جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "pause" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

The purpose of this research is to compare the prosodic structure of the different types of Persian topic constructions within the framework of the auto-segmental metrical phonology (Ladd, 2008) in order to answer the challenge of whether the initial position in these constructions is the result of base-generation or the result of the movement of the initial element. In this regard, following Cinque(1990), we examine the Persian topic constructions in the three categories of topicalization,  clitic left dislocation (CLLD) and hanging topic left dislocation (HTLD) in order to determine whether the initial element in these constructions forms an independent intonational phrase or is a part of a larger intonational phrase involving the whole sentence. For this purpose, we compare the values of the phonetic parameter of initial element final syllable length and the amount of pause between this element and the continuation of the clause in different types of topic constructions. according to Pierrehumbert (1980: 20), if the lengthening of the final syllable of the target group and the duration of the pause between it and the next words are more than these values in the unmarked construction, that group forms an independent intonational phrase. The results show that in Persian topicalization and CLLD, these values are not significantly different from such values in the unmarked construction; Also, like the unmarked construction, the initial element in topicalization and CLLD is produced with H- boundary tone. These features can be seen as the phonetic correlation of the strong syntactic connection between the initial element and the continuation of the clause in these two constructions; A characteristic that indicates the movement of the element to the beginning of the clause. On the other hand, the more lengthening of the final syllable of the initial element and the greater amount of pause between this element and the continuation of the clause in HTLD compared to the unmarked construction, is evidence that the initial structure in this construction forms an independent intonational phrase; A characteristic that, along with L- boundary tone, is the phonetic representation of weak syntactic connection in this construction. This feature strengthens the assumption that HTLD is the result of the base-generation of the initial element. The results of this research show that the characteristics of topic constructions that affect the subject of sentence follow the same pattern of the characteristics of topic constructions from the object of sentence.

Gérard Genette considers hypertextuality as a type of transtextuality. Hypertextuality focuses on adaptation and is divided into two categories: imitation and transformation. In this approach, the hypertext as the affective element and the hypertext as the practical elements are very important. The hypertext by imitating or transforming the pretext makes the original text preserved or changed. The transformation means changing something differently, while imitation is saying something similar. Transformation leads to transposition, which is a severe change in the hype. Saadawi, who belongs to the new generation of novelists, makes significant changes in the speed of hypertext by placing Frankenstein in a new literary space and a different environment. Studying the change in the speed of the novel in the hypertext shows Saadawi's creativity in deepening the narrative is a clear example of transposition of narrative duration and pause. Substitution in form and meaning makes significant changes in the text and narrative speed or duration is one of the changes. Studying narrative speed in hypertext is implying changes in narrative speed by transposition. Duration or speed results from comparing the speed of the story to the speed of the event. Ahmed Saadawi’s Frankenstein in Baghdad was inspired by Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. This descriptive-analytic and comparative study analyzed the transformation in the narrative speed of the two novels and changes in positive and negative speed according to transposition. The results show that changing poetic style, dynamic description, implicit ellipsis, and inner speech in hypertext leads to transposition in narrative duration. In such a way mental action in the hypertext, unlike the hypertext, causes vertical movement in the text and progress in the mental world of the characters.

This paper addresses the pronunciation of the Quranic words in the location of pause, or vaqf. Data descriptive generalization shows that the indefinite morpheme and short high vowels /u/ and /i/, respectively for nominative and genitive cases, delete in the pause location. This results in forming a heavy or ultra-heavy syllable in the pause location via adhesion of mora of omitted syllable onset to the final syllable. For pronunciation of the indefinite masculine words in accusative case, deletion of the indefinite morpheme is compensated by lengthening the low vowel /a/ through spreading the floating mora to the low vowel slot. The reason behind resistance of the low vowel to delete could be its high degree of sonority. For pronunciation of the feminine words, indefinite and case morphemes delete, and then /t/ converts into [h] through omission of the supra-laryngeal features and staying laryngeal node. The main aim of this paper is to formalize the phonological pattern of the Quranic words in the location of Vaqf. Research methodology is of descriptive and explanatory type. Accordingly the Quranic phonological rules prohibits to license presence of the light syllable in the pause location, while to license heavy and ultra-heavy syllables via deletion and compensatory lengthening processes in the pause location.

