جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "انسان شناسی عرفانی" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

Today, toleration is an important social and political behavior in addition to being an ethical pattern. Many philosophers have placed emphasis on the need for practicing social toleration along with observing such behavior in personal relations. Recommendations on observing this type of toleration come from pluralism based on certain viewpoints in epistemology. An instance is Kant’s distinction between phenomena and noumena, a theory that was generalized by John Hick and introduced into religious epistemology and also into the issue of salvation as a concept attributed to the Muslim mystics in order to ultimately serve as a reason for recommendations on social-political toleration. This work intends to narrate and take a critical approach toward the theory and generalization by Hick in a bid to introduce a substitute theory for pluralism. Based on the proposed model taken from mysticism and enriched by Imam Khomeini’s views, “man” is the origin of toleration as the best manifestation; hence, toleration is not a product of pluralism but an outcome of transcendental anthropology. This model results in distinction between beliefs on one side and their proponents on the side so that the person can be held at a position to be critical of the beliefs and procedures, to tolerate proponents of such beliefs and associated factors, and to avoid falling to the illogical outcomes of the pluralists or the shallow bias of the monopolists.

There are three types of normative ethics including duty-based ethics, result-based ethics and virtue- based ethics. A fourth type of ethics can be also considered as "Caliphate – oriented ethics", which is based on the assumption and succession between man (as Abd) and God (as Rabb). In this article, we attempt to examine the concept of "Caliphate- based ethics" by examining the mystical ethics in the tradition of theoretical mysticism. This type of ethics may be the correct interpretation of "mystical ethics" - in the tradition of theoretical mysticism attributed to Ibn al-Arabi and Caliphate-based ethics is subordinated to virtue ethics. The Caliphate's ethics should be viewed as a virtue theory that differs in the nature of virtues, the method of recognizing virtues, and how to achieve virtues with conventional approaches to virtue ethics. In this theory, virtues are the attributes of God, the method of recognizing virtues is the knowledge of the virtues, and the method of becoming virtuous is to imitate God and then become the caliph of God through mystical conduct in three stages. Purification, Polishing and Adornation. This methodology is based on mystical anthropology, which is found in the mystical works of Imam Khomeini.

The tradition of creation of man in the image of God (God created man in His own image) is among lofty divine teachings, whose interpretation is possible only by those religious scholars who don’t confine themselves to the appearance of religious teachings. According to Imam Khomeini, this tradition alludes to the total manifestness of perfect man for divine names. In other words, it alludes to man’s manfistness of the Comprehensive Name of Allah. Since perfect man has been created in the divine image, the image and the Comprehensive Name itself is related to him and in mystical expression, he is the comprehensive being and hence is qualified to learn the Divine Names. As a result, he is superior to the angels and deserves to be the vicegerent of God.