جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "militarism" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

What and the nature of the military-industrial complex, how they are formed and internationalized, the relationship between the military-industrial complex and the surrounding crises in the resurgence of the military-industrial complex and its impact on Trump's security policies between 2016 and 2020 are things that They are discussed in the present article. The main question is, what role did military-industrial complexes play in Trump's security policies between 2016 and 2020? The hypothesis of this research, which is descriptive-analytical based on a systematic review method with the analysis of Trump's behavior based on the approach of security theories, shows that military-industrial complexes as an identity-giving and legitimizing element of strategic and security policies has pushed Trump towards non-participatory unilateralism between 2016 and 2020. The data of this research shows that the main ground for the formation of military-industrial complexes is "security fear" or the belief in military security vulnerability. In other words, the main reason for the formation of these complexes is the response to surrounding security challenges.

After Mohammad Reza Pahlavi came to power, extensive efforts were made to develop and modernize the country; But in this way, many groups and strata were opposed to the Shah's policies. Therefore, in order to achieve his goals, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi suppressed and marginalized the opposition groups through the coup d'etat of August 28, 1943. After the coup, the military assumed a large and exclusive role in the political structure and the imperial cabinet in order to achieve the great goals and civilization that Mohammad Reza Pahlavi sought. The question here is that given the development in the economic, social, military fields, why did different people and groups oppose the policies of the Shah and finally the revolution? The findings of the study indicate that the reason for the formation of these oppositions and ultimately the revolution, the dissatisfaction of people and various groups with the Shah's rule and authoritarianism, the lack of proper implementation of elites in the political structure and failure to delegate social and political responsibilities to Other elite groups. In this article, he uses the theory of elitism and explanatory and causal methods to understand the causes of dissatisfaction among other elite groups and the purpose of this study is to show the lack of proper replacement of elite groups in the political structure and ultimately the internal crisis and the fall of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

Since the end of the Cold War until today, we have faced an international system in transition (formation), the Middle East region is no exception to this rule. Regionalism, Shiism and militarism are not the ideological-security approach of Iran. But under the influence of this approach, at a certain point in time, they can explain Iran's foreign policy strategy in order to become a regional hegemon. Iran's efforts to increase its regional role are further aimed at increasing relative security (defensive realism, defense-security). Increasing the wealth of countries leads them to increase military power and then the spirit of adventure (aggressive realism, aggression - power). The author will use a qualitative method and a descriptive-analytical approach to answer the question and prove his hypothesis through the data under discussion. How has US policy of aggressive internationalism since eleven sephtamber affected the ideological-security approach of the Islamic Republic so far? US aggressive internationalism in the Middle East in the shadow of (the idea of a new world order) after eleven sephtamber has so far shifted Iran's ideological-security approach to (regionalism-Shiism-militarism) by shifting from defense-security policy to aggression policy. The aim of this research is to examine Iran's foreign policy against the aggressive US internationalism in the period under discussion.

Polarity refers to the distribution of power in the international community and thus describes the nature of the international system. The most important debate of polarity is the relevance between polarity and stability of the international system and regional system. So the polarity of the structure of international system and its relevance to the peace and stability of the international system are important issues of research. Because polarity is the most comprehensive and common concept in the realist paradigm, so the author of the research attempts to apply the theory of Kenneth Waltz's structural realism and one of his main arguments, the distribution of power, for analyzing the instability and conflict in the west of Asia, after the bipolar structure of the Cold War period. According to Kenneth Waltz's views on the distribution of power and polarity, the bipolar structure of the Cold War period brought about a stable and peaceful system. But with the end of the Cold War and the bipolar structure, west of Asia entered a wave of various conflicts, including inter-state conflicts, inter-identity conflicts, and conflicts between states and non-state groups. The main question, then, is what effect has the structure of the international system had on the escalation of conflict in the West Asian region?Community Verified iconThe results of the research indicate that, ambiguity in polarity of the structure of international system has led to instability and conflict in the region of west of Asia. In this article research method is descriptive- analytic and data collection tool is qualitative.

