جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "economic convergence" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

Shanghai Cooperation Organization with membership of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India and Pakistan, on September 17, 2021, agreed to Iran's membership in the organization. After a year passed since the conditional approval of Iran's membership in the Shanghai Organization, on 17 September 2022, Iran officially became a full member of this organization. The structure of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, with the predominance of security and political propositions, also has economic dimensions, which, if properly understood, will create opportunities for Iran in the economic and trade fields. Accordingly, an attempt has been made to examine the possibility of convergence under this organization in the form of a theoretical framework of regionalism; In this study, in response to the question "Is it possible for regional integration between the SCO countries and provide opportunities for Iran under this cooperation?", Using descriptive-analytical method and data collection, with the help of library and Internet resources and under the theoretical framework of new regionalism, it is hypothesized that "the SCO, due to the priority of security-political goals, disagreement of key members in pursuing economic goals and the weakness of structures and institutions to pursue economic programs, has minimal potential for economic integration among its members, but in case of lifting the sanctions obstacles facing Iran, it will provide opportunities for political unity and economic opportunities for the country."

Economic and political convergence at the level of the region and neighbors can be seen as a new nature of relations between countries after the Cold War. This is because some countries no longer have the desire to continue being dependent on the Western or Eastern bloc and were looking for a new experience in cooperation and closeness with each other. Iran and India were not exempt from this view. India's geopolitical position and the lack of political and economic convergence with some of its close neighbors can be seen as a suitable situation for other countries such as Iran. Therefore, this research with a descriptive analytical method and using reliable library and internet sources seeks to answer the question, what role can India play in economic convergence with Iran from a geopolitical perspective? The results of the research indicate that three factors have caused the economic convergence of Iran and India, which are: India's divergence with China (border disputes and access to nuclear weapons), India's divergence with Pakistan (Kashmir conflict, river water issue, conflict Kargil and the conflict in Siyajn) and the special situation of Iran and Chabahar port and the non-intervention of the United States of America.

Regionalism has been introduced as a conventional model of interaction in international relations and it is also a different model of exercising power in international arena which is based on values such as cooperation, unity and peace. Regionalism has undergone a transformation since the Cold War. The classical model of regionalism was the European model and some developing countries tried to copy the European regionalism model and implement it in their regions. But the European regionalism model was based on the goals and needs of European countries and was not suitable for other regions so developing countries have designed and implemented new models of regionalism. Modern regionalism does not have the elements of the European-oriented model. Organizations such as NAFTA, ASEAN and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization are examples of new and different models of regionalism that have broken the monopoly of the European model of regionalism and have launched their own model of regionalism. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is one of the important regional organizations that offers a new model of regionalism, and the Islamic Republic of Iran is also a member. In this article, we examined the interaction pattern of the members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the mechanisms of convergence and the challenges and perspectives of the regionalism of this organization.Research Question: The main question of this research is what is the regionalism model of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization? What are the interactive patterns and mechanisms for convergence in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization?Research Hypothesis: Considering that in this research we have used the systematic exploration strategy and historical review technique, we have not presented a hypothesis for this research because the main question of this article is about the regionalism model of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the answer to this question is related to the issues objectives and existing mechanisms in the structure of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Therefore, the answer to such a question requires examining the structure of this organization, documents, reports and historical events related to the convergence of this organization, so in this research we did not pay attention to the hypothesis or its possible answer.

