جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « انتقال » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

A unilateral promise in this article is a statement made by a person with the intention to be legally bound to do or refuse to do something or transfer property to another. Is such a promise binding without acceptance or not? There is still disagreement between jurists in European countries as well as Iranian jurists. Obviously, the concept of a unilateral promise communicated to the addressee is different from the contract and pre-contract negotiations. Because the promisor performs this act with the intention of fulfilling a legal obligation and creating trust and confidence, it will have legal effect. This legal act can only be justified in the form of an Iqa’ (Unilateral act). Iqa’ as a general theory and in the light of the rule of will, and according to narrations and verses, has an unlimited scope and includes a unilateral promise. Therefore, the will itself is the criterion as a source of commitment, whether it comes from a promise or not. So that the source and requirement of duty arise from the promise in the voluntary act, and the law also protects. The law protects any legal act by specifying it and even by not obstructing or by remaining silent if it is not contrary to public order and good morals. It seems that Article 10 of the Iran Civil Code, which is enacted in the case of contracts, is not specific but rather overriding and can include any legal action, including a unilateral promise as an Iqa’.

October 7, 2023, marked a significant turning point that not only disrupted regional dynamics and agreements but also once again brought the longstanding Israeli-Palestinian conflict to the forefront of global attention and legal discourse. Following an attack by the Hamas group, the Israeli occupying and apartheid regime launched a massive and unprecedented assault on Gaza.
When considering the right to use force in accordance with jus ad bellum, it is important to recognize that occupation is intended to be a temporary and transitional circumstance. Occupying territory during times of war does not strip the occupied government of its national sovereignty, nor does it confer national sovereignty upon the occupying forces. Furthermore, prolonging the occupation does not legitimize the act of occupation. It is on these grounds that international law does not recognize actions that seek to make an occupation permanent.
The International Court of Justice, in its advisory opinion on the construction of a barrier wall by the Zionist regime in the occupied territories, affirmed that member states of the Fourth Geneva Convention are obligated to not recognize the illegal situation created by the occupation, including the construction of the barrier wall, and to abstain from providing any assistance in its construction. Under the provisions of the four Geneva Conventions, the humanitarian rights of individuals in occupied territories are to be upheld, regardless of whether the occupation is met with armed resistance or not.
The guiding principle of occupation law is to safeguard the sovereignty of the occupied government and protect the security and rights of the inhabitants of the occupied areas. The post-World War II world order, founded on the United Nations Charter, emphasizes the prohibition of using military force and upholding the territorial integrity and political independence of nations, thereby deeming occupation a form of territorial aggression. Humanitarian law underscores the temporary nature of military occupation and prohibits any actions that seek to alter the demographic composition of occupied regions.
While it is possible to establish occupation without resorting to ethnic cleansing and to occupy uninhabited land, ethnic cleansing serves as a clear indicator of the occupier's intent to perpetuate and institutionalize the occupation, with the aim of supplanting the original inhabitants and establishing their own rule. Ethnic cleansing, while not explicitly listed as a standalone crime under international law, aligns with the broader category of forced population transfer and deportation, both of which constitute international crimes.
The occupied state of Palestine serves as a poignant example of the repercussions of such war crimes, particularly in terms of violating the fundamental right of a people to determine their own destiny, safeguarding against the enduring impacts of prolonged occupation, and preventing actions that seek to entrench the occupation's longevity.
Expulsion entails the removal of individuals from one country to another, whereas forced population transfer involves the displacement of civilians within a country's borders, without necessitating their crossing into another nation. While deportation is explicitly defined in the statutes of international criminal tribunals, forced population transfer has been expressly codified in the Rome Statute, under the broader category of "other inhumane acts".
In conclusion, the perpetuation of occupation through actions such as ethnic cleansing, forced population transfer, and deportation not only flouts international law but also undermines fundamental human rights and perpetuates cycles of conflict and injustice. It is imperative for the international community and legal scholars to remain vigilant in upholding the principles of temporary occupation and safeguarding the rights and integrity of occupied populations.
The crime of population eviction comprises two essential elements: coercive behavior leading to forced eviction and displacement of the population. The mandatory element of the crime of deportation involves what is known as "open behavior," where the perpetrator may engage in various acts such as murder, sexual violence, robbery, and torture to carry out the deportation. Coercion in this context does not necessarily involve violent actions; the use of coercive conditions alone is sufficient. In addition to eviction, the destruction of homes and available resources to establish new settlements violates the right to occupation.
In its 2004 advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice explicitly declared Israel's policy of constructing and developing settlements from 1977 onwards as contrary to Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention. This policy was deemed an example of the illegal transfer of the population to occupied territories, a blatant violation of international law. The transfer of settlers to illegal settlements is considered a criminal act, similar to the settlements themselves, as it is typically done voluntarily and with the complete consent of the settlers. Thus, accountability falls upon the settlers themselves, a responsibility that is often forgotten.
The Rome Statute, like the Geneva Convention, considers voluntary transfer as part of the crime, aiming to protect the population of the occupied territories rather than the transplanted individuals. Even in cases where settlers voluntarily move to occupied areas with various motivations, individual criminal responsibility may still apply. This aspect sheds light on unexplored facets of occupation rights, challenging the common notion that population transfer is solely a state crime attributable to the occupying government's actions.
Some argue that ordinary individuals settling in occupied areas without governmental support should not be held accountable, as voluntary settlement may not always be malicious. However, according to experts such as "Dinstein," an Israeli authority on humanitarian law, voluntary settlement can still pose legal implications if done in coordination with occupation forces or through organized efforts.
The research herein analyzes the settlement actions of the Zionist regime in Palestinian occupied territories and the influx of Jewish settlers into these regions. The study concludes that Israeli settlement constructions, necessitating ethnic cleansing of the occupied areas, constitute criminal behavior, alongside the resettlement of settlers within these territories. Settlement involves the acquisition of land and property from original non-resident inhabitants, an act constituting war crimes and significant violations of humanitarian rights, punishable under the Rome Statute.
Voluntary settlement, being a form of population transfer, carries criminal responsibility for the settlers involved. Thus, under international criminal law, the construction of Israeli settlements and the relocation of settlers to occupied territories, achieved through ethnic cleansing and forced displacement of native Palestinians, are deemed war crimes for which both settlers and those facilitating or encouraging such acts are held accountable.

