جرم

In the process of pre-award, award, and post-award of the capital asset acquisition programs, it is possible that offenses occur in the realm of “Budget and Credits” and “Public Procurement”. Therefore, the intervention of criminal legislator is justified based on the principle of harm and protecting the public interests. It is obvious that the lack of proper thinking in the face of this issue will have far-reaching consequences. Therefore, continuous evaluation of criminal policy is necessary. In present research, by descriptive-analytical method, the nature of criminal policy was evaluated in terms of severity, integration, update of laws, and coordination of supervisory and judicial authorities, which are the criteria of a desirable criminal policy. The results of the mentioned evaluation indicate the lack of integrity in the legislation, lack of efficiency and lack of proportionality of the criminal response, and lack of coordination of the supervisory authorities. Therefore, it is necessary to think of a solution to solve the mentioned gaps.

Crime is a multidimensional and multifaceted phenomenon, influenced by various economic, cultural, social, and political factors. This article aims to investigate the impact of economic sanctions alongside other economic and social factors on crime rates (theft and murder) using a binary logit model for 31 provinces of the country during the period from 2006 to 2021. The estimated results of the binary logit model for crime during the mentioned period indicate that with the imposition and intensification of economic sanctions, theft and murder in the provinces of the country have increased by 10% and 8%, respectively. Additionally, the results show that an increase in income inequality and unemployment exacerbates theft, while an increase in literacy and strengthening social capital leads to a reduction in theft. Furthermore, with rising unemployment and income inequality, the incidence of murder increases, whereas strengthening social capital results in a decrease in murder rates. Therefore, considering the positive and significant impact of economic sanctions on the increase in criminal acts (theft and murder), efforts to lift or reduce the intensity and scope of economic sanctions could be effective in reducing crime. Moreover, based on the findings of the article, it is recommended that government policies aimed at reducing the destructive consequences of economic sanctions—namely controlling inflation and inflation expectations—should be focused on enhancing the endogenous nature of the economy, stabilizing economic growth, and mitigating the negative impacts of sanctions on production and investment levels.

It is generally assumed that the judiciary, as one of the three branches of government, only has a reactive function. That is, events must occur within society and a dispute must arise before the parties involved can approach the judiciary to seek justice and resolution. It is from this point onward that the role of the judiciary begins. However, beyond resolving disputes between parties, it seems that the judiciary can—and indeed should—also play a proactive role. In other words, there are duties for the judiciary that are conceivable before a crime is committed or a dispute arises. Therefore, the main question of this paper is: What is the role of the judiciary in crime prevention in the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis of the paper is that, according to the role assigned to the judiciary by the Constitution, its functions can be divided into two categories: reactive (administering justice) and proactive (preventing crime and resolving disputes before they occur). Based on this, the judiciary's proactive functions can be identified. The findings of the research show that, despite the fact that the judiciary has a range of preventive duties that are essential for achieving a healthy and just society, the lack of a cohesive approach on one hand, and parallel efforts and institutional disorganization on the other hand, have prevented the achievement of desirable results. The research approach is descriptive-analytical, and the data collection method is library-based and documentary.

The highly infectious respiratory disease called COVID-19 started in Wuhan, a city of more than eleven million people in China, and quickly spread to other parts of the world. The epidemic of the coronavirus has affected the interactions and lifestyle, and the lifestyle has changed concerning the prevention requirements. The lifestyle and observance of health protocols on different scales can disrupt daily routines and significantly alter and disrupt the material conditions in which crime may occur. In general, it seems that lifestyle has a significant effect on the occurrence of crime and deviance, and in order to reduce the occurrence of crimes, lifestyle should be given the attention of those involved in this field in order to prevent the occurrence of crime. In terms of objective, this research is an applied study and, in terms of methodology to collect analytical data the research, from the opinions of one hundred and five scholars and experts in the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education, Welfare Organization, Deputy of Crime Prevention, Judiciary and Force. Discipline has been used. For data analysis, a combination of "descriptive-analytical-survey" has been carried out based on separate clustering and finally, these results have been obtained that there is a relationship between lifestyle and compliance with health protocols in social communication and prevention of crimes related to COVID-19. There is a significant relationship.

