جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "the rent" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

The amazing economic development of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in recent decades has led to the emergence of a new nucleus of capitalism in the Persian Gulf subsystem and the Middle East region. The kingdoms of the Persian Gulf have efficiently leveraged their rentier economies and the vast revenues from hydrocarbon resources to form a novel consensus on development, initially based on the utilization of hydrocarbon resources, and are now moving towards more diversified economic development. These developments created tremendous changes in the literature of the rentier state; In such a way that oil and the rentier state, previously considered obstacles to sustainable development, have become the main pillars of the movement towards development in these societies; In other words, the GCC countries are transitioning from allocative rent to productive rent in their path towards development. The purpose of this article is to explain the reasons for this change.

This study employs an analytical-explanatory approach based on the analysis of micro and macro components and the conceptual framework of the development-oriented state. Utilizing both library and internet sources, it seeks to critically examine the influence of both international and domestic factors on the shift in development strategies, while addressing the shortcomings of the development-oriented state theory, particularly its lack of attention to international variables and their impact on domestic development processes.

The findings of this research show that the occurrence of a series of political and economic factors such as a generational shift in leadership, the birth of development-oriented states, balancing foreign policy, using smart power and connecting to the global economy, have provided the basis for the formation of this new model of development. It has resulted in the formation of a new movement among the the GCC members, from the allocation rent to the productive one.

In reality, for decades, the hydrocarbon resources of the Persian Gulf have served as the gateway for GCC countries to enter and participate in the global economy as energy suppliers. The instability of oil resources, the discovery of shale oil and instability in oil prices made these countries realize the necessity and importance of creating a diversified economic system. Along with these issues, the occurrence of developments at both internal and external levels pushed these countries towards a kind of consensus on the way of internal governance and foreign policy. The new generation of leaders came to power with mainly economic-oriented attitudes, and in search of ways to diversify the rentier economy of their countries, they started initiatives such as development perspective programs in all countries of the GCC. Under the influence of the new ideas of their leaders, these rentier governments, by using elements such as authoritarianism and following the authoritarian capitalist model, became productive and nurturing governments in the economic field, which today are the main implementers of development prospects with tools such as government branding and economic investments. At the same time, based on the new ideas of the new leaders regarding the importance of effective economic relations with the world and the pursuit of political-economic interests and opportunities simultaneously with the East and the West, they started to balance the foreign policy and have engaged in reciprocal relationships with partners like China and India in the East, as well as the United States and Europe in the West, while employing smart power strategies.

According to the civil law and jurisprudence, one of the basic conditions for the validity of a lease is to determine the duration or number of times the act has been performed. The benefit is determined by mentioning the term, if the term is not determined, the lease is void. But sometimes the parties to the contract set the amount of wages against the unit of time or the number of times the act is performed. In Articles 501 and 515 of the Civil Code, the legislature has accepted rent without mentioning the term, which in the language of jurists is known as "rent by appointment" and in the language of jurists is known as "rent of the famous". According to the civil law, the lease is valid in the first period of time, and in the rest of the period of times, the landlord or the tenant will be entitled to the rent according to the conditions stated in the contract. However, there is disagreement between jurists and jurists regarding the validity and invalidity of the lease, both in the specified period and over it. In this article, we try to examine the views of legal doctrine with an analytical-descriptive approach. Let's pay the jurists and analyze the legal institution that can be replaced by the mentioned contract.

The annulment of marriage means that the marriage contract that was first correctly concluded is destroyed without the intention and will of the parties and according to the law; Therefore, the annulment of the marriage contract is a forced dissolution, which means that the marriage contract is automatically dissolved without the need for another legal action, and it does not leave the right of choice for the court and the parties to the contract, which, in the assumption of discussion, to establish a foster relationship after the marriage contract. Whether it is caused by breastfeeding, whether it is caused by renting a uterus, or receiving sperm, egg, or fetus, like other cases of annulment of the marriage contract, it causes the forced dissolution of the contract from the date of occurrence; Because the philosophy of banning maternal sexual immorality, which means the growth of flesh and the strengthening of bones, also exists in the case of the mother who owns the womb.