Groundwater management is of great importance for the sustainability of water services. Many approaches have been used for groundwater management. So far there has been no study conducted on the anti-fragility of the social-ecological system (SES) of groundwater. System anti-fragility refers to the process by which the system likes internal and external dynamics and events because it benefits from disruptions and improves its services. The aim of the present research is therefore to provide a conceptual framework for the social-ecological management of groundwater. The research method is as follows: First, the socio-ecological system of groundwater and fragility protection was defined based on the existing principles. The two models of Talib's anti-fragility and social ecology were then linked using the transfer concept. The results of the discussion on the relationship between the two models highlighted the weaknesses associated with the lack of accurate disclosure of the anti-fragility redundancy of groundwater to disturbances. Finally, an antifragile adaptive social-ecological model was constructed with one goal, three species, and three stages in the groundwater system. The purpose includes: eliminating the negative effects of disturbances and risks in the groundwater system, including methods; The energy transfer, function transfer, and element design steps included: (i) determining the effects of the disturbance rather than the disturbance and the risks themselves, (ii) formulating a transfer policy, and (iii) implementing the policy. This article not only expands the literature on groundwater management but also provides an appropriate framework for policymakers and water managers and can be helpful in groundwater planning and management.

The purpose of this study was to develop a model for the transition of Iranian Olympic athletes from sports profession to social life. The method of this research was qualitative research with grounded theory approach. Data were collected using interviews and document review. After conducting 19 deep and semi-structured interviews with people with experience and rich experience in the field of Iranian Olympic sports, including managers, coaches, prominent athletes and sports scientists, the main categories were extracted after completing the coding process. Purposive and snowball sampling was done until theoretical saturation. After completing the findings, the background model was designed based on the systematic model of Strauss and Corbin (1994). Data analysis in three steps: open, axial and selective coding was achieved by using MAXQDA software. In the process of open coding, categories including causal factors, contextual factors, interfering factors, actions and strategies and consequences of the main category of research were extracted; Then, in the axial coding stage, the link between these categories under the headings of causal conditions (organizational capabilities of the country's sports, the athlete, information system, the level of support for the athlete, environment), contextual factors , intervening factors (athlete abilities and challenges of championship sport), effective strategies and consequences of applying strategies were determined in the form of coding paradigm; Then, in the selective coding phases, each component of the coding paradigm described, the line depicts, and the theory was created; Finally, the judgment propositions and strategic hypotheses of the research were formulated.