To answer the main question in this research, the systematic exploration strategy and historical review technique have been used. In this strategy, the author does not provide any hypothesis for the main question and instead of checking the validity of the hypothesis, he directly refers to the evidence. Documents, reports, historical events, books and articles are the sources that are examined to answer the main question. Therefore, based on the historical study technique, we examined a historical period from 2001 until now, that is, since the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization until now and we examined the sources available in this historical period and we were able to identify the patterns of internal interaction, the mechanism to identify the convergences, challenges and perspectives of the regionalism of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

The findings show that since the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, two different models of regionalism have been formed in this organization. The first model was common since the establishment of the organization until 2017, we call this model "guided", in fact, the structure of this regionalism model was "2 + 4". Two countries, Russia and China, were leading four other Central Asian countries towards regionalism. Russia and China provided financial support to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and provided practical ideas and plans to strengthen regionalism. But after the two nuclear countries India and Pakistan joined this organization in 2017, the second model of regionalism began. In fact, the "guided" model was changed to the "pervasive" model. In this model, the "2 + 4" pattern has been changed and different branches have been created in the organization. The leadership role of Russia and China has decreased and each country is trying to independently use the regionalism capacities of this organization. Based on this pervasive model, Iran's permanent membership has been accepted and Turkey's permanent membership is also being considered. With the increase in the number of members and the diversity of their interests, the fields of activity of the organization have expanded and various mechanisms have been launched to strengthen convergence. These mechanisms work in different fields including security, economic and cultural. These mechanisms are the most important factors for the deepening of convergence in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization because they provide the conditions for mutual trust between the member countries of the organization and facilitate cooperation and participation.

The conclusion of this research is that the concept of convergence has been continuously enriched and developed since the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Convergence mechanisms have become more efficient and advanced and various fields of cooperation have expanded, so the possibility of cooperation in this organization has been facilitated and the motivation for the effective participation of the Shanghai Organization in global governance has increased. The organization now has the capacity to act as a driving force for the reconstruction of the new world order, but it should not be forgotten that the organization lacks a "strong collective identity", and there are many internal conflicts among members. The different religions, languages, cultures and histories of each of the member countries prevent the formation of a common identity and the conflicts between India and China, India and Pakistan, as well as Russia and China are so deep that we cannot easily ignore them. Therefore, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization does not have a sufficient condition (strong collective identity) to achieve complete convergence, but in general, the organization has been able to maintain mutual trust among members with agreements and annual meetings of the heads of member states and joint projects. Therefore, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has the necessary condition (mutual trust) for regionalism.

Achieving economic integration, security and sustainable development in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf has suggested as a considerable topic for many international relations' researchers. Reviewing the research literature, it can conclude that the researchers did not provide the same solutions on how to achieve regional convergence in the Persian Gulf. Instead, a variety of analysis, hypotheses and suggestions made in this regard. The study aims on the feasibility of economic integration in the Persian Gulf region (including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Kuwait and Bahrain) and the requirements for achieving it. Economic convergence considered as a process that aims to achieve peace, security and sustainable development in the region. Accordingly, the research question would be “How the Gulf States could achieve economic integration in order to achieve peace, security and sustainable development”. In order to achieve peace, security and sustainable development, the research hypothesis the Persian Gulf States should rely on a combination of various economic, political, security, and religious-cultural capacities. Then, overcoming internal, regional and visionary divergent factors must take into account the behavioral requirements of achieving economic and political-security cooperation (in the short and medium term) and economic convergence (in the long-term) in major national decisions as well as their foreign policy approaches. The research methodology, as needed, was a combination of qualitative method based on library documents and quantitative and statistical methods. The findings provide a comprehensive network model for achieving peace, security and sustainable development through economic integration in the Persian Gulf. While rejecting strategic hierarchy model in prioritizing the indicators, the simultaneous and interconnected use of different economic, political, security and religious-cultural components in achieving economic and political-security cooperation in the short and medium-term and economic convergence is proposed for long-term.

