جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شکاف » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

In the process of politicization of ethnic groups in Iran, Baloch is one of the main political ethnic groups in Iran. Balochs, like any other society, have some internal social cleavages that affects the political behavior of this ethnicity. Knowing these distinctions and their political consequences is the purpose of this article. This research was carried out with the approach of political sociology and thematic analysis method, along with the use of library studies and the technique of interviewing ethnic researchers. Results of this research show that among the Baloch in the pre-modern era, divisions related to traditional construction such as "tribal conflicts" and "regional differences" exist. In addition, in the Pahlavi era political divisions caused by the period of transition such as "elite conflict" and "ideological and organizational conflicts" took place. Finally, after the revolution new divisions such as the "gender gap" and "generational gap" along with other factors have influenced the political behavior of the Baloch people. Providing grounds for foreign interference and the presence of the central government, creating obstacles for pursuing ethnic demands, preventing ethnic identity from becoming extreme and fluid, and plural political identity are the political consequences of the social cleavages among the Baloch.

The history of Islamic movements in Iraq has been an important issue that has been the focus of researchers after the arrival of Western colonialism and foreign forces and the emergence of Salafi and Takfiri terrorists, especially in the last century. The political movement of Shiites in Iraq since 1914. With the occupation of Faw and Basra, goals such as fighting against foreign occupiers, internal dictators, and terrorists disrupting the security of the Iraqi people have come to the fore. But it has always been unable to form a stable structure and has experienced many ups and downs. (problem); This article tries to use the library method and refer to the available sources about this historical period and document analysis of the obtained data and using the theory of natural history of revolutions by Crane Brinton (method); to discover the behavioral pattern of these movements in the history of Iraq. As the analysis of the historical events of this period shows, the aforementioned movements reach a collective unity during crises, which is metaphorically called this phenomenon of fusion by borrowing from physics. Overcoming crises, instead of stability, under the influence of a series of factors, they suffer from severe differences and fission, and the cycle of crisis in this country, which leads to political instability, repeats again. (findings)

For effective policy-making over long-term development planning horizons in Iran, there is a need for the redefinition of the goals and approaches which are constructively unified and collaborative at the micro and macro levels. In the contemporary Iranian society, one can observe numerous divisions which are rooted in the threefold identity of Iranians based on Islamic, western, and national parts. The discord and lack of consensus caused by a multitude of intellectual, ideational, social, political, attitudinal differences and conflicts have acted as barriers to development of Iran. In the first section, the authors briefly discuss significant events in the contemporary history of Iran such as the Constitutional Revolution, the coup d'état which pave the way for the authoritarian rule of Mohammad Reza Shah, the top-down government efforts to modernize and industrialize which led to injustice and deprivation in a fast-growing economy, as well as the widespread social mobilization which culminated  in the 1979 Islamic Revolution. They then address the contradictory worldviews of those who oppose the Western liberal model of economic development. Therefore, they in its place have been searching for a new model of development which is appropriate for Iran's socio-economic environment. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, some decision-makers in the government and influential stakeholders have advocated the traditional model of development as used in the world, but some other groups have been calling for choosing  other patterns of progress which are more adaptable to Iranian-Islamic characteristics of the country. They have been critical of the traditional model of development which they believe is not appropriate for Iran. The disagreements on the meaning of the concept of development, and the most suitable and effective instruments of achieving the goals of national development have transformed Iranian policymaking into a complicated issue.   The authors attempt to find answers to the following research questions: 1- What are the most important factors which have contributed to the failure of Iran’s development plans? 2- How can the model of good governance solve the problems of successful formulation and implementation of the national development plans in the Islamic Republic of Iran? In the substantive hypothesis, it is asserted that the deep  divisions,  which  have been manifested in myriad ways in Iranian society and the ensuing crisis of lack of consensus are the most important factors contributing to the failures of development plans; and if the disunity is continued, it can cause instability. It seems that the focus on “good governance” could be the key to solving the problem of consensus-building and also help the policymakers to confront the challenges of development with the help of the civil society and the private sector. Good governance depends on a set of issues such as transparency, the fight against corruption, accountability and the rule of law. Consensus building requires the full participation of all stakeholders including the minorities, and marginalized groups in the society. In the last section, a list of practical recommendations on socio-economic and political development are provided. They include: 1- Reducing the number of decision-making bodies and eliminating their parallel operation; 2- Defining rights and duties more clearly in order to reduce the likelihood of misinterpretation aimed at strengthening the status of the powerful decisionmakers and those who are tasked with policy implementation in the public institutions; 3- Providing greater opportunities for minorities including ethnic groups and women for the purpose of accelerating the process of nation-building and sustainable development; 4- Reviewing foreign policy objectives and the instruments used to achieve the goals of securing and guaranteeing national interests; 5- Increasing political capacity for broad participation and support for fundamental freedoms aimed at closing the gaps between the ruling elites and the citizens. Development in Iran requires an approach based on the principles of Islamic, indigenous and modern identities. Political divide is deep and wide but it is imperative to find common ground to reach the consensus needed for development. It seems that a change in governance practices is inevitable for economic development. political stability and national security.

