نشریه تحولات سیاسی اجتماعی معاصر ایران
سال دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 5، زمستان 1402)

The victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran under the leadership of Imam Khomeini (RA) and the capture of America's espionage 9 months later, terrified the leaders of the White House and prompted the American Embassy to use several methods to preserve the country's influence and power on the one hand, and on the other hand to weaken the Islamic system and in finally release their hostages. Considering the importance of capturing the spy den, this research aims to answer the question: What were the reactions of the United States government to the capture of the spy den? And what effect did it have on the process of the Islamic revolution during the years 1358- 1359? In this article, an attempt has been made to answer the questions by using the interpretation method and referring to library sources and other related documents. Hanshan's findings show that after capturing the espionage nest, the US government has tried to solve the problem first by using diplomatic levers and then different reactions such as economic sanctions on Iran, political isolation, military attack in the Tabas incident and the Niqab (Nojeh) coup. designed and implemented. All in all, these reactions did not create any disturbance in the determination and will of the American people and revolutionary leaders against the American imperialism system and could not have a negative impact on the growing movement of the Islamic revolution.

One of the intellectual and political currents in contemporary Iran is the current of liberalism. This idea entered Iran as a transit branch from the West, shortly before the constitutional period, and with the victory of the constitutional movement, the liberal current was practically born in Iran. In this regard, the course of developments and the extent of the impact of this intellectual-practical school in the history of contemporary Iran, has always been one of the most controversial areas in the study of the history of political developments and political sociology in Iran.On the other hand, the historical period of 1953 to 1979 is one of the important historical periods in which the set of developments and arrangement of forces and intellectual-political currents involved, led to the glorious Islamic Revolution of Iran. This article intends to study the historical background, as well as the arrangement of forces and organizations carrying liberal thought in the period 1953 to 1979, to analyze the situation of this trend in these years by descriptive-analytical method and flow model.The result was that the current of liberalism had many ups and downs after the coup of 19 August 1953. . What has a special appearance is the birth of a special form of liberalism which, although there were traces of it during the constitutional movement and after it, but in practice with the formation of the National Resistance Movement and specifically the Freedom Movement that has objectively manifested in Iranian society.

Al-Harka al-Rasaliyah is an Islamist movement formed in the second half of the twentieth century in Karbala by Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Shirazi and Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Taqi Modarressi. Criticism of the seminary of Najaf and addressing political and social issues were the indicators of this process Was an issue that brought this current closer to the current of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. This movement moved to Kuwait after the pressure of the Iraqi government, and after the victory of the Islamic Revolution, its leaders and body migrated to Iran. On the eve of the Islamic Revolution and a few years later, this movement marginalized its discourse in favor of the discourse of the Islamic Revolution and used its facilities and experiences to propagate the discourse of the Islamic Revolution. As the wave of the revolution subsided, Al-Harka al-Rasaliyah once again reproduced its previous discourse around the central sign of al-Rasalah, and on the other hand, its power in revolutionary Iran diminished with the presence of rival currents.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran was a social movement, and people had been protesting against the ruling regime for more than a decade to claim their rights. The protests were accompanied by many ups and downs, especially after Shah's opening of political doors. Opportunities, while providing revolutionary goals one after another, also affected many forms of collective actions. The present article explains the Iranian revolution by re-reading the indicators of the theory of political opportunity structure. The question that arises is, what will be the formulation of the analysis of the theory of political opportunity structure in the emergence and process of power transfer in Iran? The hypothesis that will be put to test as a response is that, the structure of political opportunity through emphasis on open political space, political stability or instability, the existence of united elites, common strategies of the governing system is a requirement of action and the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1978 is a product of action. The research method are the analytical-historical approach and documentary-library method. The purposes of research are analysis and interpretation of historical events or processes in the context of the basic theory, i.e. the structure of political opportunity. Keywords: Political Opportunity Structure, open political Space, Common Strategies, Political Instability

Why and how the rise and rise of political Islam in Iran, the establishment of the first Islamic government and its continuation after about five decades, are still considered by many researchers and political enthusiasts. Considering this issue, the aim of the research is to identify the events and trends affecting the formation of political Islam in the first and second Pahlavi period. The research seeks to answer the question of how Islam was able to achieve political power despite severe repression during the Pahlavi period and what were the causes and effective factors in the victory of the Islamic Revolution. In this article, the most important trends leading to the victory of the Islamic Revolution of 1357 were extracted by using the trend research method and by exploring the events.The findings showed "the hostility of the Pahlavis with religion and religious rituals", "American intervention and Shah's dependence", "demographic changes from rural to urban", "developments in communication technology and lifestyle", "the victory of religiosity over royalist archaic nationalism, western liberalism and Eastern Communism", and finally "the people's support with the alternative option of Velayat al-Faqih", were the trends that led to the Islamic Revolution.