With the rise of the AKP to power in 2002, the country's foreign policy inevitably embarked on a new path based on the two doctrines of "zero tension with neighbors" and "strategic depth." But since 2012, in line with popular uprisings in the region and the Muslim world, Turkey has gradually shifted away from its former foreign policy in the Middle East, increasing its understanding of threats, competing with other regional powers, increasing its use of force, risky behavior, and Prioritizing the policy of unilateralism has been accompanied. This new approach has led to a strong focus on national security, efforts for greater strategic independence, and the militarization of foreign policy. Regarding this development, some researches have emphasized the expansionist approach of neo-Ottomanism, while others consider the Islamic Awakening and the subsequent developments as the cause of the turn of Turkey's foreign policy. Other research looks at the 2016 coup and the rivalry of political elites as the root of this change. The tense environment of society considers the redefinition of Turkey's role in the region and the transformation of power in the international system as the five main and influential components in changing the foreign policy of this country towards the Middle East region. Among the above components, the change in the balance of power at the international and regional levels and the increasing position of Erdoğan himself in the power structure have had the greatest impact on Turkey's Middle East policy.

Undoubtedly, the Islamic Revolution of Iran has been the greatest revolution of the twentieth century, which has been able to have a wide range of effects both domestically and internationally. Its distinguishing feature from other revolutions was its emphasis on spirituality and values ​​inspired by the religion of Islam, so that by relying on the cultural power of Islam and reviving Islamic values ​​in a specific international and domestic context, it was able to win by mobilizing. Reach. The study of the causes of revolutions has always been one of the most fascinating topics in political science and sociology. So far, different views have been put forward regarding the causes of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. In this study, we intend to show the dissatisfaction and failure of different sections of society in the form of relative deprivation, as well as direct and indirect communication between the army and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and the effects of these relations on unrest and dissatisfaction that led to the revolution. Has been examined.

The joining of the Hekmatyar to the process of Afghanistan national peace has been one of the most recent controversial upheaval and affective on the political-security situation this country. The discovery of the cause of this state-reception and the Hekmatyar's historic anti-state is a major issue in this paper. The purpose of this question is to represent the role of politics on the emergence of violence in Afghanistan. Therefore, the question of the present research is that what was the main reason for Hekmatyar's military approach to the states of Afghanistan (1966-2016) and then change it to political approach? The research hypothesis, which is operationalized in the format of the structural theory of Douglas North’s social orders, is follows: the nature and structure of the power systems of the kingdom (1933), authoritarian (1973), communist (1978), non-institutional (1992), and fundamentalist in Afghanistan (1996), which is opposed to Hekmatyar’s Islamism and democratism policy, imposed an armed approach on the party. But, relatively democratic, institutionalized and Islamic system of the post-Taliban Afghanistan provided a peaceful approach to the party. Therfore,, the policy of governments, not the construction of a society has led to the emergence of social violence in Afghanistan.

Empowering of terrorist groups in the Middle East is the product of numerous reasons. One of the most important of these reasons is the competition between regional powers and their use of the leverage of terrorist groups in order to put pressure on each other. Furthermore, immature and wrong policies of great powers like: the United States in militarization of the region have provided new justifications for terrorist groups and have intensified their activities.
Bearing this intro in the mind, this research is aiming to examine the consequences of U.S foreign policy for the stability and security of the Middle East and the effects of military policy of U.S on regional terrorism. The finding of this survey showed us that the wrong policy of U.S have provided new justifications for the activities of terrorist groups and have empowered them.

The research about revolutions is always one of the most attractive issues in political sciences and sociology majors. Yet, different views and theories have been raised on Iran revolutions. We are aim to survey direct and indirect communications between army and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi during 1953- 1979 and the impact of Shah’s actions in army on Iran’s revelation event in this research. Although, we can’t disregard the significant role of people in Iran revolution occurrence, but we should accept this point that army has an important role for defense of government. Army always plays role of preventive and obstacle versus revolutionist. However, Iran’s army failed to do this function during of the revolution. So, the regime change was easily happened. Current research focus on Iran’s army functions and weakness, its structure, decisions making hierarchy, motives,…and their relations with decisions and policy of Shah. We use Russell theory on relations lack of loyalty in army forces and revolutions events. Our finding approves that lack of loyalty in army to government and their join to revolutionist had an important role in Iran revolution. We will use descriptive – analytic method whit emphasizing on library and documentary resources for this purpose.

