introduction, the study considers Levinas’s allusions to Shakespeare in various parts of his oeuvre, with an emphasis on Time and the Other. Through such a dialogue, Shakespeare’s position for Levinas will be discussed and his significance for him will be exposed.

Otherness is one of the methods of accessing hidden interests beyond the literary texts which through literary discourse analysis can be in direct relation to political science and sociology. Critical discourse analysis believes that each text is shaped by political and ideological approaches and the relationship between political issues and texts is not an accidental one. Laclauand Mouffe believe that in every discourse one can use two concepts of logic of equality and logic of difference to explain the relations of otherness present in literary texts. That is, in every discourse, a positive pole is foregrounded as“we”or ours, and on the opposite pole the negative side is introduced as“they”or “others”. Foregrounding and backgrounding are used in texts and discourse through language functions. Investigatingthis method in some of Khayyam's Quatrains we will find out why Khayyam has pursued a kind of polarization in his quatrains and also will realize how Khayyam, along with his philosophical views expressed in his Quatrains, has tried to suggest political and critical motives through his discourse.

The present study is undertaken to apply Stuart Hall’s theory of identity to Edwidge Danticat’s novel The Farming of Bones (1998) within a cultural reading. It specifically draws on the concept of ‘identity as becoming’ which will be traced in this novel’s black female protagonist, Amabelle Desir who experiences various painful adventures that are essential in her identity formation. Various manifestations of social, historical and racial aspects that play vital role in the construction of this young women’s identity will be discussed in the light of Hall’s critical perspective. The distinction between ‘identity as being’ and ‘identity as becoming’ depicted by Danticat is of utmost importance which seems in line with Hall’s definition of these two kinds of identity; however, it later turns to a more profound issue since Amabelle is in a permanent quest for her identity. In this way, a cultural reading of this outstanding novel reveals Danticat’s attempts to create unstable relations and interactions which put this character in a nonstop quest for a lost identity always oscillating between ‘identity as being’ and ‘identity as becoming’. Therefore the traditional view about identity according to which identity is regarded as a fixed and unchangeable entity is rejected throughout the sharp depictions illustrated by the novelist. Amabelle Desir as a diaspora subject is vulnerable to different elements that are imposed on her by time and her surroundings.

This study aims to deductively identify and track down different types of otherness and their attributes as represented in Iranian children's and young adult's literature. To do so, a sample of twenty seven stories was firstly studied through a deductive qualitative content analysis so as to decide what kinds of otherness exist in Iranian children's and young adult's literature. Secondly, the text of each story was analyzed using a reflective content analysis method, with a descriptive-interpretative approach in order to show how those characters identified as other are represented in the stories. The results reveal that those characters regarded as other show a low profile in Iranian children's and young adult's literature and that the voice of others is not loud enough. Along with the limited presence, the actions of other characters are also limited due to the fact that they belong to marginalized groups, with a low or no degree of power. Although self/other relationship in most of stories is essentially based on conflict, there are some representations of self/other relationship that imply interaction, acceptance, empathy and friendship.

Julia Kristeva، the post structuralist literary critic، has a deep understanding of the concepts related to “Emigrant’s literature”، such as “Other”، “Otherness”، “Alien” and “Alienation”. In her book “Stranger to Ourselves”، she analyzes the psycho-sociological factors of “otherness” through concentrating on the constituents like identity، space and time، mother tongue، detachment from one’s culture، and negligence of the cultural heritage. In this article، Anārbānu and her Sons، from a collection entitle Another Place by Goli Taraghi، is analyzed as a text in which alienation and otherness are effectively represented. The study shows that immigration as well as detachment from the motherland creates an “Other” which will never find a new “Self”.