China's elites, with the nobility for the transformation of globalization, have placed their policy priorities on promoting economic power as the centerpiece of national power. Based on this and in order to utilize all national and international capacities, China's foreign policy has played a key role in creating the right environment for the country in the international system over the past three decades. As a result, attention has been paid to economic diplomacy as an economic-oriented approach to foreign policy and, consequently, to the consideration of its behavioral requirements. In order to analyze this issue, the present study uses a qualitative research method based on historical and library documents and also relying on statistical data to explain the concept, objectives and practice of economic diplomacy in China's foreign policy and its role in the country's potentiality. The main question of the article is that China has taken a foreign policy approach in order to achieve a strong position in the global economy. In response to the question, the research hypothesis is that China, after Mao, has actively pursued an economic diplomacy approach with the aim of strengthening its global position and has been actively pursuing its goals, including attracting foreign investment, facilitating the business environment, boom Tourism, the pursuit of science and technology, and the improvement of the image of the country.

Today, with regard to the influence of globalization process, not only the security of the countries has not been improved, but the threats against their national security have become more and more diversified than before. It should be said that governments, unilaterally, can’t provide their national security. In many cases, the elimination of threats and keeping safe the national security is possible only through the system of collective security and multilateral cooperation. The issue of terrorism is one of the most fundamental threats that all countries are facing. Currently, the phenomenon of terrorism affected by globalization and the spread of communications and information technology which has become much wider and more powerful day after day. It has many destructive effects than the past, which virtually no country is safe from its dangers, and no single country is able to deal with it lonely.
The paper, using a library-based qualitative research method, Multilateralism is proposed as an effective approach to counteracting terrorism and its gradual extirpation in the Islamic world. Accordingly, the research question is, in view of the increasing threats of terrorism in the Islamic world, which approach is more efficient and comprehensive to deal with this phenomenon? The study findings showed that the most effective way to fight terrorism in the Muslim world is to develop a multilateral approach and joint efforts of the countries of the region (i.e. Middle East countries). The influential countries of the region, including Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and other regional actors, should adopt a common approach to confront terrorism in the framework of multilateral relations and regional institutions. The multilateral approaches promotes the effective coordination of regional actors, reduces the cost of fighting terrorism, decrease the involvement of foreigners in regional affairs, eliminates the formation roots of terrorist groups, and etc. It ultimately ensures the establishment of security and stability in the region for an all-embracing development in the Muslim world.

Unlike the traditional conceptualization of hard military power as a criteria for the assessment of national power, in globalization era the components and indicators of national power have extended to novel dimensions including economic, financial, scientific, technological, cultural, and the like. Nowadays, the significance of new components of power (soft power) has abundantly been increased compared to the traditional components of power (hard power). Considering the convergence and interconnectedness of the world economies, approaches of foreign policy and diplomacy and specifying their objectives and strategies, is of significant role in improving national power of any country including Iran. Therefore, the foreign policy of Iran plays a significant role in creating a proper environment so as to promote Iran’s international status. It can be claimed that foreign policy in a developed country should always serve the national development. Therefore, economic diplomacy as a developmentalist approach to Iran's foreign policy and, consequently, its behavioral imperatives is highly emphasized. The principal research question of the study is: What role can Iran's foreign policy play in order to achieve an influential status in the world economy? And what components and indicators should be underscored and included in decision-makers’ plans to promote Iran’s power? The research hypothesis is that Iranian leaders and decision makers should concentrate on economic diplomacy as an approach to Iran's foreign policy so as to promote Iran’s power and enhance its international economic status.

Science the normalization of ties up to now, the United States behavioral patterns about china has been a combination of political interaction, economic convergence as the alternative policy, and strategic in folding pattern as the prior policy. For a visionary analysis of the United States behavior about china, different types of these behaviors must be segregated. In the frame of political-strategic ties, the potential exist for the behaviors of the tow countries to converge or result in conflict. For example, the united state-china ties regarding to the Taiwan issue, is an irremissibly issue which can be analyzed in a zero sum game frame, but about the economic ties between the tow countries, must of the economic critics in the world, consider the non-zero sum game more preferable and rational. Because both countries can benefit from the relative economics advantages to develop economically.
In this article, initially, I describe the three United States’ behavioral patterns regarding to china, and analyses and probe this patterns in the frame of the national patterns of experts.