Comparative study of the electoral system of the National Assembly of France and the Islamic Council of Iran" Abstract Among the interesting and important categories in legal and political issues is the study of electoral systems in different legal systems. Naturally, the comparative study of electoral systems can show the weaknesses and strengths of these systems, and modeling successful electoral systems can help to fix the flaws in other electoral systems. The electoral system of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the French Republic, while similar, also have fundamental differences. The current study aims at comparing these two electoral systems. The hypothesis of this research is that both electoral systems are similar in relation to the quality of the elections, executive electoral institutions and supervisory institutions from one side, and regarding the voting method, independence and plurality of supervisory institutions, election administrators, election campaigns and people's monitoring of the election process have clear differences from each other. The general result of this article is that the most important difference between the parliamentary elections in France and Iran is in the field of executive and supervisory institutions, so that while holding elections in Iran is exclusively under government’s control, in France, other independent institutions such as municipalities and independent citizens also play an important role in holding the elections. On the other hand, supervision of Iran's parliamentary elections is essentially , discretionary type and it’s domain is very broad - which means from the stage of monitoring the authenticity.

the constitution and its voting. Power was considered plural in the constitution, and the administration of the executive branch was the responsibility of the prime minister. The appointment of the prime minister was also subject to a vote of confidence by the parliament. Various candidates registered for the elections. Abul Hasan Bani Sadr was the most famous candidate of that period. The Islamic Republic Party, which was the strongest political current in those days; He introduced Jalaluddin Farsi as his candidate. A person who had the influence of words and could compete with Bani Sadr. On the other hand, the Mojahedin Khalq organization (hypocrites) also had a plan to take over the presidency.Mehdi Bazargan was another person who some hoped would be a candidate for the election, but he withdrew from the candidacy due to differences within the freedom movement. This article seeks to study the behaviors of the first term presidential candidates.

Analytical policies of the Islamic Penal Code approved in 2012 on the basis of post-modern criminology components in contemporary IranAbstract:This article aims to investigate the analytical policies of the Islamic Penal Code approved in 1392 on the basis of the components of postmodern criminology in contemporary Iran with a descriptive and analytical method. The starting point of the discussion is the answer to this question: basically, what components is the postmodern criminological reading of the concept of crime and punishment based on, and to what extent are these components aligned or inconsistent with the provisions of the Islamic Penal Code approved in 2013. The findings indicate that the components of postmodern criminology include; Non-acceptance of legal assumptions, meta-narratives and Sharia rituals, non-acceptance of criminalization in order to protect a particular ideology or strengthen the ruling power, non-acceptance of gender, religious, racial segregation and discriminatory crimes are criminalization. research results; showed that the concept of crime and punishment in the Islamic Penal Code of Iran in the assumptions of the Islamic Penal Code such as; Divine limits, retribution and diat, as well as biased, ideologically oriented criminalization, white-collar criminalization without regard to white-collar crimes; It will be against the components of postmodern criminology.Keywords: crime, Islamic Penal Code, postmodern criminology, punishment

Afghanistan is as a country with different ethnic groups and unique political and social characteristics. The society of this country has always suffered from social crises due to ethnic and religious prejudice. The Taliban was able to seize power in two phases, one during the 5-year term of Mullah Omar's leadership and the current term of Maulvi Hebatullah Akhundzadeh. Despite the common characteristics of these two periods, differences can also be seen. The current research is limited to Afghanistan from the geographical point of view, and from the time point of view, it is focused on the last three decades and on the personalities of Mullah Mohammad Omar and Maulvi Hebat Elah Akhundzadeh. The research method is causal-analytical and comparative with a political and historical approach and based on discourse analysis. Also, the method of gathering information and data in this research is done using the library method through books, articles, magazines and the internet. Based on this, in this research, we seek to investigate the political thought and practice of the Taliban leaders, emphasizing the comparison of the thought of Mullah Muhammad Omar and Maulvi Hebat-Allah Akhundzadeh based on discourse analysis, and answer this question: the political thought and practice of Mullah Muhammad Omar. And how was Maulvi Hebatullah Akhundzadeh as the most important leader of the Taliban? The results show that, based on this, the political discourse of Hebataleh Akhundzadeh, emphasizing some of the teachings and political discourse of Mullah Omar's period,

One of the important issues in the proof of the lawsuit is the connection between them. Examining the similarities and differences and the quality of knowledge acquisition in each of them requires that, first, their meaning (scholarship and witness testimony) is explained, then the quality of knowledge acquisition in them should be discussed according to the conditions of each. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to point out the similarities and differences, after explaining how knowledge is obtained, because despite the similarities and differences, the relationship between expertise and eyewitness testimony is better defined, and the value of each, despite the type of knowledge in them, in cases Differently, their position is determined differently, and it can give the belief to any researcher in this field that the difference in attributes and symptoms prevents the possibility of comparison in the concept. The difference in the attributes and symptoms prevents the possibility of comparing the two concepts, explaining that despite the common essence, it cannot be said that the rulings of each of the two concepts are applicable in the other, so the knowledge of each of the experts and the testimony of the witnesses prevents us from examining It is not necessary to be precise about the presence of science in each of them. In expressing the similarities and differences, the best result that will follow is that it is not possible to put each argument in place of another just because of the similarity.