 

Language learners faces with important challenges during reading such as how to decode words, how to understand the message of text and how to know French’s phonetic especially prosody. This study tries to analyze two factors that influence comprehension: punctuation and inappropriate pauses which are related to the prosody during reading process. Using a descriptive-analytical method, six of second year students of bachelor’s degree from Tabriz University were chosen. Selected text of The Little Prince with its audio file were given to them to read while their voices were being recorded. These students were asked to read the text and explain what they understand. Then we analyzed their voices with Praat software. The students who respected the punctuation during the reading had better understanding of the text even though they had some inappropriate pauses. On the contrary, students who read quickly and monotone voice without pause, couldn’t understand the texts.

The present study is to provide a consistent description for a kind of Persian meter known as dowri (cyclic) meter. Those researchers who study meter have mostly defined the cyclic meter on the basis of its application rather than its metrical structure, so they have not been able to describe it comprehensively. Since there is a significant relation between the cyclic meters and prosodic circles, the special circle of each cyclic meter should be initially analyzed through a descriptive approach in order to get an accurate definition of it. A cyclic meter is nothing but a prosodic circle that some of its syllables are omitted, or are replaced with a pause. It should be noted that the cyclic miters are grouped into double meters category , but they differ from double meters . this fundamental difference is related to the way these meters are made . Every cyclic meter is double meter , but not each double meter is a cyclic one.

Music of word and intonation of speech is perfectly used in an autobiography named "Roozha". One feels there is a special ringing in arrangement of the words used in Roozha and also in the way Eslami Noodooshan talks about himself. Some words and some sentences as they are arranged have melodious pronunciation. Also there are increasing pauses in few sentences and the last syllables of the last words in the sentences are pronounced with rising tone.
The Study of the sentences and some of word structures in Roozha shows that Eslami Noodooshan has made use of special methods and techniques to make his speech prominent and melodious which has caused his biography to find special tone.
In the present study the author has made an effort to show that Eslami Noodooshan has selected the words purposefully to bring a sense of prominence in terms of lexical music. His book has the ability to produce a language music getting close to a prosody meter. Through analysis and description of the words and sentences used in Roozha the author also indicates how the autobiography has become a prominent literary work by pause between sentences and changing place of accent.