A proper educational approach with a solid theoretical foundation is essential for learning sports skills. This study aimed to determine the effect of a differential education approach external and internal attention instructions on indoor football shoot learning and transfer. The present study was conducted with a quasi-experimental strategy, sequential design, and available sampling. The number of samples in the present study was 24, randomly divided into three groups. First, all participants were pre-tested using the indoor football shoot test. Then, according to the relevant instructions, individuals randomly performed their exercises in each group for 12 weeks, two sessions per week and 20 minutes per session. After 12 weeks, the immediate retention test was taken immediately after the exercises. The delayed retention and transfer were taken one week after the end of the exercise using the shooting skill test. A one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze the data in SPSS software version 23 with a significance level of 0.05. There was a significant difference between differential training methods with external attention instruction, differential training with internal attention instruction and differential without instruction with attention methods on motor learning and transfer in indoor football shooting skills. This study showed the effectiveness of the differential learning approach with external attention instructions on retention and transfer of indoor football shoot skills. Research results can be used in order to design exercises for learning motor skills better and more effectively.

Numerous works and principles can be extracted from the concept of contract. The principle of binding implies that the parties implement what they have undertaken. Therefore, the possibility of transferring obligations from one of the contracting parties to another seems contrary to the principle. Therefore, the consent of the other party is a necessary condition. On the other hand, some people believe that the contract has a kind of economic tax and, like other property, it can be transferred. On this basis, jurists use a term called contract transfer, which is common in Iranian and French law, many aspects of which remain unknown. The authors of this article in this research with a descriptive-analytical method, considering the recent amendments to French law, examine the legal nature of contract transfer, try to fill the gaps in Iranian law in this field by providing the necessary proposals and On the other hand, explain the need for effective identification of this legal entity

Ṣaḥīfa Sajjādīya is one of the most prominent and valuable prayer works that has a profound spiritual, psychological, and educational impact on its readers. The importance and position of this valuable book necessitate attention to its accurate translation and critique of the translations carried out so that the best translations can be identified and introduced to readers for better understanding of its lofty concepts. Therefore, in the present study, the translation of this book has been examined based on a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on Newmark's theory, in two components of transfer and indigenization. The results indicated that Ayati and Balaghi have had the highest level of transfer, while Fayḍul Islam has utilized the transfer process to a lesser extent. The highest level of indigenization is observed in Balaghi's translation, and the lowest in Fayḍul Islam's translation. The results of these two analyses also show that Ayati and Balaghi have used the highest level of transfer and indigenization, while Fayḍul Islam has the lowest level of transfer and indigenization, making Fayḍul Islam's translation more appropriate. The types of indigenization strategies employed by translators in translating Ṣaḥīfa Sajjādīya include: 1. Converting the rounded "Tāʼ" to an extended "Tāʼ"; 2. Adding a Persian plural marker to an Arabic word; 3. Using other derivatives of Arabic words; 4. Reversing the order of the noun and adjective; 5. Adding a Persian suffix to an Arabic word; 6. Converting the plural form of a word to singular; 7. Using a different form of the plural word; 8. Removing Arabic diacritics from the word; 9. Converting the rounded "Tāʼ" to "Hā" in Persian, and 10. Constructing a compound Persian verb using the root of an Arabic verb.

Some Faqih (jurists), while questioning ownership over portrayals of intangible property, have faced problems with the circumscription of propriety rights such as possessing potential and incremental profit, which is one of the most relevantly evident examples of proprietorship. This dispute is due to the state of this transaction interest being non-existent and non-realized at the time of contract settlement, especially in contracts whose subject is profitable interest and not something that is considered a portable or an unportable property, assuming that what is transferred and agreed upon is neither tangible nor objectively assessable. In response to criticisms and demands, experts have presented several hypotheses, opinions and reputable verdicts for which its collective context is known as “Theories of the Feasibility of Ownership and Interest Transference” as most of the statements in this topic are articulated around the ability to portray such proprietorship, or contrarily, the intellectual impossibility of defining it. The most prominently proposed views of a general category are: the theory of creditworthiness of interests, theory of independent and dependent ownership, latest realization of the theory of subordinated ownership and the theory of detaching transference from property while suspending profitable proprietorship. This paper will provide the preliminaries to scientifically examine and interpret these theories, and finally, presents incorporeal interest of various trades to be an explicated and well-established theory in accordance with the verses of the Holy Qur’an.