This research investigates the relationship between the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene and criminal behaviors, analyzing its legal implications from the perspective of international law. The study aims to examine the genetic influences on criminal behavior and how these influences can be interpreted within the framework of international law. The objectives of this research include identifying and scientifically analyzing the correlation between the MAOA gene and criminal behavior, exploring the ethical and legal issues associated with the use of genetic information in judicial systems, and providing recommendations for the improvement of international laws in this area. The research methodology employed is qualitative analysis, utilizing content from library sources, including a review of scientific articles, books, and related legal resources. The findings suggest that the MAOA gene may be considered a factor influencing criminal behavior, though environmental and social factors also play a significant role. The results indicate that the use of genetic information in judicial systems requires more precise legal and ethical frameworks to prevent potential misuse and ensure that justice is served optimally. This research suggests that international law should be updated in response to scientific and technological advancements to address emerging challenges.

Metaverse as a new virtual realm, despite its good features, comes with many threats.This horrifying world for today and attractive for the future,  is developing and along with the benefits, has challenges and is considered as a new issue in criminal policy.The world of Metaverse, which creates digital images, gives to person a hypothetical experience of being real, puts him in a world completely simulated with the real world, to experience another life and draw his future world away from the limitations. The purpose of the article is to identify the types of potential crimes that can be committed as well as the hypothesis of punishment for the perpetrator.The increase in the number of users and the occurrence of new actions that can only be done in the metaverse and the need for policy are the issues that the article deals with.The author proposes to create a new branch called meta criminal law and considers it necessary to intervene in criminal policy.

Security measures are a series of social defense means that are applied by the law and by the judge and due to the occurrence of a crime, according to the situation of the guilty person, until the person recovers and adapts to the society and does not commit a crime. These measures have the power of obligation and coercion and are implemented in the case of dangerous people in order to prevent the possible commission of crimes in order to maintain the general order of the society. The purpose of the current research is to investigate and compare the dimensions and political components of security measures in Iranian and French law, which is descriptive-analytical. The results indicate that the principles of security measures in Iranian law are relatively compatible with French law. Security measures are considered a basic requirement in the laws of Iran and France, along with other punishments. The adoption of preventive and educational measures has been established in the laws of Iran and France. The preventive and educational measures with the approach of correction and education aim to prevent the repetition of crimes and prevent the increase of insecurity and disorder in the society. And it has also helped the criminals to Increase the sense of responsibility in the society, achieve a new personality, and stop crime and prepare to live in the society again.

Analytical policies of the Islamic Penal Code approved in 2012 on the basis of post-modern criminology components in contemporary IranAbstract:This article aims to investigate the analytical policies of the Islamic Penal Code approved in 1392 on the basis of the components of postmodern criminology in contemporary Iran with a descriptive and analytical method. The starting point of the discussion is the answer to this question: basically, what components is the postmodern criminological reading of the concept of crime and punishment based on, and to what extent are these components aligned or inconsistent with the provisions of the Islamic Penal Code approved in 2013. The findings indicate that the components of postmodern criminology include; Non-acceptance of legal assumptions, meta-narratives and Sharia rituals, non-acceptance of criminalization in order to protect a particular ideology or strengthen the ruling power, non-acceptance of gender, religious, racial segregation and discriminatory crimes are criminalization. research results; showed that the concept of crime and punishment in the Islamic Penal Code of Iran in the assumptions of the Islamic Penal Code such as; Divine limits, retribution and diat, as well as biased, ideologically oriented criminalization, white-collar criminalization without regard to white-collar crimes; It will be against the components of postmodern criminology.Keywords: crime, Islamic Penal Code, postmodern criminology, punishment