The most successful regional integration pattern can be seen in the European Union, so that, over the years, a successful regional convergence pattern has yet to be found. In 2011, the starting point of the arches was integrated into this body. Controversial views about the institution and the outcome of European convergence were advanced, and some even asserted that no clear definition of the whole of "Single Europe" had been drawn from the beginning. Undoubtedly, the crisis in the eurozone has challenged European convergence. After the crisis, Europe is divided into two non-equally divided countries: the northern wealthy countries and the southern bankrupt countries. The key question is, what is the impact of the crisis on the European convergence process? In response, it can be said that the crisis has had an impact on the political, economic, cultural and social sub-systems of the Union. This paper has advanced on the basis of system theory to prove its hypothesis. Based on this, the birth of federal ideas of Jean Monet and his followers in the post-World War II era, in the historical development of convergence, is equally valuable to environmental constraints. The pressures themselves are driven by geopolitical facts and economic considerations.

Cyber space is one of the most strategic issues of today's world and is considered the most challenging and up-to-date issue in the world. One of the strongest facets of virtual space is its impact on the political environment and, in particular, on the work of the government. On the other hand, one of the types of social-political gaps is the nation-state gap, which is of paramount importance today. Considering the exponential increase in the Internet using rate in Iran and the expansion of the use of cyberspace, along with increasing the provision of content in the political, social, cultural, economic areas, it is necessary to pay attention to its various dimensions and challenges. In this regard, the main question of the article is how did virtual space affect the gap of the nation-state in Iran between 2011 and 2017? The results of the research show that the hours of using or the time users spend in cyberspace can affect political trust and their mentality about political instability. The results of this study show that the use of cyberspace affects trust in institutions, and in particular trust in political actors, as well as the occurrence of some political instability. Therefore, cyberspace has affected the gap of the nation by influencing political trust and political instability.

Since the beginning of the Syrian crisis in 2011 so far,Many analysts consider this crisis as a result of a conspiracy from outside this country that by America and Britain and their regional allies, Israel and Saudi plan has been implemented. But despite driven out of crisis ,Existence some social gaps in Syrian society Such as ethnic and religious gaps in the form of internalgroup conflict Shiite - Sunni and outgroup Kurdish - Arabic expression had Affected in Increased range of crisis and faster growth of radical groups. The main question is that the social gaps in Syria Especially ethnic and religious gaps how effect on the formation and growth of radicalism in this country? assumption of this article is It seams There are two major ethnic and religious gap in Syria and State's inability to manage them and Extensive involvement of foreign Causing a sharp rise in the country's level of conflict and social unrest.So at the beginning of the crisis in 2011and The massive influx of foreign insurgents into the country,Religious Ethnic gaps have also been extremely active and was an influence on the growth of radical groups.

Community security has been one of the latest approaches in security studies, especially among Europeans. It helps some neo-realists such as Barry Buzan and the thinkers of Copenhagen school in explaining security dilemmas at the state and interstate levels. Threats to community security may include prohibiting a particular language, name or clothing or the deportation and killing of an identity group making impossible the expression of their identity. Given above, this article tries to represent the distinct identities of self and other by operationalizing the concept of security dilemma at the state level. The official stance of the EU towards the concept of community security is very trivial and far from these issues. But the needs of today's society make necessary a deeper view on the social aspects of security. The main question of this article is that what is the status of community security in the framework of the EU policies? To answer correctly to this question, the hypothesis of this article states that deliberation on community security approach aiming at explaining theoretical relationship between security and identity is very important because the survival of every society depends on its identity. Therefore, the issue of community security in Europe contains an identity dimension which is far from the official view in this respect. This article aims at studying the current and desirable situation of community security in Europe, especially after September 11 events.