In the last decade, there have been important revisions in economic policy making issues and more attention has been paid to the two categories of political economy with the aim of finding a solution to reform the government and industrial policy with the aim of increasing the competitiveness of the industry sector and industrialization. Examining how countries at all levels of development can respond constructively to contemporary challenges (job creation, poverty reduction, participation in the technological revolution and value chains, etc.); It is difficult without the use of targeted industrial policy.The strategy of export-based industrialization, which in some cases is also called as export-based growth, is a type of economic and commercial policy that aims to speed up the industrialization process of a country through the export of goods that are It has a comparative advantage.Export development is important for two reasons. The first reason is that export-led growth can provide the country with resources, allowing the country to repair its trade balance deficit to the extent that the materials and facilities for export allow, and in addition, its foreign debts. also pay The second reason, which is more important, is that this strategy causes productivity in the country to grow and the export cycle to continue. planning) In this research, the economic variables affecting the export-based industrial development have been extracted

In today's world, the establishment of democracy is literally the desire of many nations. This desire faces many barriers and challenges that make it particularly difficult to achieve, especially in tribal nation-states. Undoubtedly, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf are important states in all economic, political, cultural and social dimensions in regional and trans-regional contexts, and the existence of rich energy resources doubles this importance. By focusing on the democracy as the nodal point, the present study examines the barriers to transition to democracy as a surrounding point in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The main question of this research is formulated as follows: "What are the most important barriers to the transition to democracy in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf?" The paper hypothesis suggests that there are structural and systematic barriers that make it difficult to achieve democracy. In this regard, the findings show that the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf have made little progress on the path to democracy and even they are at a considerable distance from the semi-democratic situation. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and through library resources and specialized texts on the subject.

Written by: i
The continuity of economics and politics is something that today clearly leads to
complexities in the development and advancement of countries, which are sometimes
facilitators and sometimes problematic. But in the meantime, geographical conditions as
the third pillar of triangle seem to determine shape and process of both economic and
political variables. This paper examines the Iran’s country at the time of Qajar to
Pahlavi with these three variables. The issue of water scarcity, livelihoods and
economic life necessitated the presence of a powerful patrimonial and Patrimonial
employed an economically dependent and unproductive economic system to maintain
and execute its costly roles.It seems that the rents that has led to the survival of Rentier
governments is also ongoing in Israel. US-backed aid to Israel has the same role as oil
in Rentier governments.

In this paper, the effects of interaction between oil rents, entrepreneurship and government administrative structure in Iran is analyzed. The main questions of this study are (1) is the existence of oil rents caused the government in the oil-exporting developing countries (including Iran), do not feel the need to reform its structure and (2) does decentralization increase the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. The research method of this paper is descriptive and causal-comparative. The results show that the answer to both questions is yes. In general, governments in oil-exporting developing countries establish a rentier and centralized structure that shape a business environment which has a negative effect on entrepreneurship. It is expected that at a decentralized administrative structure than a centralized administrative structure is exploited more entrepreneurial opportunities. Government to promote the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the country should primarily act to modify its structure to a decentralized structure.

In this paper, the effects of interaction between oil rents, entrepreneurship and government administrative structure in Iran is analyzed. The main questions of this study are (1) is the existence of oil rents caused the government in the oil-exporting developing countries (including Iran), do not feel the need to reform its structure and (2) does decentralization increase the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. The research method of this paper is descriptive and causal-comparative. The results show that the answer to both questions is yes. In general, governments in oil-exporting developing countries establish a rentier and centralized structure that shape a business environment which has a negative effect on entrepreneurship. It is expected that at a decentralized administrative structure than a centralized administrative structure is exploited more entrepreneurial opportunities. Government to promote the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the country should primarily act to modify its structure to a decentralized structure.

The recent uprisings in the Middle East was started from Tunisia in 2010 and quickly spread to other countries in the region. These uprising were led to the fall of the ruling regimes in some countries such as Egypt, Tunisia and Libya, and in some other countries the former regime still exists. This uprising in Tunisia had the different fields of political, economic, and cultural and...., But one of the main Effective Contexts on Emerging the popular uprising in Tunisia, related to issues of political economy. In this regard, the question that arises in this context is that what are the most important causes of the uprising in Tunisia from the perspective of political economy? And what role did they play in shaping the country's popular uprising? (Question)This paper by considering its political economy approach has this idea that: the main field of incidence of the protest movement against the regime was the conflict between Tunisian Dynamic and young society and rent_seeking political _economic structures in the forming the popular uprising in Tunisia which are investigated. (Hypothesis)This article tries to analyze Tunisia's popular uprising by focusing on issues related to political economy. (Target)In this article descriptive-analytic method has been used to explain the variables of interest. (Method)This article has analyzed the nature of this rent_seeking structure and its origins and its impact on the incidence of the uprising in Tunisia by detailed description of the social conditions of Tunisia and by explaining the rent_seeking structure. (Results) this article also focused on the years 2010 to 2011.