The political and judicial system of the countries has felt the need for justice officers to establish justice and maintain social order and protect the rights of citizens. Considering the current needs of today's society and the evolution in the type of crimes, with the approval of the Criminal Procedure Law approved in 2012, acceptable changes and innovations have been made compared to the previous laws, and attention to human dignity and citizenship rights has been shown and new fronts have been found. However, some of the crimes that occur at the community level are known as visible crimes in law.The existence of obvious crimes is a strong proof of the necessity of the bailiff as an agent of criminal justice. Without the presence of a judicial officer, it is not possible to deal with obvious crimes and protect the rights of citizens. Considering this necessity, the law of criminal procedure has dealt in detail with the position and characteristics of the bailiff. This article is trying to explain the concept of judicial officers and their necessity to establish order and protect the rights of citizens.

abstractPolitical capacity is a very important concept in political science, which is especially related to the title of good governance or the quality of country management. However, there are limited definitions related to this concept, which also cover a very small part of the reality of the concept. The current research is a conceptual framework with the approach of fundamental studies to analyze and describe political capacity. Based on this, political capacity can be considered important talents and capabilities for policy making. Competencies are categorized into three general types of basic skills for political success; Analytical, operational and policy-while political capabilities are evaluated at individual, organizational and systematic resource levels. Often the lack of political success is the result of an imbalance in attention to these nine (9) different components of political capacity, and the conceptual framework presented in this research provides a tool for identifying capacity gaps and a critical insight into the strategy of overcoming such gaps in It provides professional behavior, organizational and managerial activities and those involved in policy making in the political system.

Today, the addition of renewable energy to the global energy mix will not only reduce the pressures from the global demand for fossil fuels, but will also complement the global non-renewable energy reserves in significantly improving the overall reliability of energy resources. In this study, oil price fluctuations and the intensity of commercial development on the consumption of renewable energies in oil-exporting countries including Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iraq, Canada, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Nigeria, Qatar, and Angola during the years 2000 to 2022 have been investigated. In this study, oil price fluctuations are calculated using the EGARCH method and then the results of estimating the pattern and the relationships between the variables are estimated in the framework of the GMM (Generalized Moments) model. The results show that in oil-exporting countries, oil price fluctuations with a coefficient of 0.36, the variable of intensity of commercial development with a coefficient of 0.08, innovation with a coefficient of 0.79, and the variable of human resource development with a coefficient of 0.29 will increase the consumption of renewable energies.

The intellectual class is one of the most influential groups in the political and social developments of Iranian society. In the Qajar period, despite many limitations, this group was able to play a significant role in the socio-political development of Iran in this period of history. The purpose of this research is to examine the role of intellectuals in the political and social developments of the Qajar era (with an approach to the actions of Abbas Mirza, Amir Kabir, Mirza Hossein Khan Sepahsalar and Amin al-Doleh). And the method of gathering information is to refer to library centers and archives of documents and newspapers. Researching the contemporary history of Iran and getting to know the personalities of different scenes and actors in different fields is closely related to the current society of Iran. The present study shows that the intellectuals introduced in this research tried to increase the awareness of different masses by taking advantage of the intellectual element in the events of Qajar period of Iran and were able to introduce themselves as one of the influential groups of the society.

The relationship between the people and the government in the political system is one of the important topics in the analytical study of any political theory. Political experts usually base the legitimacy of their theory about politics and government on a specific explanation of the actions of government and people. Although the dominant form of this issue is related to the new era, this issue was and still exists in the eyes of Farabi as a classical thinker. The purpose of the research is to explain the role of the people in realizing the desired government in Farabi's thought. Therefore, the main question of the research is that, despite Farabi's emphasis on utopia and its ideal and utopia, what role do people play in realizing the desired government? The purpose of the research is to answer the question that, as the founder of Islamic political philosophy, Farabi deals with citizenship with three fundamental elements, which are truth, virtue and happiness; He places the truth in the center of his citizenship system. The mutual rights and obligations of the individual and the society are organized within the order based on the truth in order to make people's happiness possible by bringing them to virtue. Therefore, values such as freedom, equality, justice, ownership, rule of law, and other citizenship components, according to the requirements resulting from the close interaction of truth, virtue, and happiness, are placed in the focus of the ideal government considered by Farabi.

