جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "kyrgyzstan" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

Foreign policy is a complex subject in the field of international relations, which is included in the sub-branch of "foreign policy analysis". It is strongly influenced by both domestic and international factors. The decision-making process for foreign policy requires careful consideration of domestic and foreign considerations. Therefore, it is important to use theories and models to analyze and review the foreign policies of countries, considering the internal and external environments. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of new republics created a competitive atmosphere in Central Asia. The Islamic Republic of Iran has been active in the current developments in Central Asia and was one of the first countries to officially recognize the independence of Kyrgyzstan on December 21, 1991. Through bilateral relations and regional cooperation, Iran has tried to strengthen cooperation with Kyrgyzstan in various fields, including politics, economics, culture, science and technology. To achieve this goal, Iran has adopted various foreign policy strategies towards the Kyrgyz Republic. The purpose of this research is to analyze the current foreign policy strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards Kyrgyzstan and to present potential scenarios for Iran’s foreign policy in this country.Research question: The purpose of this research is to answer the following questions: What is Iran's foreign policy strategy in Kyrgyzstan? What are the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies?Research hypothesis: The proposed hypothesis is that Iran's foreign policy strategies towards Kyrgyzstan have not been successful and dynamic due to the country's internal strengths and environmental opportunities.

The current research has been carried out with the aim of analyzing the present and past strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Kyrgyzstan by compiling a conceptual model influenced by approaches of foreign policy analysis and its governing principles.  This will be followed by a forward-looking approach to create potential and favorable scenarios for the Islamic Republic of Iran in this country. The research conceptual model will include two strategic management models, namely Swat and Postel, as research techniques. The research approach will be a "futuristic" approach with focusing on scenarios. The main advantage of this conceptual model is its ability to simultaneously consider the micro, macro and moderate levels and at the same time use a prospective approach to analyze the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Kyrgyzstan.

Based on the drivers, trends, events and images, the following scenarios can be envisioned for Iran's foreign policy in Kyrgyzstan: the first scenario: the o-surprise scenario: possible revision: One of the most likely scenarios of Iran's foreign policy in Kyrgyzstan is the continuation of current trends without major changes. This scenario is included in the category of "static" scenarios and involves maintaining the current level of bilateral relations.The second scenario can be called "the most likely optimal" or the optimistic scenario: This scenario predicts that with the implementation of a ten-year comprehensive agreement between the two countries and the exploitation of many mines, the country’s  tourism and hydropower  potential will increase, strengthening the  communication corridors, the benefits of the country's membership in the Eurasian Economic Union ( EEU ) in relation to Iran as well as Iran's permanent membership in the Shanghai organization, the political, economic and cultural relations between the two countries will be promoted to the favorable level.The third scenario: "The worst scenario" or pessimistic scenario: Given that currently Iran's relations with all countries of the Central Asian region, including Kyrgyzstan, are not at a favorable level compared to the strengths and the opportunities of the region, the possible unfavorable scenario is the continuation of this process along with the weakening of this relationship due to reasons including the strong presence of China and other competing countries. "Desirable" or "miracle" scenarios: The lifting of sanctions against Iran, the establishment of normal relations with the international community and permanent membership of Iran in the Shanghai Organization will have a significant impact on Iran's global influence as well as the region and the country of Kyrgyzstan. This greatly enhance the overall level of relationship between all parties involved.

The examination of Iran's foreign policy in Kyrgyzstan shows that while political and cultural relations between the two countries have been positive and friendly, the economic relations have been limited and at a low level. Based on the Swot and Pestel model, Iran's political strategy in Kyrgyzstan was offensive, with a defensive economic strategy and a focus on cultural diversity. Various scenarios can be analyzed for the future of relations between the two countries, including optimistic scenarios, but other possible scenarios should also be considered. Finally, the research hypothesis can be confirmed that despite having strengths and opportunities, the two countries still have a long way to achieve an ideal relationship due to weaknesses and environmental challenges.

During the Soviet Union, as a result of accelerated industrialization policies and agricultural expansion, migration flows in Central Eurasia were mainly from the center of the Soviet Union to Central Asia. But at the beginning of the 1990s and after the collapse of Soviet Union, the situation changed. A large number of Russians living in Central Asian republics immigrated to Russia for fear of ethnic discrimination.  In addition, due to poverty and unemployment, war (in Tajikistan) and environmental problems, Central Asians migrated to Russia. This is despite the fact that a significant part of the migrations were labor migrations, which were done with the motive of employment and earning money to cover the expenses of the families living in the republics. Even today, due to cultural and linguistic affinities, family ties, ease of travel as well as Russia's strong need for labor in the early 2000s, the large-scale labor migration from Central Asia to Russia is one of the main streams of migration to Russia. To the extent that today, the remittances sent by these immigrants to their countries of origin constitute a significant share of the GDP of the respective countries especially Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Therefore, it can be seen that the migration flow in the region has been reversed after the collapse of the Soviet Union. After the integration of some countries in the region in the form of the Eurasian Economic Union and facilitating the free movement of labor among the member countries, it seems that changes have been made in the migration process from member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union to Russia.

