فصلنامه سیاست
سال پنجاهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 54، تابستان 1399)

This paper examines the constitutional revolution and its revision in terms of insecurity. The basic question is this; how can we explain the relation between insecurity and democracy in the constitutional revolution? The main hypothesis is that the insecurity in the constitutional era led to the repulsing of constitution meaning democracy. Insecurity in constitutional movement not only pushed back democracy and constitutionalism in second priority, but sometimes the constitutionalism was seen as a way to re-strengthen Iran. Therefore, this research has emphasized the necessity of reading the constitutional concepts from the perspective of insecurity issue. The document studies show that the main purpose of the constitution was to solve the insecurity problem, and it was discovered in the historical exploration that a sovereign state was the only way out of this chaos and insecurity. This has then led to the marginalization of democracy. The problem is this; Iran is constantly threatened in two internal and external dimensions. The Governments of the time were also weak in controlling the insecurity. Therefore, insecurity overshadows other Iranian demands such as democracy. Totally, this article has given the fundamental importance to the social and public insecurity. Although, state’s independence against foreign forces, territorial integrity and the authority of the state in the public sphere has been considered because of the influence on the scope of insecurity.

One of the shortcomings of representative democracy is reduce the incentive for citizens to political participation. Analysts, actors and government representatives to grapple with this issue and seek answers to the question, how best can the participation of citizens in decision-making and policy-making process. According to our survey, although some recent studies have addressed the question of democratic policy participation, very few of them understand the nature, dynamics and characteristics of participatory methods and focus on institutional spaces that have been occurring in their participatory communications. It seems that facilitate and increase policy participation requires a new form of relationship between state and society. Institutional arrangements that can be levied at three levels substantive, procedural and the operational level. To facilitate and increase policy participation at all levels changes and developments it is necessary that each philosophy, mechanisms, arrangements and differences with each other.

The concept of time in virtual space includs three factoors; click time, during time, commercial time . These factors are along with the nature situation for creat new being in the world. when we discuss about time , we consider time as position related to astatic of user and his / her universe. time for ours in this letter is "procee of structure of Grammer in litterature of virtual space as style of life. virtual space structed kind of contact in nature statuse and creat a new human being . credit time of virtual - life is network. net - user in network as new being.

The presence of Africans in Iran (especially in southern provinces of Iran) goes back to more than two centuries ago when for the first time as a slave from some Persian Gulf Arabic countries such as Oman brought to Iran. In these centuries, their social identity formation process (as forging slaves and later on as immigrants and citizens) has been subject to some challenges and faced with many ups and downs. More specifically, their social identity formation and transformation can be categorized to three phases; slave, free and Iranian. Despite these ups and downs, their identity transformation, specifically in today Iran, has been less studied. This paper, drawing on 46 semi-structured interviews with Afro-Iranians in 4 rural and urban areas in southern Iran, explores different meanings and variations of their ‘Iranian’ identity focusing on the importance of nationality and ethnicity in their social identity negotiation. This paper suggests that ‘Iranian’ national identity in the opinion of Afro-Iranians is more based on the civic basis rather than racial or ethnic markers which make almost all participants to feel and prefer to belong to Iranian national identity.

The Sino-Iran relationship is increasingly showing its importance in Iran and Chinese foreign policy. This article focuses on the two major variables: the common interests and common aversions between China and since 1971. The question of this article is How the common interests and common aversions between China and Iran decides their relationship . China and Iran have many common interests: in the economic and energy cooperation, military cooperation, anti-terrorism and extremism, region security and geopolitics. China and Iran also have have common aversions in: dealing with domestic human rights, religious and democratic issues. China and Iran have some common aversions with different interests in dealing with conflicts with Russia, West powers and neighboring countries in their own regions. In this way, when China and Iran found equilibrium in their common aversions and common interests, they can have much closer relationship. But when China and Iran can not find equilibrium in their common interests and common aversions, they can not keep closer relationship. In this way, when China pursues strategy of economic development, Iran pursues political strategy as its priority of policy, China and Iran can only develop the limited economic relationship as the most important and permanent cooperation.

The speeches of critical and conceptual critical thinking are extraneous in the context of my contemporary Iranian history and the writings of our predecessors. That is to say, asking about the uncertainties, thinking about the unthought-of things and the insolence with our own Iranian idolatrous essence. We encountered some kind of confrontation with the West, who were following a non-existent with a chain of knowledge and its accumulated wealth, wandered intrusiveness and intriguedness, theorizing miscellaneous theories, and, likewise, suffered the most passive and violent reactions. And today, we stand on the brink of failure in the geography of our thinking, politics and history. Since the struggle of Abbas Mirza with the northern neighbor up to the overthrow of Pahlavi II (following the crazy rage of our examined mindset), the roads were trodden one after another; nonetheless, our Persian campaign and Western modernity, our Persian being and its historical tradition, and our Persian mythology and its afflictions still continue to exist the axis of our own life every day and every time. From this perspective, Iranians are suffering from a Mystical/Bicameral Mentality since the Islamic Revolution of the last decade of the 1950s, culminating in the emergence of this mentality and domination over the whole Iranians, with the acceptance of this three-dimensional mentality (negation, virtual values, Godly sacred state) as a result of which Iranian embraced the present conditions of their land. Namely, it implies a mentality whose mercy and inspiration came from the collaboration of religious intellectuals and Iranians in search of the creation of the holy blessing nation.