The transferability of certificates of priority right to use housing facilities is worthy of attention both from a jurisprudential and legal point of view. The description of the problem depends on the explanation of the purchase and sale of loan franchises and facilities; Because what is really being transferred is the royalties, otherwise the mere use of these papers, by itself, is worthless. The purpose of this article is to study the legal jurisprudence of the transfer of certificates of priority right to use housing facilities. This research is of a theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library-based and was done by referring to documents, books and articles.Ethical Considerations: In this research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been respected. The discussion of the transfer of the certificate of priority right to use housing facilities depends on the explanation of the feasibility of buying and selling the right. according to the central bank's circular, the transfer of housing priority right certificates is unimpeded if it is subject to the relevant laws.

Transition means the changes, adjustments and experiences of density that are created in the life of each person by going from one environment to another. Examining the career path, entrepreneurship and decent work for empowering individuals with visual impairment is of particular importance. This research aims to investigate the transition with emphasis on strengthening competencies and skills, the changes necessary to go through the stages of transition and career development, developing the career path, training for transition and autonomy, preparing individuals for job search, entrepreneurship in order to support empowerment and decent work for individuals with visual impairment were performed. The present research method was descriptive and review type. Articles, theses and books available in reliable scientific databases from 2000 to 2023 were used to collect information. Conclusion Transitions for students with visual impairment should serve as an essential support system in the classroom to identify and fill gaps in the transition from education to the labor market. The changes required to go through the stages of transition and career development include the need to facilitate experiential and applied learning, develop alternative skills, and learn how to access information. Customized employment is an important strategy to support individuals with visual impairment in finding suitable employment. All human beings deserve to have a decent job. Therefore, a systematic, targeted, planned and suitable career guidance and counseling should be designed for individuals with visual impairment.

 The purpose of this work was to identify the effective factors in transition of football players from the amateur to the professional level in Iran.

 The research method was qualitative and based on the foundation data theory. Data analysis was done according to Glazer (1992). The population consisted of football experts (professional coaches, managers of the football federation of Iran, organizations of sports and youth, professional clubs and sport and physical education academies). The participants were interviewed, and the interviews stopped when we reached repetitive answers. In order to collect information in the first stage, the literature was reviewed. Then semi-structured interviews were done, which was carried out online because of pandemic. Validity, reliability, acceptability, transferability, and approvability were measured.

 The data analysis identified 245 primary codes. Then 120 primary independent code were created, and 20 sub-categories and 4 main categories (technical, academic and talent identification, and organizational and human resource factors) were identified as the factors affecting factors on transferring football players from the amateur to the professional level in Iran.

 According to the findings, we recognized management factors including the development of technical and sports factors, supervision of football academies and schools, and the issue of talent acquisition, the review of relevant sports organizations and finally the empowerment of human resources in the field of football and also key tools to face with challenges of transition process. This, is turn, can facilitate transferring the young amateur players to the professional levels.

 How Iranians were influenced by the Ottoman constitution has always been one of the challenging topics. Some authors have denied this issue and others have spoken about the influence of the Ottoman constitution on Iran's constitutionalism as if the Ottomans were the creators of Iran's constitution. The main problem of the author in this research is to know the nature and dimensions of Iranian influence on the Ottoman constitution. The findings of the research show that Iranian intellectuals interacted with the Western world, India, as well as the constitutionalism of Russia and Japan, along with the Ottoman Empire, and they were familiar with the constitution and the concept of the modern state. Even before the Ottoman constitution, they realized the necessity of reforms in their governance system; Therefore, Iran's constitution was an endogenous and original matter and it cannot be considered as an imitation or subject of Ottoman rule.The only exception was that the Ottoman constitutionalism happened earlier than Iran due to the neighborhood and the influence of the West, and the number of Iranians residing in the Ottoman Empire who were affected by it was more than the Iranians of other countries. Iranian intellectuals are also trying to adapt constitutional laws to religion; They needed Ottoman experience. These three issues, discussed in this research , caused Iran's constitution to be formally influenced by the Ottoman Empire