Research question:

 In this research, focusing on the migrations to Russia from Central Asian countries, the main question is that: what effects has the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union had on the migration process from Central Asia to Russia? There are also a number of sub-questions, the answers to which can lead us to the answer to the main question. These questions are: What are the characteristics of Central Asian migrations to Russia? And what is the relationship between the economic theory of immigration and economic convergence?

Research hypothesis: 

In response to the above question, the hypothesis is examined that " The membership of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia in the Eurasian Economic Union has increased the process of labor migration from the first two countries to Russia by influencing the costs of migrant workers."

Considering that several factors can be effective in determining the flow of migration from Central Asia, which cannot be controlled, in this article the qualitative method of bivariate correlation is used. In this method, an attempt has been made to evaluate the relationship between the two variables of the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union (independent variable) and the change in migration process from Central Asia (dependent variable) by qualitatively evaluating the available data. Although the effect of variable a on variable B is not measured in this method, the existence of a positive or negative relationship between the two variables is evaluated.

Surveys showed that firstly, most of the migrations from the Central Asian republics are work and temporary migrations, and therefore are carried out by the population of working age. Secondly, the ratio of the number of immigrants to the total population of each republic is higher in poorer countries than in richer regions and countries. Thirdly, migrations often have a male face and are related to unskilled and semi-skilled workers. Fourthly, the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union has eased the labor migration conditions between the member countries and reduced its costs, and this has affected the flow of labor migration. At the same time, the lack of accurate and reliable statistics, especially regarding the country of Turkmenistan, and the impossibility of assessing the volume of illegal labor migration, were the most important challenges for an accurate assessment of the migration process in the region.Examining the collected data and information and comparing the share of member and non-member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union in the period before and after the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union in work migration to Russia shows that after the membership of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the migration of workers from these two countries to Russia has increased.

In this article, changes in the nature and countries of origin and destination of immigration after the collapse of the Soviet Union were investigated. Studies have shown that, unlike the early years of the collapse, when migrations were ethnic or social in nature, since the early 2000s they have become more economic in nature, and the two countries of Kazakhstan and Russia, became the most important destinations for work migration due to economic growth. Also, the impact of immigration process from member countries and non-member countries in the Eurasian Economic Union was investigated. The comparison of statistics showed that there is a positive correlation between the membership of the republics in this union and the increase of work migrations to Russia. In other words, with the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union, the number of labor migrations from union member countries to Russia has increased compared to non-member countries.

The Agreement on the Establishment of Formal Diplomatic Relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Kyrgyz Republic was signed in 1992 as one of the five countries in the Central Asian region. The assessment of the relations between Iran and Kyrgyzstan during these thirty years, despite the opportunity to strengthen convergence in various dimensions, shows a kind of stagnation and stability. This study examines the achievements and failures of the Islamic Republic of Iran's relations with Kyrgyzstan and answers the question of how the causes of stagnation and stability of Iran-Kyrgyzstan relations after thirty years can be assessed. In response, it is hypothesized that the relations between Iran and Kyrgyzstan, despite many similarities, especially in the cultural and political fields; Always with a kind of stability, stagnation and lack of dynamism in various dimensions for reasons such as lack of priority and differences of ideas and lack of a coherent strategy to strengthen relations at the bilateral level, Kyrgyzstan's cautious foreign policy towards interaction with Iran and the presence of rival regional and international powers. Has been faced. However, in order to achieve the development of relations between the two countries in various dimensions, the expansion of cooperation in the economic dimension, along with cultural and political priorities in relations with Kyrgyzstan in competition with other actors, can be put on a serious agenda. The article is descriptive-analytical and inferential methodology has been used to achieve the objectives of the research.

