جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بازدارندگی » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

One of the pressing issues faced by universities today is "academic cheating," which has been causing significant and irreparable harm to the academic community due to its pervasive nature. Studies indicate that cheating shares similarities with other forms of deviant behavior and individuals, who engage in cheating, are more likely to repeat such an action and do it so more frequently. The rational choice theory of criminology provides insight into deviant behavior, suggesting that individuals act based on their personal assessments of the expected benefits, which are influenced by the anticipated costs and motivations associated with the behavior in question. This theory underscores the significance of the perceived benefits of academic cheating, such as avoiding exertion, attaining higher grades, experiencing reduced stress, and saving time, while weighing them against potential costs, such as the risk of being deprived of the necessary education for future success. Furthermore, the deterrence theory offers valuable insights, positing that individuals' awareness of the certainty, severity, and swiftness of punishment diminishes the likelihood of engaging in deviant behavior. Therefore, if students do not perceive the clear and consistent enforcement of penalties for cheating as outlined in university regulations, the likelihood of cheating will increase. This research aimed to sociologically investigate and elucidate the phenomenon of academic cheating among Mazandaran University students through the lenses of rational choice and deterrence theories.

The present study employed a survey-based, cross-sectional research method, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The research targeted the entire student body of Mazandaran University enrolled in the year of 1401. The statistical sample consisted of 400 individuals, comprising both male and female students selected through random sampling with a 5% margin of error. A total of 435 questionnaires were distributed and after excluding any incomplete or distorted responses, 400 questionnaires were deemed suitable for evaluation and analysis. The sampling technique employed in this research was proportional stratified random sampling, wherein the students' gender was treated as a stratum and the sample size was allocated to each stratum in proportion to its size. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, employing mean comparison and multiple regression tests.

The prevalence of academic cheating poses a significant challenge to the primary mission of the educational institution. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate this deviant behavior. The theoretical contribution of this study lay in the application of rational choice theory and deterrence theory to elucidate academic cheating. The findings of this research revealed that informal punishment, moral beliefs, self-control, and utilitarian needs are influential factors in explaining academic cheating. In essence, rational choice theory posits that, notwithstanding various constraints, individuals are rational, proactive, and capable of assessing the costs and rewards of their actions based on the prevailing circumstances. Consequently, academic cheating is a product of individuals' cognitive evaluations of the costs and benefits associated with the perceived outcomes of such behavior within the contextual conditions of the situation. Furthermore, deterrence theory asserts that if the punishment for academic cheating is severe, certain, and immediate, a rational individual will weigh the potential gains and losses before engaging in cheating and if the losses outweigh the gains, they will refrain from cheating. Consequently, students, as rational actors, meticulously assess all circumstances and situations before engaging in academic cheating and if the perceived benefits outweigh the costs, they may choose to engage in this behavior, thus expressing their agency.

The purpose of this study is to rank the indicators of deterrence of administrative violations with the approach of Islamic teachings using the AHP technique among the employees of the Social Security Organization of Greater Tehran.

The research method is mixed (qualitative and quantitative) and exploratory type has been used. The statistical population in the qualitative part of the research includes Islamic texts (case study of Nahj al-Balagheh book) and in the quantitative part included managers, supervisors and experts in combating administrative violations of the Greater Tehran Social Security Organization, numbering 245 people. Morgan is set to include 150 people.

Based on the analytical findings, 348 sub-themes were extracted in three levels (prevention, excellence and exposure (treatment)) regarding the prevention of administrative violations, observing the principle of semantics. Finally, in collaboration with the seminary experts, due to the overlap of concepts, they were categorized into 7 main themes and 34 sub-themes.

In ranking the main criteria using AHP hierarchical analysis technique, the criterion of excellence of moral and spiritual virtues (0.358) in the first place, the criterion of solving mechanisms (0.215) in the second place, the criterion of mechanisms Evaluation and monitoring (0.137) in the third place, criteria of selective-employment mechanisms (0.125) in the fourth place, democracy and good social relations (0.062) in the fifth place, structural mechanisms (0.056) is in the sixth place and the criterion of avoiding specialization (0.047) is in the last place.

