جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « social linguistics » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

The act of apology is one of the most important linguistic elements which is influenced greatly by social and cultural conditions. Regardless of the scale of the society, each person performs the act of apology while using particular interpretations or speech acts with respect to the following factors: age, gender, social status, etc. The present research aims to investigate the methods of expressing apologies in Arabic from the perspective of social linguistics. The study is both qualitative and quantitative. The data collected by Dialogue Completion Test (DCT) consists of 150 Arab native speakers of equally divided genders. The questionnaire consists of ten situations in which each person needs to apologize to the other person during his/her life. Also, it should be noted that the variables of the questionnaire are adaptable with respect to the cultures of each society.Arab native speakers were asked to carefully read the questionnaire and imagine themselves in various situations so that they select one or more propositions as their reaction to the situations. The first situation put the person in a moment when he/she has not been able to participate in an invited meeting or party. The frequent responses provided by the participants in such situations have been the profuse act of apology along with persistent justification while requesting the comprehension of the justification and forgiveness from the other side. The second situation puts a person in a moment when he/she is rejecting his friend’s request of borrowing a car by lying that the car is broken but the friend sees through the lie and the person needs to apologize for it. The most frequent form of apologizing for this situation has been the insistent justification. In the third situation, a person imagines that he/she has borrowed a book from his/her friend but the book is torn apart out of carelessness. In this situation, the person has accepted the mistake and proposed compensation. In the next situation, the person has eaten an afternoon brunch to later understand the fact that it belonged to another member of the family. Justification has been the most frequent reaction in this situation. The fifth situation pictures a scene in which a person has arrived late for a meeting with his friend and has put his friend into a long waiting. The most frequent response for such situations has been the profuse act of apology along with justification. In the sixth situation, a person imagines a moment in which one of his/her friends or a member of his/her family asks him/her to buy something but he/she mistakenly buys something else. As such, his/her friend suffers from a loss of money. Simple apologizing, accepting the mistake, and offering compensation for the loss of money have been the most frequent forms of apologizing in such a situation. In the seventh situation, the person imagines having forgotten his/her brother or sister’s birthday while other members of the family have bought a present for the brother or sister. In this case, the brother or sister is really angry over this mistake and the person needs to apologize to the brother or sister. The most frequent expression of apology used in this situation has been to profusely apologize and justify the reason for forgetting the date of the birthday. The eighth situation is the moment when a person is sitting in a ceremony backbiting another while the other person appears and hears the backbiting; therefore, the one who has backbitten needs to apologize to the other person. Again, the most frequent form of apology used in this situation has been to profusely apologize and justify the reason for backbiting. The ninth situation imagines a person who unwittingly hit a valuable vase and causes it to break. Along the same line, the most frequent form of apology used in this situation has been to profusely apologize and bring justification for it. Finally, in the tenth situation, two friends or colleagues are in the middle of a big fight when one loses the end of the rope and says unpleasant words to the other person without any ulterior motive; though the person gets regretful and tries to apologize to the other person. The most frequent form of apology used in this situation has been to profusely apologize to the other person while bringing justification and taking responsibility for the impolite act.Analysis of the results shows that Arab native speakers combine methods when they need to apologize in various situations. For example, they combine keeping their respect and friendships with another person while decreasing the created anger and fury. Moreover, they tend to use verbal apologies which are also more found among women. Women are also more like to justify their mistakes and take responsibility for their actions, though this needs to be noted that men have openly criticized the other side or defied any sort of responsibility over the action which shows their tendency toward power, dominancy, and the maintenance of social status.

Gender is one of the most important topics in the sociology of language. Many linguists and sociologists do not believe that there are differences between the speech of women and men. One of the literary categories that receives the most influence from the linguistic elements of gender is fiction literature. In this research, the linguistic differences of the male and female characters , in the novels of Shovhar Ahookhonum  and Soushon (1940s) and Nimeh Ghayeb in Bammad Khomar (1970s) are considered by the following elements: color words, swear words, intensifiers, modifiers, proverbs, polite language, supplementary questions, unfinished sentences, and apologies. The novels of different eras were selected, in addition to the analysis of linguistic differences, the speech type of the characters in different genres will be compared. In order to answer the question, "Can you find a difference in the language of sexuality in the novels of the 1940s compared to the novels of the 70s?" First, the components were extracted from the novels, then they were analyzed by taking statistics and frequency and drawing a table. The findings of the research show that there are similarities between the gender of novels of one decade and differences between novels of twenty. The two basic differences in the novels used are swear words.