Writing skill refers to communication through a system of written signs. One of the major issues in language teaching relates to exploring the differences in the development of this skill. The present study aimed to examine the development of writing skill in terms of pause and syntax patterns. To collect the required data, 30 high school students were randomly selected (15 females and 15 males). The students were asked to write a paragraph about cheating on exams and the ways to prevent it. To prevent interference and distortion of the results, the participants were homogenized in terms of age, gender, number of group members, level of familiarity with computers and word processing software, and also grade point averages. Then, they were randomly assigned to three groups based on age. The results indicated that 13 to 18-year-old Persian speakers were different with regards to the duration of writing, number of words used in writing, the duration of pauses, pause patterns, syntactic location of pause occurrence, and text editing while writing a text. With increasing age, these differences became more prominent.
Extended Abstract Writing skill means communication through a system of written signs. This skill, as well as the differences in its growth rate, is among the major issues in language and language learning studies. In fact, communicating through written language is not only a great hurdle for second/foreign language learners, but also native speakers tend to display difficulty in this area. Fromkin, Rodman and Hymes (2002) have compared speaking with writing as two major production skills and have concluded that while both skills are vital in language learning, speaking has received a great deal of research attention while writing has not received its limelight. While speaking uses various vocal signals to convey a message, writing has to use sets of arbitrary symbols to achieve the same effect and in turn is more difficult to conduct. The present study aimed to examine the development of writing skill in high school Persian native speakers in the context of pauses and pause patterns as a cognitive factor.
Literature Review
Hasanlou and Mohammadi (1388) assert that writing is one of the most complex tasks for language learners to master. In their research, they found that those who were better writers were also better speakers and that age and level of education play a vital role in the mastery of written skill. According to Deane, Odendahl, Quinlan, Fowles, Welsh, and Bivens (2008), the way an individual writes, mirrors their understanding and recognition of vocabulary meaning and syntactic structures; overall competence; power to relay information and relate to environmental phenomena; and generally, overall cognitive development. One important variable to study during writing is pause. How long a person pauses when writing can be affected by various factors such as age, gender, level of education, cognitive growth, etc. Myhill (2009) believes that with the advancement of age, syntactic complexities are more observable in writing. Also, sentence length and frequency of clauses and variation in clauses tend to increase with older writers. Schilperoord (2002) is among the various scholars who have conducted extensive research in the field of pauses during writing and he believes that this important factor has not received its due attention in English. The number of studies conducted on pauses during writing in Persian is almost non-existing and to the best of the writers’ knowledge, this is one of the pioneering studies in this filed. Johanson (2009) found that the development of writing skill is age dependent and that the overall quality of the written texts by 10-18 years olds was completely different. To collect the required data, 30 high school students were randomly selected; among them 15 females and 15 males, respectively. It should be noted that all the participants were fluent in Persian and also had enough mastery in writing. The students were asked to write a paragraph about students' cheating issue and preventive methods in high schools. To prevent interference and distortion of the results, the participants were balanced in terms of age, gender, level of familiarity with computers and word processor software and also school grade point averages. Then they were randomly divided into three groups based on age. The results indicated that 13 to 18-year-old Persian speakers are different with regards to the duration of writing, number of words used in writing, the duration of pauses, pause patterns and place of pause occurrence as well as text editing while writing a text. In the 13-14 year old group (first group), the average time span for writing was 1671 seconds, average pause duration 936 seconds and the average number of words used was 15. In the second group (15-16 year olds), the average time span for writing was 1800 seconds, average pause duration 973 seconds and the average number of words used was 227. Finally for the last group (17-18 year olds), the average time span for writing was 2413 seconds, average pause duration 1057 seconds and the average number of words used was 331. The t-test results indicate that there is a significant difference between the first (13-14 year olds) and third (17-18 year olds) groups as regards to the average time span for writing, average pause duration and the average number of words used. No significant difference was seen between the first and second groups. The results also indicate that the first group made 460, second group 697, and the third group 1530 corrections on the texts respectively. The t-test results reveal a significant difference among all three groups. The t-test results reveal no significant difference between pause duration and correction pauses between the second and third group; however, a significant difference was observed between the first and third group.
Conclusion and Based on the obtained results, the following conclusions can be made: 1. older participants took longer to write their texts 2. the pause duration increased with age. 3. the number of words per text increased with age. 4. with the advancement of age, the number of overall used characters and edited characters increased. 5. at the word level, with the advancement of age, the number and duration of pauses decreased; however, the results were vice versa which revealed an increase at the sentence and clause level

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that pause as a prosodic (phonological) phenomenon¡ is not dependent on syntax¡ nor is it one of the byproducts thereof¡ as claimed in generative phonology. In order to argue for the recourse of syntax to the pause and reorganization of speech to be complete and significant¡ the author draws on a language heritage provided by grammarians¡ interpretation specialists and purists¡ on the one hand¡ and a linguistic heritage undermined by the predominant theories in the linguistic landscape. The paper focuses on two phenomena: the role of pause in disambiguating syntactic chunks¡ and as a catalyst for establishing syntactic structures. Prosodic phonological theory has been adopted in this regard¡ as it has been developed within the generative paradigm.
The paper concludes that pause is a structuring and guiding component of speech. Hence¡ it is not a superficial phenomenon¡ rather a catalyst for establishing speech¡ on equal footing with syntax in this regard. The dominating status of syntax seems less valid¡ overshadowed by the synergy of the components of grammar (phonology¡ morphology¡ syntax¡ semantics and pragmatics) to produce speech chunks that ensure and preserve communication.

In western linguistics, ‘juncture’ is a technical term in phonetics which has its roots in American structuralism. Besides phonetics, the term is especially important in the areas of speech perception in psycholinguistics, text to speech conversion, and speech recognition in computational linguistics. In Persian phonetics and phonology, the equivalent chosen for the term ‘juncture’ has led to the misconception that it is equal to ‘pause’. This article is a review of some influential works in western linguistics, with the purpose of determining the exact meaning of the term ‘juncture’ and the phonetic features that are discussed under the title of juncture. It is argued that the chosen equivalent in Persian is not appropriate, as it implies the meaning of ‘pause’ and this is not the intended meaning of juncture in western linguistics. Showing a number of phonetic features that mark the boundaries of grammatical units in Persian, the equivalent of ‘boundary’ is suggested as a replacement.

Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, is considered to be the most impressive account of an African culture being affected by European culture. The novel was written to provide an authentic account of African culture and to portray the detrimental effect of the Europeans’ arrival on the invaded lands. Drawing on Gerard Genette’s theory of narrative, we attempted to discover the story/text discrepancies of the novel. Given that Genette mostly concentrated on the level of text, this study would additionally benefit from Seymour Chatman’s theory on narrative. In unearthing the difference of the plotted course of events from their actual route, we gave special attention to the narrative time and its manifestation in the level of text. We particularly answered to this question that how Achebe brings narrative time at his disposal to fulfill his divergent intention in the two parts of the novel. In so doing, Genette’s definition of narrative time, embracing three elements of order, duration, and frequency, as well as Chatman’s definition of the building blocks of story is provided. The researchers, then, magnified the function of narrative time throughout the novel. The result of this study not only demonstrated the want of story in the first part of the novel, but also revealed how Achebe’s different intentions necessitated dissimilar duration and order of presentation of incidents in the two halves of the novel. It should be mentioned that no discrepancy was observed between the level of story and text in terms of frequency.

This research is the result of a thourough reading of distichs of Khaghani and Sanaee's sonnets. After an introduction about definition of pause and its history among prosodies, the relation of pause and poetryis touched on. By presenting some graphs, the use of this poetic option is compared and contrasted in the sonnets of these two outstanding poets. Upon analysing the data, at the end we came to the conclusion that, with the evolution of prosody of Persian poetry, rate of application of pause in khaghani's sonnets is less than sanaee's and because of this khaghani's sonnets has more phonetic and musical values.

The effects of prosodic cues on disambiguating Persian ambiguous expressions were examined in a production and perception experiment. Two types of ambiguous strings were studied. Expressions Type 1 were phonologically ambiguous three-syllable strings which would yield a one-word reading if the lexical boundary would fall at the end of the whole string، and a two-word reading if the boundary would fall after the first syllable. Expressions Type 2 were syntactically ambiguous noun phrases allowing two different interpretations based on the position of the intermediate syntactic boundary. Three quantifiable phonetic properties of prosody، namely F0، syllable and word duration and pause duration were measured and compared across the two readings of the target expressions. Results of the production experiment showed that speakers significantly altered their production of the utterances by varying all three prosodic cues in ways consistent with the intended instruction. Results of the perception experiment، however، showed that F0 excursions provided a more reliable perceptual cue to disambiguation in Persian than durational cues.

Speech has both segmental and suprasegmental features. Suprasegmental features are more important in speech since without them speech becomes mechanical and machine-like. Suprasegmental features include stress, intonation, juncture, pause and the like. Among these phenomena, pause is the one that has received less attention because most people equate it with juncture and use the two terms interchangeably. The present research was designed to examine the acoustic correlate, position and frequency of pause in terms of sociolinguistics variables. Data were collected from formal and informal speech styles and analyzed with the help of Praat software.

This article investigates pause, start, their ramifications and their place in syntax. This is done by probing the views expressed by the reciters and syntacticians whi have specified and justified proper locations for pause. Their reasons and justifications mainly have to do with rules of syntax and morphology, suggesting that respecting the location of pause and start requires a good knowledge of syntax and correct recitation. For example, Al Nahhas has quoted Ibn-e-Jahid as saying “only a syntactician who knows correct recitation and is aware of the language and content of the Quran can pause and start at the right place. The article then consider the difference among the early scholars about the kinds and names of pauses. These differences reveal themselves only in the chronological order mentioned for the pauses. The idea behind the divisions is not clear and the books in this area do not agree with each other about the basis for specifying types of pauses. For locations suitable to the present discussion are defined and elaborated on: full pause, sufficient pause, appropriate pause, and rhetorical pause. The article conclude that pause and start depends on syntax and morphology and various, sometimes opposing, rules and standards govern pause and start and their types.