With the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the emphasis on the legalization of laws, retaliation was recognized for the first time in the bill of limits, retaliation and its regulations as one of the legal punishments in the sphere of criminal law in Iran. The emergence of retaliation in Iranian law led to the formation of many religious, political, social and cultural conflicts and created two conflicting discourses about its implementation or non-implementation. Given the importance of retaliation and the formation of its issues in various social spheres, Iranian cinematic literature in the form of criminal genres has also paid attention to this issue. Given the role of the media in shaping public opinion in the field of legal issues, this study seeks to use the method of Wodak historical discourse approach and with emphasis on the historical, religious and political sections of Iran, the films "Beautiful City", "Delkhon(heartbroken)", "Wednesday”, "Lanturi", "Jamshidia" and "Parvane's Swimming" analyzes in terms of representing retaliation. Based on the findings of this study, the authors of the studied films, by adopting an evidence-based approach and reasoning logic, seek to express the views of those who oppose and those in favor of retaliation. Nevertheless, the overall evaluation of the studied films shows that the authors, understanding the hegemony of religious discourse, instead of emphasizing the elimination of retaliation, focus on some alternative strategies such as spreading the culture of forgiveness, developing peace and reconciliation.

Life imprisonment is one of the most severe corporal punishments which is contrary to the feeling of altruism and the spirit of civilization that respects life for all human beings and on the other hand does not guarantee benefits for the individual and society because by eliminating the perpetrator of special intimidation. Intimidation has been ruled out and general intimidation will not be achieved due to the fact that this punishment may not be commensurate with the guilt of the perpetrator, and as a result the basic purpose of the punishment, which is correction and rehabilitation today, will not be achieved. Today, most countries have abolished the death penalty in accordance with the teachings of criminology.

The present research has been done by descriptive and analytical methods.

Due to the challenges of life imprisonment, alternative punishments should be used in the implementation of this punishment. Regarding retaliatory punishments such as retribution, it is suggested that a distinction should be made. In other words, in premeditated murder according to the decision, the punishment is commensurate with the same retribution, but in the case of unspecified murders, suspicion can be cast. Especially cases where the perpetrator did not intend to kill and the work was typically deadly. In the case of life imprisonment of the hadd type, we should believe that the death penalty should not be determined and it is suggested that the sentence of long-term imprisonment be used.

Prevention of crime means predicting, identifying and assessing the risk of crime and taking the necessary measures and measures to eliminate or reduce it, which has always been one of the most important concerns of legal systems, today constitutes one of the most important organs of criminal policy in countries. Undoubtedly, along with the judicial, executive and law enforcement agencies, but also, first of all, the legislative system by enacting efficient and effective laws, Especially in Iran and countries following the codified legal system, it can have a good impact on the prevention of crimes by criminalizing criminal acts and setting up a list of crimes and punishments and informing people about antisocial behaviors, and by mobilizing and directing the judicial and executive agencies to prevent the occurrence and prevalence of social harms. Today, the Achilles' heel of the Islamic Republic is the spread of corruption and crimes, and consequently the event of social damage, which has been geometrically exponential with the vast and easy access of cyberspace, its destructive and destructive effects are beyond imagination. In this research, we tried to investigate the role of law in crime prevention and social harm through critical analytical method.

The policy of confrontation between the Zionist regime and the Islamic Republic of Iran has always been pursued by both sides. However, in explaining the mutual strategies of the two sides, regardless of the historical course and conditions of each period, overgeneralization and even slogan dimensions have been given priority. Considering the necessity of a comprehensive cognizance of the strategies of this regime, especially considering the course of developments in the foreign arena such as JCPOA and the importance of using the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, this paper raises the question of what strategy or strategies the Zionist regime has adopted against the Islamic Republic of Iran since the inception of the revolution, and in return, what strategies has Iran followed? The hypothesis of the paper is that the Zionist regime has so far pursued its policies in the form of four strategies, ranging from efforts to seek cooperation to active militancy. The Islamic Republic of Iran, on the other hand, has adopted two specific strategies to counter this regime.