The social changes of today's society have led to the emergence of some linguistic phenomena, such as Jargon, which is more commonly used among younger generation and downstream of the community. A language that has converted into a mode of speech aimed to differentiate itself from others, used to protect the secrets of its profession or group from other classes. But the Jargons, as an emerging phenomenon have attracted the attention, also prompted the concerns of linguists and sociologists due to the lack of understanding of the words of the younger generation. The method of study is a library methodology, in which researchers attempt to discuss complex aspects of this linguistic diversity by describing the phenomenon of Jargon and also studying its differences with slang, and especially the Russian language. It is assumed that the jargon has its own language system, which undergoes transformation, and is a dynamic and evolving category. Jargon and slang are two distinct language variations with different functions that become obsolete and are rebuilt over time.

Ghada al-Samman is an Arab poet and writer who reacted in her poetry against the wrong beliefs and ideologies of community. This study aims to use Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis to reflect on the most important issues of Arab community in Ghada al- Samman's poems, explaining the relationship between poetry (as a text) and society at three levels: description, interpretation, and explanation. It was found that women and homeland are two of the most prominent issues of Al-Saman’s poems. They are depicted with a critical look at the history and cultural context. In his poem collection, Al- Samman tries to address the most important problems of women, the male-dominated culture of society, and the everlasting wars in Arab world and its effects on people's lives by taking a ridiculous and critical approach. Protesting on the political and social conditions of society, the critical look at the status of women and the cultural context of the society about women are two of the most important issues of al-Saman's poems. This study aimed to answer two questions: What are the most important social issues raised in Ghada Al-Samman's poems based on Norman Fairclough's theory? How was she able to convey these topics using words? The study showed that the poems of this collection are the result of her own experiences, reflections, and thoughts about war and its harmful effects on the lives of people in society, especially women. Gender, ethnicity, and homeland are among the most important themes that Al-Saman has paid attention to.

The relationship between Persian and Arabic and the influence of these two languages on each other is indisputable. These two languages have greatly influenced each other in the pre-Islamic and post-Islamic periods. The acceptance of Islam by Iranians caused the spread of many Arabic words. Prayers during the day and night, It has caused special attention to the time of prayer and the times of prayer have become especially important. Gradually, expressions such as "another prayer / نماز دیگر", previous prayer/ نماز پیشین" and "later/دیگر" and other words, in addition to referring to the time of prayer, as a constraint of time meaning "evening, sunset. became common among Iranian languages. The question of this research is what words in Iranian dialects have been created under the influence of prayer or have found new meanings? The data of this research have been collected both from a written library method such as Tabari Tafsir/ تفسیر طبری translation and from a field method from different Iranian dialects. The result of the research shows that in both Persian literature texts and Iranian dialects, Words that indicate time under the influence of prayer have become common.

Due to the importance of Covid19 virus in people's lives in the last few years, the present study aimed to investigate how people expressed their feelings about this disease. In other words, this study explored the type of emotions expressed by people and the topics discussed by them in social networks. To this end, using a configuration-based method, first, 53000 documents were collected using the method of crawling pages from Twitter. The data were then classified automatically using emotional keywords and metaphorical concepts. After that the important issues raised in these data were identified. Topics such as vaccination, complications of coronary disease, and health, cultural, political, economic, religious, educational, and global status have been among the topics raised by users during this period. The results showed that some economic, health, and political issues and complications of coronary heart disease have played a greater role than other issues to express emotions.

Non-verbal Communication is one of the branches of Semiotics that includes all types of motor behaviors such as facial expressions, body movements, and gestures in people. The present study seeks to examine the novel entitled Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmed Saadawi from the perspective of Non-Verbal Communication signs such as facial expressions, eye states, parasites, objects, distance, and so on and so forth. The aim of this study is to introduce, classify, decode, and analyze all kinds of Non-Verbal Communication in the novel to show how body language can convey, amongst other things, such functions as love, fear, anxiety, and lying, and also to show what tools the author uses to narrate non-verbal behaviors of characters. The results show that Saadawi has benefited the most from the different positions of the hands and face and from different types of gaze, along with their related functions. He has used these modes to express, amongst other things, such concepts as fear of strange things, fear, anxiety and sadness, and gaining information. In addition to these, other modes and organs are also involved in conveying the author's messages. Also, most of the functions of these messages are substitution functions.