One of the most important subjects of Iranian political sociology is the relationship between political security and political demands. Therefore, the present study examines the relationship between political security and political demands and its role in the political development of Sistan and Baluchistan province, focusing on the city of Zahedan in 1403.The research method in this study is descriptive-correlation and the statistical population includes all the intellectual elites of Sistan and Baluchistan province, including 312 researchers, university professors, experts, experts and activists of political issues, based on the calculation Through Cochran's formula, the number of 173 people was determined as the sample size, and their information was extracted using the quota sampling method.In this realization, the "Huntington" standard political development questionnaire was used to measure political development, the "Bari Buzan" standard political security questionnaire was used to measure political security, and the "Marshall" civil political demand standard questionnaire was used to measure political demands. In this research, hypotheses related to the variables of political security, political demand and political development were proposed and the results of the main hypothesis test show that there is a significant relationship between political security and political demand and its role in the political development of Sistan and Baluchistan province. It is direct and moderate.

Bureaucracy is an integral part of modern government. It is impossible to imagine a modern government without bureaucracy. Bureaucracy is actually the division of work and cohesion and discipline of government employees as a means of exercising government authority. Bureaucracy has been criticized by different schools of thought. Some have seen bureaucracy as a way to limit freedom and destroy liberalism, and others have seen it as a tool to exercise the power of capitalists. What is certain is that it is impossible to imagine development without the presence of bureaucracy.With the beginning of the Pahlavi dynasty, efforts were made to establish a bureaucratic order in the country. Due to Pahlavi's authoritarian personality and authoritarian political culture, Iran's bureaucracy was formed with challenges and crises. With the victory of the Islamic revolution, although tremendous changes were made in the politics and bureaucratic system, many crises of the Pahlavi era continued in the bureaucratic system. In fact, it can be said that although various institutions were transformed by the Islamic Revolution, the bureaucratic system continued to exist.

The main goal of the current research was to design the general management model of Kerman governorate with an emphasis on wisdom-oriented organization. In the qualitative part, the foundation data method was used, and in the quantitative part, the descriptive survey method was used. The participants of the qualitative part included professors and experts of public administration, educational management, and strategic management in the country, who were selected as key informants through the purposeful sampling method of 11 people.The estimation of the desired sample size was done based on theoretical data saturation.The statistical population in the quantitative section included all the managers of the Kerman Governorate's headquarters in the number of 70.Using non-random targeted sampling of the whole population,research questionnaires were distributed among all the statistical population and59questionnaires were returned and analyzed.The reliability and validity of the data were calculated from the two methods of review by participants and recoding by experts.The data were analyzed in the qualitative part by open, central and selective coding,the number of 94 open codes(concepts),22 central codes(dimensions and components)and 6 selective codes (main categories) were counted and in the quantitative part using analysis Second-order confirmatory factor and structural modeling were analyzed in PLS software.The findings of the qualitative section showed that the major and core categories in the form of six dimensions of causal conditions,central phenomenon, contextual conditions,intervening conditions, strategies and consequences were upgraded to a higher abstract level and finally the research paradigm model was presented.In the quantitative section,the general management model was approved.

In this study, the relationship between six indicators of governance (right to comment and accountability, political stability, efficiency and effectiveness of government, quality of regulations, rule of law, and control of corruption) and investment in the oil sector of Iran and 8 selected countries (United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Kuwait, Norway, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States of America) during the years 1996-2022 was examined. The results showed that except for the index of right of comment and accountability, other indicators were significant at the level of 99% and had a positive effect on investment in the oil sector. Based on these results, the most impact on investment in the oil sector has been the variable of efficiency and effectiveness of the government. This means that a 1 percent increase in the efficiency and effectiveness of the government, investment in the oil sector will increase by 5.08 percent.This number shows that a 1 percent improvement in the rule of law and further expansion of the rule of law in countries leads to an increase of 4.7 percent in investment in the oil sector. Considering the importance of the type of legislation and the impact of productivity and efficiency on investment in the oil sector, it is possible to make optimal and effective changes in the oil sector by making the government agile and improving laws and regulations.

Undoubtedly, the realization of the fundamental category of transparency at different levels of governance will play an undeniable role in preventing administrative-financial corruption. Since decision-making and policy-making in the field of banking transactions affect all aspects of citizens' lives as well as the activities of legal entities, therefore, the importance of this issue in the discussed field will become more apparent. In the new law of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, very effective and defensible mechanisms such as the need to complete the non-conflict worksheet by the decision-making managers, the principle of the need to publish the negotiations and approvals of the Central Bank, increasing transparency in the performance of legal entities under supervision and also monitoring the actions of suspects Money laundering and... have been identified in order to increase transparency, which is of course insufficient. Therefore, in the present research, the principle of transparency in the field of banking transactions is investigated with emphasis on the new law of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran approved on 3/30/1402. we pay.