Corruption is an organizational phenomenon that causes a crisis in the development and progress of governments. Economic corruption facilitates the occurrence of other crimes and is exacerbated by sanctions and economic warfare. The Judiciary Transformation Document has 37 Parts (one main introduction, one introduction and four chapters) which was approved by the Head of the Judiciary on 20/12/2020.Strategy is a way of thinking and a way of thinking and its purpose is to organize and formulate, its main elements are goals, methods, tools or resources. Given that one of the missions of the judiciary is to prevent crime and corruption. Are we looking to study the role and impact of the document on the transformation of the judiciary in preventing economic corruption? What are the strategies and strategies to fight economic corruption? Methods The article is descriptive and has been written in the library using articles, dissertations, laws and orders of the Supreme Leader. Judicial transformation document as an upstream judicial document by using legal capacities and paying attention to justice and avoiding discrimination between individuals in dealing with and punishing corrupt people can be very effective in reducing economic corruption. The strategies and conceivable strategies in preventing economic corruption are as follows: A: Transparency in declaring the assets of officials, B: Decisive and convincing treatment of corrupters and economic criminals, C: Using the successful experiences of successful countries D: Using experienced judges, experts E: Decisive and prompt investigation.

The role of crime and social damage in undermining moral values and disrupting social order cannot be underestimated. These issues are influenced by factors such as inequality, discrimination, and injustice in various areas such culture, society, politics, and the economy. Movies, as an important cultural medium, serve as a valuable resource for understanding the causes of crime and social harm. This research focuses on Iranian court cinema and aims to explore how they portray crime and damage. The study analyzed 22 out of the 1744 films produced in Iranian cinema over the past four decades. A purposeful sampling approach was used, resulting in the selection of 10 films for analysis. These films were chosen due to the sensitive and taboo nature of the subject matter, as well as the potential attraction for public opinions. The qualitative research method, specifically Barth's narrative analysis, was employed. It involved coding the explicit and implicit messages and examining social codes at three different levels using the Fisk method. Four categories were identified to address the question of how crime and harm are represented in social disputes. The results show that murder, rape, and drug trafficking accounted for 62, 14, and 9 percent of the criminal acts portrayed in the selected court cinema, respectively. Acid attacks, child abuse, and abortion each accounted for only 1%. In terms of social harms, misogyny and divorces constituted 53% and 27%, respectively, while, suicide, addiction, and immigration each accounted for 5% of the films. It is worth noting that murder and misogyny emerged as the most prominent themes in Iranian court cinema over the decades. In the 1980 and 1990, rape and acid attacks not addressed in court dramas. While cinema has been successful in representing important aspects of crimes and harm throughout the societal changes, the analysis of the selected films suggests a discrepancy between the films produced and actual trends of crime and harm in society. This raises concerns regarding the subject design and content of court dramas. Utilizing the expertise of court filmmakers and focusing on real content can contribute to informing the society more effectively. To address this issue, it is recommended that the production of court films with the evolving nature of crimes and social issues.

It is not always the case that in the process of transitioning from thought to criminal action, a person has free will, but sometimes the culture of the society and the way of dealing with the governing institutions assume the criminality of individuals, and by treating them as criminals and labeling them criminals, People with a special physical and mental state suggests that their physical and mental states are compatible with criminality and deserve legal treatment. In this way, the society assigns him/her a criminal character and considers his /her inherent characteristics to be the natural traits of a criminal. The current research was written based on the descriptive-analytical method and on the basis of documents and library resources, and in this regard, by studying international documents and foreign laws, the collected information was analyzed qualitatively with the purpose of application. is placed In this research, the authors intend to explain the criminalization of transgender phenomenon and similar situations by gathering information from the people who were selected as the target community and in the end, reach the conclusion that the culture that governs the criminal justice system is the basis of crime. It is a phenomenon. Based on this, our argument is that criminologists and criminal law experts should revise and reform the criminal justice system in dealing with gender diversity.