The cultural factor is one of the most stable and influential elements among the foreign policy elements of countries, which includes political, military, economic and cultural components, which contributes to the realization of other goals. In this context, an important dimension of the country's foreign policy is cultural diplomacy. Cultural diplomacy allows countries to establish a lasting spiritual relationship directly with the people of foreign lands, whether ordinary people or leaders, and to use it for political, economic, military, and security purposes.Research Question: how these capacities can be included in the agenda of relations between the two countries in strengthening the share of the cultural factor, especially cultural dialogues, as an inevitable and inseparable necessity of the regional socio-biology of Iran and KyrgyzstanResearch Hypothesis: It is assumed that by providing the ground for continuous cultural dialogue between the two countries and emphasizing the common capacities and strengthening it, the necessary ground will be provided for further strengthening and expansion of cultural interactions.Methodology (and Theoretical Framework if there are): The method used in this research is explanatory-prescriptive and the type of the research is fundamental. The nature of this writing is also qualitative. The data collection has been through the library method, the use of internet resources, articles, and documents.

The research findings are summarized in the fact that Iran's cultural relations in Kyrgyzstan have benefited from different results due to the different interactions between the two countries with the international system, the method and application of cultural strategies and the efficiency of responsible institutions in developing cultural relations. Iran's competitors in the region, despite the lack of a codified cultural strategy and efforts to reduce the sensitivity of some governments to its activities, has achieved relatively good results in countries and in the region as a whole.

Appropriate activities in the field of cyberspace and social networks of Russian and Kyrgyz to present a true picture of Iran today and the achievements of the Islamic Revolution and the introduction of Iranian cultural heritage and heritage, good and effective interactions and cooperation with some local media to reflect cultural activities and reports , Liaison with Kyrgyz Universities and Cultural Centers, Efforts to Seriously Transform Activities by Offering Successful Iranian Books and Works in Russian, Planning to Develop Iranian-Central Asian Cultural Dialogue Circles in Bishkek and vice versa through specialized meetings The subject or problem-oriented and the translation and publication of cultural resources desired by the parties are effective in the development of cultural relations between the two countries.

National authorities regulating currency generally do not have direct jurisdiction over virtual currencies, to date, as they are not national fiat currencies. However, currency regulators are influencing development of digital currency in several key indirect ways. Through their authority to protect the value and integrity of national fiat currencies, they take actions affecting digital currencies claiming that such actions are necessary to protect their national currency. Additionally, as these regulators generally have the authority to control the activities of banks and other key financial institutions, they influence digital currency development and use by restricting the ability of those institutions to use or accept virtual currency. Currency regulators commonly have jurisdiction over conversion of foreign currency, and through this role, they now routinely restrict the ability of parties to conduct conversions between digital currencies and traditional national currencies. National currency regulators have also issued substantial warnings to consumers of the risks associated with digital currency use. Currency regulators often have authority over funds transmission and money transfers, and they frequently exercise that jurisdiction in the context of virtual currency use. Some government are now exploring the possibility of government controlled digital currency and of government participation in the blockchain of existing virtual currency platforms.

Colored or velvet revolution as a change in the political arena is in the final decades of the twentieth century and the beginning of the countries of Eastern Europe such as Czechoslovakia and Romania in the first decade of independent Soviet republics such as Georgia and Kyrgyzstan has spread . Of the effective factors in the occurrence of such an event is a big country to do anything to achieve their goals , they even the poor in this country have used and financial assistance , try to use it as another trap to lure more influence in these countries to take full advantage .The main question with the help of correlation method is that NGOs have influenced how the Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Republic? And in response, it is hypothesized that non-governmental organizations through awareness to the youth of the Kyrgyz Republic have the direct effect of affecting the color revolution. This study collected information through library, documents and the Internet. The results indicated that non-governmental organizations in the country take the pulse of public opinion take over the media and try to represent everything larger than usual and trying to get through to achieve their interests.

The collapse of the Soviet Union and Muslim states Independence of the region, and Lack of East power and the wave of people seeking Islam And fear of creating revolutionary Islam Cause serious presence of Two Western Islamophobian powers in the region that have been entered in to the region seeking to Inhibition of Islamism, Inhibition of the Islamic Republic, Inhibition and weaken Russia and Protection strategic Military - economic interests And prevention the region's political and cultural elite supporting from the Palestinian Intifada and management and control of pan Turkism Project. And by These goals they have communicated closely with secular leaders of Muslim countries in the region and largely they have achieved their massive targets.

In the twentieth century and after the Second World War، an organization was recognized in international communities، in which no government could become a member. Known as non-governmental organization، such organizations could achieve a very significant place among different segments of the society، especially the young generation، so that we are witnessing increasing power of such organizations in different states of the world in the 21st century. Reference، for instance، may be made to attendance and role of such organizations in color revolutions which occurred after independence of former USSR republics in some of these countries. Aimed at investigating the influence of non-governmental organizations in color revolution of Kyrgyzstan، this study is to illustrate how such organizations could change the Kyrgyz Government without governmental interferences and solely relying on popular forces.