The Satire is one of the dynamic literary species found in the poetry of some poets of the Andalusian age. After the advent of Islam, the poetry of satire outside the personal field and tribal outside and entered the realm of religion and politics. Andalusian poets in their spells used comic instruments to express their goals and goals, and thus as a social critic and politics stand against political powers. What has been researched in this article is the discovery of political themes in Andalusian poets' spells,+ in that they have used political themes in their pariahs. Among these themes, one can refer to hypocrites, witches, foul, corrupt, bribe-takers, oppressors, and cruel, mistreated and inhuman matters, which attributed these themes to emirs, warlords, judges, and jurisprudents. In many of these poems, these poets have been expressly expressed and without fear and prejudice to oppose and criticize these political classes. The use of some rhetorical forms such as simile and metaphor, as well as some verbal exhortations in political spells, have brought beauty to the attention of the audience.

One of the most significant current discussion in medieval studies is to elaborate the nature of Medieval political thought. It provides a deep understanding of intellectual developments in politics during the Middle Ages. The major objective of this paper is to show that Medieval political thought have had a crucial relationship with political concepts in the Bible. The assumption is that the Bible was an important treasure during translating the political texts into Latin. Translators and political thinkers found some potentialities in the Bible, and utilized the words corresponded with political implications. So it put political thought under the authority of comprehensive doctrines of Christianity, and shaped the main characteristic Medieval political thought.

Many investigations have been done about Foucault's approach to Iran Islamic Revolution, but none of them did not explain its relation with ancient Greece philosophy. One main objective in this comparative literary study is to argue that Without understanding of Greece Philosophy and critic of Christianity, it did not Reveal cause of Foucault's protection of Revolution. Therfore, the main question here is that what relation is between Iran Shiite Revolution and Ancient Greece Philosophy? Do this similitudes is justifiable? In Foucault' view, Parrhesia is common point between Greece Philosophy and Tashayyu. Concepts of "Martyr", "the creation of subjects" and "Marjiyat" are features of Shiite Parrhesia Practice. Foucault maintains aim of Parrhesia and Tashayyu is the conversion of person into autonomous subjects. He has different understanding of political concept of Revolution , such as he understands Tashayyu as a political spirituality. this Paper reveals Philosophical origin of Foucault's approach to Revolution.

Neoliberalism is among the thoughts on concepts such as the market, the abolition of rules, and the removal of the notion of public or community interest and replacing it with "individual responsibility." Neoliberalism can be considered an ideology that believes that free trade and investment are the sole source of economic development and prosperity. This idea is based on the principle that the market mechanism should govern the human destiny. The collision of neoliberalism and the second generation of human rights, based on the charles and abstract categories that are abstract and academic, are in the economy and the market. The rules that are classified in this generation are among the legal ones that, in terms of codification and legislature, coincide with the rules of the first generation, but its identification is philosophically and theoretically followed by civil and political rights. It is important for these rules and concepts to coincide with the emergence of the period of neoliberalism, partly due to the international system's desire to realize the justice of the economy, and consequently to reduce poverty and overcome the shortcomings and deprivations of mankind.

With the advent of the Islamic Revolution, we have seen a discourse change in foreign policy of Iran. The result of this transformation was the change in the role and place of international system actors in Iran's foreign policy. Russia as an important player in the international system has always been an influential element in Iran's foreign policy. In addition to being a neighbor, Russia has had a long-standing political and economic relationship with Iran. In this regard, the purpose of this study is In this regard, The main question of the article is that "in recent years, which ideas, factors and components have determined Russia's position in Iran's foreign policy?" The research hypothesis is as follows "the structure of the international system and the internal construction of Iran's political system, including the understanding Iranian rulers about the nature of the international system, has caused to a consistency of Russia's position in foreign policy Iran; So that Russia has maintained its decisive role in orientation and behavioral patterns of Iranian foreign policy in different periods. On the contrary, relations between the two countries tend to fluctuate, due to international constraints and the development of discourses in Russian foreign policy.”

Social uprising in the Middle East and North Africa that started in late 2010 has affected on foreign policy of the states of this region. Also, this development has influenced on Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy, as one of the most important actors in the Middle East. The Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy orientation toward the uprising was supporting to collapsing states in Libya and Syria on the one hand, and military intervention in Bahrain and Yemen for maintaining their regimes on the other hand. This orientation on Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy is caused to this question: «how the paradoxical foreign policy of Saudi Arabia toward Islamic Awakening is noticeable?» To answer this question we use Neoclassical Realism theory and examine the role of external and internal factors in shaping Saudi Arabian foreign policy, simultaneously. This article has been conducted using descriptive-analytical method.