In this article, the evolution of naming in four generations in one of the governmental organizations in Tehran has been studied and analyzed. Accordingly, 3108 names of those born in the 1300s were collected through the kinship tree. These names were collected in three groups of identities, including religious, national and transnational identities. In addition, since some of the names could not be classified in any of the mentioned groups, the fourth group considered neutral to classify these people. The data obtained in each identity group were analyzed in general and examined based on the gender of individuals using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results show that the names that derived from religious identity have the highest frequency and then come the national, neutral, and transnational names, respectively. The analysis of the evolution of names shows that in the fourth generation, national names were growing, but religious names were declining, and the tendency to use transnational names, which was very negligible in the first generations, increased in later generations. On the other hand, there are names with national and neutral identities that have subcategories of ancient names, celebrities, nature, and concepts, and the results show that old letters have increased in both men and women. However, the conceptual category has a downward trend in men but a growing trend in women.

The main purpose of the present study is to investigate identity in formal (name of passages) and informal naming (name of residential and commercial places) in Rasht. Research methods include field and descriptive-analytical methods. The data were collected by assessing the map and attending the passages, residential areas and commercial places. The total number of passages was 2341, residential places was 1292 and commercial places was 966. Names were then examined for multiple identities (individual, local, national, religious, and transnational). The research results show that in formal naming (passages) the highest tendency is to use local and religious names, while in informal naming (residential and commercial places) the highest tendency is to use transnational names.

The Khalaji dialect is known as one of the ancient Turkish dialect in Iran. Due to its location of spoken area, among the Persian speaking zone, it has no interaction with other Turkish dialects. For this reason, the Khalaji dialect accepted wide linguistic adaptations due to the coexistence and social intercourse with critical Persian language. The purpose of this study is to investigate the involved factors in the dialect change among immigrants living in Tehran, as well as, the lexical change and speaking style of immigrants in the Tehran language community. Qualitative analysis indicated that some Khalaji phonemes are significantly similar to the critical Persian language.
The quantitative analysis investigated many items like gender, social class, education, occupation, age, immigration age, length of residence, and place of residence in Tehran among which the age arrival is the most significant factor related to the Khalaji's change

Many theoreticians on language and gender believe that language is a mere reflection of gender and acknowledge the existence of some differences between male and female authors in grammatical areas in terms of linguistic units such as words, phrases, and sentences. From their point of view, men and women differ not only in terms of physiology, behavior and gestures, but also in linguistic behavior. Although some scholars blame the patriarch culture for the emergence of a kind of male language in literature and have turned to female language and literature in order to break the male hegemony, male and female verbal differences can be due to their social status and roles. The study of the impact of gender in four novels by male and female writers of the sixties suggests that men violate grammatical rules more boldly than women. This shows that the female mind is more systematic, but this reduces women’s boldness in literary creativity and innovation. Violent words are more frequent in male writers’ works, which can result from men’s physiological features. It can also be the result of their social and political roles. The frequency of direct questions in male language and rhetorical questions in female language may suggest that there is more ambiguity, complexity, and mysteriousness in women’s worlds. The presence of emphatic sentences in female works can be due to their being neglected in social interactions.

Most of the researchers in the fields of social linguistics, and sociology of language along with the feminist critics believe that there are phonetic, lexical and syntactic differences between the language of men and women. Some believe that these differences rise from men and women physiological differences and also their different social status along with cultural factors dominating the society. And some believe that these differences are because of men's interference in language which consequently leads to the appearance of a kind of masculine language. This paper tries to study the role of gender on the language of ten contemporary Iranian female poets. Firstly, one or two collections of poems of these poets are randomly chosen and then their poems are studied phonetically, lexically and syntactically. The result shows that because of the social and biological differences between men and women, female poets significantly employ gendered words to express the emotional concepts and to protest against the social status of women. In the phonetic level, some specific vowels and consonants seem feminine because of the female poet's employment of gendered words and the employment of romantic concepts. In the syntactic level, based on the interpersonal role which is investigated in the light of Halliday's theory of functions of language, female poets mostly employ interrogative, emphatic and grammatical sentences. Though it cannot be clearly determined for conveying what ideas and concepts they use these sentences, the female poets employ grammatical sentences when they are more concerned about the content.