The anarchical status of cyberspace brings about deep effects on countries’ interests and national security. A large number of anonymous global players threaten the interests or even the vital infrastructures of their counterparts on a daily basis. This has made the states around the world to think about finding a real approach to decrease such damages, threats, etc. in the cyberspace. And the Deterrence Strategy, as an efficient tool in dealing with such a significant issue, is the outcome of this long endeavor. The current essay aims to discover the effectiveness of Deterrence Strategy in cyberspace and those conditions it is in need of to be regarded as a most efficient deterring tool. The findings here in this essay prove that the Deterrence Strategy cannot have the same performance in cyberspace as it had during the Cold War. However, at the same time, they establish that the Deterrence Strategy enjoys great potentials through which it protects the countries’ interests and national security. Great defense capability, the power of identifying the invaders, and the capability of conducting harsh retaliatory acts are the main three components that make this strategy effective. However, it is worth saying that among all those components, the ‘identification’ factor plays the most fundamental role in making the Deterrence Strategy effective in cyberspace. The reason is that an unbeaten identifying process guarantees the effectiveness and usefulness of retaliatory acts. Furthermore, such a triumph will force the real threat to be wiped out forever. The findings also show that the Deterrence Strategy is something imperfect without the presence of retaliatory acts. In fact, such a shortcoming allows the potential invaders to revise their plans in order to resume their attacks against their rivals in cyberspace.

Drug and psychoanalysis has been a constant concern, especially in recent years in the world (due to mass production and exportation) and especially in our country. Therefore, various international conventions have been approved by the countries of the world in this regard. Also, countries have legislated in their domestic law in this regard. Meanwhile, the death penalty is the focus of the discussion. The role of the deterrence of the death penalty in drug and psychological crimes is of particular importance. In the legal system of Iran (as a Shari'a system) the jurisprudential nature of this punishment is also discussed.

This research is descriptive. In collecting the research materials, in addition to using the few books in this field, articles on the effect of punitive deterrence were used. In addition, Internet sites and thesis papers of the Counter Narcotics Board have been used to enrich the content.

Findings and outcomes:

The present research has tried to examine the nature of this punishment for drug and psychological crimes from the religious and legal aspects and, on the other hand, determine the effect of this punishment on these crimes on deterrence of these crimes. In the legal system of Iran, which, given the separation of deterrence, seems to be ineffective, the death penalty for the offenses in question seems to be ineffective, but the punishment does not deter them from these crimes.

Quarrel between-group conflict refers to. This phenomenon in traditional communities (rural communities, etc.) arising from environmental conditions, traditional structure, nervousness and competition over scarce resources and is shown as one of the serious social problems the country in general and the rural community becauseThe method used in this research was survey and the sample, the sample size is determined based on a sampling of 300 people distributed cluster. The results show that the relationship between glaring Group (%56), retributive sense (37%), lack of social cohesion (-%24), xenophobia (63%), inequality in power (-%53), weak external deterrence (-%39) and competition for resources (61%) with a significant mass struggle and variable weakness of internal inhibition and mistrust of the collective fight is not significant. The results showed that the significant variables in the model, inequality in power by a factor of 431 / strongest impact variable and competition for resources by a factor of 121/0 had the lowest impact on the model. Multiple correlation coefficients between variables are equal to 65/0 and 39/0 determining factor.

In recent decades, alongside increasing in rate and changing in types of crimes in Iran, the rate of formal related punishments or special crimes by penal system, have also increased. These punishments which sometimes had been performing publicly have different reactions in society and public opinion which are qualified for scientific and empirical inquiries. The aim of this survey is the assessment of formal punishments’effect on public attitude toward crime through “Deterrence principle” and “reinforcement of social integration” .The research population consists of all citizens above 18 years old in Khomeini Shahr, Isfahan. 171 people were selected from total population as the research sample by cluster sampling technique. Findings show that generally, Khomeini Shahr citizens have a negative attitude toward the spectrum of studied crimes. Furthermore, there is a relationship between awareness and assessment of execution of formal punishments with deterrence principle and reinforcement of social integration. Results were explained by theories of social control, social integration and deterrence.