The economics of crime is one of the interdisciplinary topics that entered economics after the 1970s with the efforts of Gray-Becker, and this science is trying to analyze the economic aspects of crime. The occurrence of crime as an undesirable social phenomenon has several economic and social causes, and due to the importance of the issue of crime, in different countries, in recent years, extensive studies have been conducted to identify and explain the causes of its occurrence. Identifying and explaining the causes of crime makes we reach the goal of prevention; because the costs of crime, especially the costs of punishment, including imprisonment, impose a heavy burden on the executive body. By identifying and preventing these factors, these costs can be reduced and spent on other priorities. In this article, the dimensions of the economy of crime in the analysis of the pluralism of punishment and its individualization have been investigated with a descriptive and analytical method.

Identifying and analyzing trends affecting the future of crime and strategies for crime preventionThe increase in crime, the emergence of new forms of crime, the use of new measures in crime and the rapid advancement of technology have led to the expansion of criminal activities in the last decade and at the same time, increased feelings of insecurity and fear in society. Therefore, the need for a correct understanding and sufficient knowledge of the direction of crime trends in the future is quite obvious.This research has looked at the field of crime with a trend analysis approach. Based on this approach, identifying and analyzing crime formation trends in the future will greatly help managers and planners to identify ways to deal with and develop crime prevention methods.In this study and 6 drivers affecting future crimes and 22 global trends affecting future crimes in 5 categories along with their consequences are identified, extracted and reviewed in a panel of experts consisting of 5 people and the titles of each trend were approved. Also, 7 main trends in future crimes are identified and validated during interviews with experts. Content analysis is performed on the results of the interview and explained in the form of a trend analysis report. Finally, based on these identified trends, 10 strategies are presented to prevent crime.

Legislation as one of the most important categories of criminal law is a process that does not only lead to the birth of a new text of the law by members of parliament; Rather, reducing the volume of laws in necessary cases should be considered as one of the functions of the legislative system. This is especially important in the field of criminal law; Because for various reasons, we have witnessed an increase in the volume of criminal law and as a result the restriction of fundamental rights and public freedoms of individuals. A closer look at the phenomenon of government in the present age can show the ideological influence of this institution, which in its most common form has a religious or political form. The inclusion of acts or behaviors within the scope of criminal law also depends on the ideological attitude of the government towards the criminal phenomenon; Because the regulation of society requires the use of coercive force whose constituent forces are entrenched within the state. Minimalist states, which have also characterized criminality as such, have been influenced by important theoretical foundations such as liberalism, libertarianism, and republican theory in the enactment of criminal law. Defending these ideas to get out of trouble goes back to the consequentialist and result-oriented approach in North America and Europe; Therefore, the defense of the mentioned principles in the mentioned countries has been presented as an efficient and effective model. Due to the challenges posed by the many crimes.

Environmental crimes against national resources, including forests, pastures, natural forests, deserts, and deserts, are organized and widespread. These crimes endanger the national resources recorded in the laws and cause the loss of national resources in the lands and forests, as well as in the deserts. The criminal policy required to do so reflects the legislature's view of the importance of such resources. The main issue is the destruction of the environment and the destruction of national resources, and we need to see what criminal policy the legislature has in place to prevent it. The aim of the present study is to identify environmental crimes against national environmental resources and the penalties provided for in laws and to explain domestic environmental criminological approaches. In summary, the organization's prevention of crimes against national environmental resources requires a modern view of the legislature as well as advanced criminology. The research method in this paper is library and descriptive-analytical

Criminal policy may be assessed in a framework that is defined by the logical basic elements of crime. These are the motivated and able offender, the victim or target, and control. It is only in certain combinations of these three elements that a crime can take place, and criminal policy addresses one or several of these elements. The objectives of criminal policy are defined being fourfold: to minimize the social costs of crime; to minimize the costs of crime control; to distribute these costs; and to do this in a fair manner. It is such considerations that are to be accounted for if knowledge-based criminal policy is to be defined and implemented. In real-life terms, this is rarely being done comprehensively. Criminal policy is, in contrast, often simplistically understood as „fighting crime“, i.e. in terms of warfare. Today, criminal policy requires careful consideration in particular because both crimes and their environment are undergoing rapid change. This puts decision-making in a particularly demanding situation and accentuates the need for valid knowledge of the situation. Therefore, there is great need of updated research on old and new forms of crime, and such research should address all central elements of crime. The near future of criminal policy is much influenced by financial crisis. This creates high demands for a more consciously knowledge-based and better quality crime control. The near future may see both positive and negative developments, the negative ones being more likely if criminal policy is not made in a responsible and comprehensive manner. The alternative of a positive criminal policy is suggested as a utopian but achievable goal.