Immaterial  properties are assets that do not exist externally but are recognized by society and recognized by law. According to one view, all objective rights (such as easement), the right to do business, goodwill, and intellectual property rights (intellectual property, literary, artistic, industrial, and cultural heritage) are among the immaterial properties. In Iranian law, the ownership of this properties is recognized. Relying on general legal provisions, the transfer of immaterial  properties cannot be considered a sale and, as a rule, the transfer of immaterial properties is done in the form of Article 10 of the Civil Code and indefinite contracts; unless the Civil Law is amended, or the jurisprudence, as a unified procedure, approves the attachment of the transfer of this property to the sale, or the laws that have been approved later, recognize the transfer of the cases of this property as a sale. In the amendment bill of the Trade Law approved in 1968 and the Securities Market Law approved in 2005, the words "buy and sell" have been used repeatedly, and it seems that the legislator has been identified the share sale of companies, which is one of the examples of immaterial and non-intellectual properties. The sale of key-money is a "transfer" in the Landlord-Tenant Relations Law of 1977, but in the practice of trade and even lawyers, everyone talks about the sale of key-money. Typically, the key-money transfer documents of shops and stores refer to its sale instead of renting or transferring interest and key-money. But in the case of the right to acquire or profession or trade, despite the fact that the custom of buying and selling this property is clear, in terms of the contradiction of the society's perception with the explicit ruling of Article 338 of the Civil Code, it is still not possible to consider Iran's rights as surrendered as a definite custom of the society.

During recent decades, Iran and Turkmenistan have become reliable neighbours. But when these two countries want to develop their cooperation in the field of energy and export their gas to Europe through Turkey, they face different obstacles and challenges in issues such as bilateral relations, the Turkish energy market and the European Union. The purpose of this research is to examine the situation of Iran and Turkmenistan in the field of energy and the issue of gas transit to Europe through Turkey.Research Question: The main question is, what are the opportunities and challenges of Turkmenistan gas transit from Iran and Turkey to Europe?

The hypothesis of this research is based on the positive relations between Turkey, Iran and Turkmenistan and the geopolitical position of Iran, the connection with the opportunities and sanctions of the United States on Iran's energy sector, Russia's pressure on Turkmenistan for the exclusive purchase of gas, which is the most important challenge for the transit of gas from Turkmenistan to Europe.

In this paper, the qualitative research method for studying the hypothesis is based on Peter McLaughlin’s functional explanation. The data collection tool is based on library and internet resources. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the regional system proposed by Louis Cantori and Steven Spiegel. By combining this framework with functionalism, it examines the cooperation and competition of governments and analyzes the factors of convergence and divergence in the relations of these countries.

The analysis of this research shows that Iran and Turkmenistan have expanded their economic relations. The opening of the Mashhad-Sarkhs-Tajan railway lines and the Bafaq-Bandar Abbas railway line is considered as an important economic measure for the development of economic and trade relations between Iran and Turkmenistan. Also, the cooperation of the two countries in technical and engineering projects with numerous investments of Iranian technicians in this field has also been important.  Iran and Turkmenistan pursue their economic cooperation within the framework of the Joint Economic Commission. The main export of goods from Iran is related to Turkmenistan, and since 2013, the volume of trade between the two countries has increased, especially with Khorasan Razavi Province.With 5900 industrial units, 46 mineral resources and approximately 800 mines, Khorasan Razavi province has a high rank in the production of products such as saffron, pistachios, pomegranates and medicinal plants and mainly exports these products to Turkmenistan. The implementation of the border-crossing-permit plan between Iran and Turkmenistan has also provided the basis for the movement of nationals of both countries in the border areas.Turkmenistan’s gas reserves are scattered throughout the country. In addition to the huge gas resources and significant production in this country, the discovery of Yultan gas field near Iran's Daulatabad field has put Turkmenistan in the focus of Iran's attention. The desire of Iran and Turkmenistan to cooperate made Turkmenistan agree to the construction of the country's first pipeline in July 1995. The Kerpcheh-Kordkoy pipeline was built in 1997 at a cost of over $200 million to transport gas to northern Iran from the Kerpcheh gas field. With abundant gas resources, Turkmenistan negotiated with Iran to export gas from Iran to Europe via Turkey. Due to its geopolitical position, Turkey has become an energy pole and this has created an opportunity for this country to gain more economic benefits. The European Union (EU) has become heavily dependent on foreign energy resources in recent decades.Due to its geopolitical position, Turkey has become an energy hub that connects the Middle East, Russia and Europe. Many gas pipelines pass through Turkey, transporting gas from Central Asia and the Middle East to Europe. However, some of these pipeline projects have been suspended for some time. Turkey has given the green light to Iran’s presence in the Turkish gas market (to Europe) and the Tabriz–Ankara pipeline operates in this direction. 