Today, 1.2 percent of all deaths and 23% of the total road traffic injury-related deaths constitute, according to WHO statistics, in 2013 more than one million and two thousand people have lost their lives in traffic accidents. And it is predicted that by 2030, traffic accidents rank as the fifth cause of death in it. In Iran, according to the latest statistics of forensic medicine at the end of 1392, over 17 thousand people have lost their lives in traffic accidents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of the new law dealing with driving offenses index (approved in 2010) in the management of traffic offenses in order to reduce accidents and ultimately reduce mortality. Obviously, the purpose and nature of applied research, in terms of data collection methods, descriptive assessment in terms of a cross-sectional study using the Delphi method of content analysis to evaluate the effect of traffic regulations on the prevention of road traffic injuries also was conducted to determine the legal gaps. The study population consisted of all those killed in accidents resulting from the 1997 to 2013 comprise a census of all the data were analyzed as case study. The results of this study show that after applying the new law to control the rate of increase in the absolute number of road casualties than in previous years has been the rule of law, but based on the world than the tens of thousands of 100 thousand toward of the vehicle have substantially decreased

One of the most severe punishments which has been part of the criminal law for so long and has been a common punishment tool throughout history. Indeed, death penalty is for those who commit major felonies. A punishment which eliminates the criminals permanently and it is most often used in order to stop that crime from being repeated by eliminating the offender. This article studies the preventive efficacy of hanging in three offenses, sexual offenses deserving hanging, homicide, drugs. The studies show that hanging and the fear of it is not enough to stop a person with the intention of committing a crime from doing so. Confronting crime through arresting and death punishment (hanging) is actually fighting the effect (not the cause) and this is not the right solution to control criminal behavior. This research is descriptive-analytic and based on library sources and statistical documents. It studies the preventive efficacy of hanging in the three mentioned offenses. The objective of this research is laying the groundwork for balancing the criminal law, correction of individual and society, improving social security level, higher efficacy of punishments in improving the status of society and increasing the preventive role of the punishment of hanging in crime prevention.

Ultra-domain and ultra-organizational synergy of the entire society, especially in the armed forces, is a complimentary substitution or an alternative for using further capabilities in various` domains. In such a way that one of the domains promotes the effectivity and compensates vulnerabilities in others. In this research, the applied type of study has been used and the method is descriptive. Field and library techniques have been used; in addition, for data collection, instruments such as intertwining experts, questionnaires and official documents have been employed. The questionnaires have been validated by dividing them into two halves and resulted in 92% validity, showing a high validity of the questionnaire. The current research has examined the effect of ultra-domain and ultra-organizational synergy on the capabilities of armed resources influencing the security level by deterrent effects of armed forces.36 people participated in this research. The results of this study have been analyzed through using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis and all the three hypotheses were tested and confirmed.According to the opinions of the participants, %82.8 agreed and thus it was revealed that with %95 probability, more than %65 of military experts and veterans of armed forces, including army and revolutionary guard corps, agreed on positive influences of ultra-domain and ultra-organizational synergy of armed forces which promote security gained by deterrent capabilities of armed forces.

Crimes related to narcotic and psychotropic are one of the most significant concerns of the world (because of mass production of aformentioned drugs), specially in our country. therefore, various international conventions in this regard has been adopted around the world. furthermore, in this context, countries in their domestic law, have enacted lots of regulations. meanwhile, the death penalty is the focus of the present discussion. the role of death penalty in deterrence of commitment of narcotic and psychotropic crimes is so important in a legal system. in addition, the Iranian legal system (as a system based on Islamic law), legal nature of this punishment in this regard is under question. this paper tries on the one hand, to determine the legal and juridical nature of this penalty and the other hand, to study the effect of the death Penalty in deterrence of commitment of narcotic and psychotropic crimes in Iranian legal system.

The necessity of establishing the scientific relationship between the two fields of international relations (IR) and international law (IL) has been ignored for years in Iran. Prior to the presidency of Hassan Rouhani, the Iranian students were banned from any kind of interdeciplinary study In spite of numerous possible collaborations between IL and IR. But is it possible to have a good analysis of international phenomenons by adopting mono disciplinary approaches? This article is an attempt to respond to the above question, and to portray the complex mutual interaction between IL and IR in international security agreements. This article is the first to introduce the concept of Reputation building to the Persian community of researchers. We seek to use the comparative methodology and argue how the reputatios of a state in international relations could overflow into areas of international law.