The increase in population, the density of cities and the industrialization of more and more societies have positive and negative consequences. Since the positive consequences have a lot of acceptability and the negative consequences are less important, the negative consequences of the above-mentioned phenomena place a heavier burden on the shoulders of the society officials than the positive consequences. Crime is a negative consequence that affects the well-being of individuals, families and communities. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between population density and the rate of crimes committed in the city of Ahvaz. This research is practical and has been done with descriptive-analytical and correlational methods. The statistical population of this research is 200 citizens from different regions of Ahvaz city. The collection of data and information is from the questionnaires that the researcher obtained according to the answers of the citizens of Ahvazi, and the data was analyzed using geographic information system and SPSS and CASE software. The most important results show that the population density of the city Ahvaz has been effective in committing crimes in this city, and in many cases, this crowding causes an increase in crimes, especially crimes such as theft, pickpocketing, violence, youth addiction and etc. The most important institutions that can prevent Among the crimes that have been affected by the physical structure of Ahvaz city, effective and useful measures should be taken by the municipality, housing and urban planning in cooperation with other cultural institutions in order to improve the physical condition of Ahvaz city and to take the opportunity to commit crimes from criminals due to the population density of this city.

The right to stand has different interpretations in different teachings and schools, and based on this, the scope of authority and freedom of action of individuals has a special meaning. The unanswered question is whether the right holder can waive his right. For example, in one example, does the right to life have to do with the right to die? In Islamic teachings, the right to stand does not mean absolute autonomy. It even excludes an individual. The intellect and the Shari'a, as two protectors and even guides of individual freedom, have an important role in restricting the right to stand. In Islamic law, man is in control of himself, in the sense that he is in control of his time and place. , But he can not take his own life voluntarily, so suicide and murder out of pity and the like are illegitimate in principle. Something does not mean having the right to it. In other words, if domination of the soul and body parts is accepted within the religious and legal framework, it does not mean having the right to the soul and the organs of the body. Items such as the principle of real property, the principle of credit ownership, the principle of inherent ownership are referred to in the authors' writings. There is a possibility for criminalizing it based on the teachings of jurisprudence and criminal law. In the present study, it has also been addressed.

The computer is the most important technology that every society does not necessarily need to keep up with the development process. But cyberbullying has added to its complexity and created new social problems for criminals and the founders of the criminal justice system, which poses other challenges to its use and policies. The research method is descriptive and analytical which has been collected by library method. The purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges of the functioning of the penal system in dealing with violent crimes in cyberspace. The results indicate that considering the rapid growth of computer technology and the development of communication technology and information exchange with the help of computers and related components, in the current relationship and close dependence of society on this technology, in terms of criminal law, special judicial actions Like the international community, new and effective laws as well as security measures are needed to protect computer systems and networks and to train specialized personnel.

The jurisprudential strategy of enjoining the good and forbidding the evil are practical practices that are among the most important religious duties, and have a special place in the religion of Islam. With the correct implementation of this strategy, a healthy society will be created, far from ugliness and crimes, because enjoining the good and forbidding the evil is the basis of a healthy social education, and also does not leave the individual and society with the public sensitivity to sin. Go to slavery and fall and it is applicable in any situation. This important strategy, by influencing all stages of crime formation, its effect on reforming society, preventing and preventing the occurrence of crimes, as well as its dominance over all social relations, has caused it to have an important place in Islamic criminology. Considering that the mechanism of enjoining the good and forbidding the evil in its nature is based on prevention and public supervision, and has also been considered in non-religious writings, we decided in this article to make a comparative study between this jurisprudential strategy and the theory of broken windows to analyze. Let us pay attention to the differences and gaps in this theory by adapting to the jurisprudential method of enjoining the good and forbidding the evil.