The findings indicate that first, long borders and economic capacities in Turkmenistan are like the gateway for Iran to enter this country and the two countries have cooperated in the field of natural gas transportation projects. Second, Turkmenistan’s rich gas resources and various gas fields led this country to build the first Kerpcheh-Kordkoy gas pipeline with Iran, which met the gas consumption needs of Iran’s northern provinces. Simultaneously with the construction of this pipeline, the issue of Turkmenistan gas transit from Iran to Turkey was raised so that Iran would receive transit rights. With Najmuddin Arbakan coming to power in Turkey in 1997, bilateral relations between Iran and Turkey improved significantly and Turkey's economic growth has led to an increasing need for gas imports. In this regard, Turkey has increased its gas transit pipelines in recent years. Europe's effort to diversify its gas imports from exporting countries and not relying only on Russia has provided the opportunity for Turkey to become the energy hub of the region by importing gas from Iran (and even other countries) and using its geopolitical position to re-export energy and gas to European markets. The improvement of relations between Iran and Turkey and the transit of gas to Europe have strengthened their economic growth, but the US sanctions against Iran and possible obstruction of gas exports by Iran in the case of incresing US pressure, may prevent them from making profits in their bilateral transactions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dominant and non-dominant mental practice on Badminton's backhand short service. A total of 20 girls aged 12-14 years old from the city of Goldasht were selected and purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups. Both training groups trained in 30 sessions, in which 50 performance were made to visualize the skill of the service mentally. In order to compare the two groups, the mixed ANOVA and Bonferron's post hoc test were used.  Comparing the between-group, the results showed that mental practice with dominant hands was not significant in dynamic environment and interactive exercise, but subjective exercise was significantly (P <0.05). No significant results were obtained in the within group comparison, but given the low effectiveness, it seems that the difference between the two groups is very close to meaning. Research findings suggest that coaches and teachers of interactive practice can benefit from less-than-lateral mental practice to improve the performance of their athletes in training sessions.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the role of psychotherapist-patient gender on the transference patterns of cluster B personality disordered patients during their psychodynamic psychotherapy.

Using an expo-facto design, four groups of 20 patients and their psychotherapists were selected through purposive sampling method and Psychotherapy Relationship Questionnaire (PRQ) was completed by the therapists about their patients. The PRQ for the first time translated into Persian language in this research and Chronbach’s Alpha in Iranian patients was computed for its five dimensions. The transference patterns in five categories including: 1-Angry/entitled 2- Anxious/preoccupied 3- Secure/engaged 4- Avoidant/ counter dependent 5-Sexualized were estimated applying the questionnaire. Results were analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Angry/entitled transference revealed as the most common transference among five dimensions, while the Sexualised transference appeared as minimum. The anxious/preoccupied, secure/engaged and avoidant/ counter dependent patterns revealed moderate as well. One-way analysis of variance showed a significant difference for sexualised transference pattern. No significant statistical effect observed on other transferential patterns. Tukey post-hoc test indicated significantly differences with more sexualized transference indices for “male therapist-female patient” and “female therapist - male patient” rather than “male therapist - male patient” and “female therapist - female patient” combination.

Heterogeneous combination such as “female therapist- male patient” and contrariwise conveyed higher sexualised transference extent in the dynamic psychotherapy of cluster B patients rather than homogeneous one. The sexualised transferences in “male therapist-female patient” state was higher than “female therapist- male patient” as well. A robust angry/entitled transferential pattern was evident in the dynamic psychotherapy of cluster B personality disordered patients, while others were uncommon.

The sale of a future property is a transaction in which the property does not yet exist at the time of the contract’s conclusion but will exist in the future. The property may be passing of ownership or an ascertained (i.e. definite and specific) object. This study investigated the latter type, that is, the sale of a future ascertained object. There are two obstacles to the validity of this contract. The first obstacle is the impossibility of ownership of nonexistent. The second obstacle is that this type of sale is uncertain (Bai' al-Gharar). However, from an analytical point of view, neither of the said obstacles can impair the validity of this type of contract because both obstacles can be overcome. In French Civil Code, making commitments concerning a future property is explicitly authorized. In English law, the sale of future property, which is a type of unascertained property, is not known as a transfer, but as an agreement to transfer. In the Iranian legal system, the legislator has not addressed this subject through a general rule. However, belief in the accuracy can be improved through foundations governing the legal system and some sporadic legal texts including Article 842 of the Civil Code. This study is conducted by means of a descriptive-analytical method.