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Ṣaḥīfa Sajjādīya is one of the most prominent and valuable prayer works that has a profound spiritual, psychological, and educational impact on its readers. The importance and position of this valuable book necessitate attention to its accurate translation and critique of the translations carried out so that the best translations can be identified and introduced to readers for better understanding of its lofty concepts. Therefore, in the present study, the translation of this book has been examined based on a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on Newmark's theory, in two components of transfer and indigenization. The results indicated that Ayati and Balaghi have had the highest level of transfer, while Fayḍul Islam has utilized the transfer process to a lesser extent. The highest level of indigenization is observed in Balaghi's translation, and the lowest in Fayḍul Islam's translation. The results of these two analyses also show that Ayati and Balaghi have used the highest level of transfer and indigenization, while Fayḍul Islam has the lowest level of transfer and indigenization, making Fayḍul Islam's translation more appropriate. The types of indigenization strategies employed by translators in translating Ṣaḥīfa Sajjādīya include: 1. Converting the rounded "Tāʼ" to an extended "Tāʼ"; 2. Adding a Persian plural marker to an Arabic word; 3. Using other derivatives of Arabic words; 4. Reversing the order of the noun and adjective; 5. Adding a Persian suffix to an Arabic word; 6. Converting the plural form of a word to singular; 7. Using a different form of the plural word; 8. Removing Arabic diacritics from the word; 9. Converting the rounded "Tāʼ" to "Hā" in Persian, and 10. Constructing a compound Persian verb using the root of an Arabic verb.

The present research studies a process involved in the rise of the Persian discourse marker “ya’ni” (meaning that) in the framework of discourse grammar (Kaltenbock et al, 2011) and based on Heine’s approach (2013). Heine believes that the process leading to the rise of discourse markers is pragmaticalization. To him, a process called co-optation is the central mechanism involved in pragmaticalization, and he considers pragmaticalization and grammaticalization as distinct processes. Through co-optation a linguistic unit is transferred from sentence grammar to thetical grammar, acquires new semantic functions based on the complicated network of situation of discourse, and changes to a discourse marker. To carry out the present study based on Heine’s approach as its analytical framework, diachronic data in Persian were collected from the 4th to 14th Hijri centuries by choosing two typical books from each century. Then, all the occurrences of “ya’ni” in those books were manually identified and analyzed. The present diachronic study of “ya’ni” in Persian confirms Heine’s framework, and it shows a growing number of theticals as time passes. In addition, it was verified that the process which plays a role in the development of “ya’ni” is not grammaticalization, but pragmaticalization in center of which there is co-optation.

Sufi narratives are ever susceptive to psychoanalytic studies per the extent of their detailed experiences and also their main function, which is to incite a kind of “mystical experience” in the reader. Accordingly, the present study attempts to introduce a novel classification of these narratives in line with the psychoanalytic concept of “transference”. In this classification, the selection of Sufi narratives and the anecdotes of Asrār-al-Tawḥid in particular, are regarded as a macro-narrative that depicts the process of psychotherapy with a focus on the concept of transference. Each micro-narrative could be categorized under one of the stages involved within the process. In this point of view, the function of most of the anecdotal narratives (Taḍkiras) is apt to be seen as corresponding to one or a number of these stages. In effect, the reader of a single text encounters all these stages in different ways, albeit in a non-linear process, by the end of the reading. These stages, defined by reference to Freudʼs views and his structuralist follower, Lacan's, are listed as: 1) establishing the subject supposed to know, 2) resistance/denial, 3) the random object of the sign, and 4) mission. Yet, the choice of Asrār al-Tawḥid in this case study has been due to several reasons, including the inclusion of morer diverse narratives than other anecdotal narratives as well as the profound impact of this text on the later Sufi narratives.

Differences in languages are one of the basic human problems that are considered as an obstacle for human beings to communicate with each other and one of the main and safe ways to overcome this obstacle is to use translation. Newmark, one of the contemporary theorists, divides cultural elements into five categories that the translator must know in order to properly transfer the cultural burden of the source language to the target language, and he has tried to provide suitable solutions for translators by proposing 17 ways to translate these elements. In this regard, the authors of the article decided to highlight the role of one of these cultural elements called the cultural element "ecology" based on the Newmark theoretical framework using a descriptive-analytical method to be determined which methods have Iranian translators used the most in translating this element in their translations, and to what extent they have been successful in translating it correctly into the target language?

Rereading and recreating literary texts enables intertextual conversation and also transferring and enriching the concepts and themes. Furthermore, it contributes to the creation of the works closer to the taste of contemporaneous audience. Literary works adaption has always been viewed as a resource to create new art and literary works. Reza Ghasemi, a contemporary author and playwright. Has applied Persian literary potentials in his plays. Some of his plays were adapted from traditional Persian literature while some there ones were taken from dramatic and modern works. Embedded in Deborah's theory, this paper is to closer some adaption techniques in Ghasemi's plays considering reflection, review, recreation and emphasis. For this purpose, five plays were selected of the most important based on adaption. A close analysis of Ghasemi's plays illustrates that those plays written in Iran rereads traditional texts of Persian literature while two written plays outside of Iran are being adapted from modern plays and stories. Such plays as “ Zahak became king over the world”, “ Mahan Koshyar” and “ the dilemma of the architect Mahyar” are taken from the Zhak by the Ferdowsi and Seven Beauty of Nizami Ganjavi respectively. Likewise, “ it's your turn Mercutio” and the portrait(Temsal) are two plays adopted from several modern texts. Those plays adopted from Persian classical literature are mostly reflecting, rereading and transferring concepts in their genres. Enjoying new plot and characterization in a different setting, his modern plays are of recreating trait in spite of transferring and interpreting concepts in source texts. In both texts, Ghasemi tries to converse with his predecessors and contemporaries and with the audience of his texts simultaneously.

Looking for a lexical or grammatical equivalence is a mental process which occurs in different layers of the mind. For the novice translator، who has not gained much experience، looking for equivalences and translation occurs in the first mental layer. Influenced by the translation of old texts، the novice translator learns to write down the meaning of every word under it. He is afraid of carefully delving into the meaning of the words، and writing down the different equivalences that come into his mind. This article seeks to find some methods and approaches to translate a text fluently while maintaining accuracy. The goal of this paper is to wipe out the complexities and uncertainties that formerly overrode the translated texts so that the readers of the translation experience the same joy and entertainment that the readers of the original text experience. The overall objective of the suggested methods for finding equivalents is to decrease the dominance of the original text over the reader to the least possible degree.