Ten years has passed since the US military intervention in Afghanistan. Despite the initial claim of fighting terrorism as the reason for the military attack، actually terrorist activities have been accelerated ever since. Thus، the real intention of the US for the military intervention has been dubious and questioned by many political analysts. They argue، there must be other reasons for spending billions of dollars in Afghanistan by the US administration. This article examine the hypothesis that the interests of the Military Industrial Complex is the determinant factor of defining or creating ''critical situations'' as a pretext for justifying military intervention in a country like Afghanistan.

The arms trade of northern states with southern states is the only one of the fields of international intricate network which relates strong states to poor states and can be understood only in this general text framework. Negative effects of military expenses are evident to all as a barrier against development of the southern states. Not only are northern states responsible for militarism of southern states, but also these southern states causing such problem for some reasons. Today, prosperous arms markets and colonial imposition of this trade on southern states are affected by major global changes and some matters such as collapse of the Soviet, globalization of capitalism, September 11 attacks, terrorism combat pretext, economic crises in northern states and scientific advances, military and arms technology especially in Nano and space areas cause increasing expansion of this profitable trade, militarism and underdevelopment of most southern states.

Military-industrial complexes are one of outstanding phenomena in the realm of international policy , and from old times played an intricate role in the process of decision-making and foreign policy of some countries military-industrial complexes are able to form the countries behavior and foreign policy ,and used as an analytical tool in considering the international changes, and also used as a clear definition of real causes of behaviors of some countries specially in the military-industrial scope. Because some countries have always been considering the political within security domains the military- industrial complex is a product of combining different parts of political and economical issues which penetrates in the central layers of sovereignty and political system of countries making the access to power and wealth available for themselves, as a result leaves an impression on economy, science, policy and society of countries.
This is a descriptive analytical research paper which follows this question “how military-industrial complexes affect America’s political, economical and social progress”? Based on the main question of this research the theory which is followed in this path is “military –industrial complexes cause the lack of progress in different levels of America’s political economical and social aspects”.

The observers and critics of oil and politics are of the belief that where ever there are oil reserve and war occurs, this war is certainly relating to oil. The imposed war of Iraq against Iran occurred between two major oil exporting countries in the Persian Gulf region, a region in the world which is famous for its enormous oil reserves. Taking into consideration the above fact one can find the link between this war with the wealth and oil revenue of the two countries and also the existing oil in the Persian Gulf region. The present article is trying to examine the relation between oil and the developments relating to commencement, continuation and the end of the war in a systematic and precise manner. The article also examines the impact of oil revenue and the consequences of the change in oil balance in the Persian Gulf after the victory of Islamic revolution on political situation and the calculations of Iraqi leaders and it shows how oil has helped the commencement of the war by Iraq. Likewise the article analyzes the role of oil in supplying the war expenditure and sustaining of economies of Iran and Iraq and the consequences of third oil shock, the intensification of oil tankers war, to show how these conditions had impact on continuation and later end of the war.

Following the fundamental changes in the structure of the international system because of the collapse of the Soviet Union, many analysts will pay attention to the question of the essential trends that will be included in the agenda for world security. This writing is intended to offer an answer to this question in which the author has proposed the following hypothesis: The world security plan involves two agendas. The first agenda corresponds to the contents of world hegemony and refers to the positive rivalry between the United States and European Union. The second agenda relates to the grounds for the rise of conflicts, and ushers in the entry of the Middle East to the context of security developments in the 21st Century. In order to explain the subject, the author has initially presented two main scenarios which are pursued by the great actors in the stage of international politics (namely the American and European scenarios for the world order) and according to them the lines of conflict have been derived and described. According to this hypothesis, the tendency of the world system to hegemonic structure and heightened political-security tensions in the Middle East form two general phenomena of the 21st Century.