It is obvious that every society needs government for its stability and stability, its development and its welfare and security, and the government also needs organizations and an efficient administrative system to fulfill its goals and mission. Therefore, in case of being healthy, efficient and agility, it can be an effective and successful instrument for achieving the goals and objectives of the government and play an important role in the development and advancement of citizens' satisfaction and their support of the political system to play. This research examines the relationship between the administrative system and political development in the Islamic Republic of Iran without emphasis on a particular period. Therefore, its main question is: "What is the relationship between the administrative system and political development in the Islamic Republic of Iran?" Its hypothesis has also been formulated: "An efficient administrative system in the Islamic Republic of Iran can, by influencing stability, equality and political participation, provide for the growth and consolidation of political development." Thus, the subordination of the administrative system and political development interact and interact with each other; the administrative system is the driving and executing engine of the programs of the political system. With these considerations, this research is descriptive-analytical and data collection method is also a library. Findings of the research show that the elimination of injuries and changes in the administrative system of the country increase the capacity of the political system to respond, equality, stability and political participation, and the reciprocal expansion of political institutions, and to strengthen the response of the political system and equality and stability and political participation in it Will lead to the health and agility of the administrative system.

The present research tries to focus on the political modernization of the performance and policy of the ninth and tenth government in the field of political rights of citizenship during this period. Political modernization emphasizes the distinction between the public and the private sphere, the state and society, the individual and the citizen, the recognition of this distinction and divisions leads to the limitation of the power of the state, the spread of civil society and political freedoms, the rule of law, and ... Which is the basis for the development of citizenship political rights. This paper, by analytical-descriptive method, merely examines the political rights of citizenship, which is one of the components of political modernity. Because in the ninth and tenths of the state, there is a Rupture between differences and divisions with the emphasis on political modernity, we are faced with a kind of authoritarianism and expansion of government interference, which leads to the further weakening of the political rights of citizenship. The question of this research is: How can the politics of political rights of citizens of the ninth and tenth governments be explained in the field of political modernity? Our assumption is that the policies of the ninth and tenth governments are aimed at weakening the political rights of citizenship and the expansion of mass society. Key words: political modernization, political rights of citizenship, ninth and tenth governments, mass society

Modern sport has been always engaged as a cultural tool for political goals. Most important usage of sport with political and cultural look, specially some of most interested sport such as football, is controlling and also directing public minds, showing them good performance of government and finally nation building. Some Racist currency of Pan-Turkism, has also utilized this tool inside the country. This currency, especially in last decade since 2009, with qualification of “Tiraktorsazi Tabriz” football club as an Iran super league member also have used sport and specially football as a popular one, for advancement of its political mobilization and goals progress. Current study focuses on behaviorism and examination of mentioned currency literature for publication of separatism conversation in sport.

The international system's anarchy has suggested that Role taking is a fundamental phenomenon in international relations. On the other hand, change in power, change in control of the system and, consequently, the role of units. In the same vein, the power cycle creates systemic control pressures and role taking strategies are responsive to such pressures. Meanwhile, the complexity and chaos of the international system have increased the ineffectiveness of literature in response to such a situation. Iran faces the regional role taking strategies in the face of the complexity and non-linearity of the international system. Accordingly, the present study tries to model its design and its strategies in the state of complexity and chaos of the regional order

Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh is the truthful narrative of politics in ancient Iran and the worldview of that time. Although the Shahnameh is not exclusively a political text, its narratives reflect parts of Iranians’ political life. Accordingly, we can retrieve some of the features of Iranian polical thouth and practice in the Shahnameh. Analysis of conflict between the political prctice and worldview, or the Janusian character,is demonstrated in the ideal rulership in the Shahnameh. The assumption in this study is that the dualist worldview does not affect political actions, so the question is how have the janusian thinking in the Shahnameh? The hypothesis is, That the ruler’s adherence to the dualist worldview is obscure, because the Janusian thinking is attributed for the ruler.

The most successful regional integration pattern can be seen in the European Union, so that, over the years, a successful regional convergence pattern has yet to be found. In 2011, the starting point of the arches was integrated into this body. Controversial views about the institution and the outcome of European convergence were advanced, and some even asserted that no clear definition of the whole of "Single Europe" had been drawn from the beginning. Undoubtedly, the crisis in the eurozone has challenged European convergence. After the crisis, Europe is divided into two non-equally divided countries: the northern wealthy countries and the southern bankrupt countries. The key question is, what is the impact of the crisis on the European convergence process? In response, it can be said that the crisis has had an impact on the political, economic, cultural and social sub-systems of the Union. This paper has advanced on the basis of system theory to prove its hypothesis. Based on this, the birth of federal ideas of Jean Monet and his followers in the post-World War II era, in the historical development of convergence, is equally valuable to environmental constraints. The pressures themselves are driven by geopolitical facts and economic considerations.